Work and Kinetic

Motion in Two or Three Dimensions

Energy
 Introduction
• A baseball pitcher does work
with his throwing arm to give
the ball a property called
kinetic energy.
• In this chapter, the
introduction of the new
concepts of work, energy,
and the conservation of
energy will allow us to deal
with problems in which
Newton’s laws alone aren’t
enough.
 Work
• A force on an object does work if the object undergoes a
displacement.

These people are doing work as

they push on the car because
they exert a force on the car as
it moves.
 Units of Work
• The SI unit of work is the joule (named in honor of the
19th-century English physicist James Prescott Joule).
• Since W = Fs, the unit of work is the unit of force multiplied
by the unit of distance.
• In SI units:
1 joule = (1 newton) (1 meter) or 1 J = 1 N ∙ m
• If you lift an object with a weight of 1 N a distance of 1 m at
a constant speed, you do 1 J of work on it.
Work Done by a Constant Force (1 of 2)

• The work done by a constant force acting at an angle to

the displacement is:

• This can be written more compactly as:

 Positive Work
• When the force has a component in the direction of the
displacement, work is positive.
 Negative Work
• When the force has a component opposite to the
direction of the displacement, work is negative.
 Zero Work (1 of 2)
• When the force is perpendicular to the direction of the
displacement, the force does no work on the object.
 Zero Work (2 of 2)
• A weightlifter does no work on a barbell as long as he
holds it stationary.
Lowering the Barbell to the Floor: Slide 1
Lowering the Barbell to the Floor: Slide 2
Lowering the Barbell to the Floor: Slide 3
 Total Work
• The work done by the net force on a particle as it moves is
called the total work Wtot.
• The particle speeds up if Wtot > 0, slows down if Wtot < 0, and
maintains the same speed if Wtot = 0.
 Kinetic Energy (1 of 4)
• The energy of motion of a particle is called kinetic energy:

• Like work, the kinetic energy of a particle is a scalar

quantity; it depends on only the particle’s mass and
speed, not its direction of motion.
• Kinetic energy can never be negative, and it is zero only
when the particle is at rest.
• The SI unit of kinetic energy is the joule.
 Kinetic Energy (2 of 4)
• Kinetic energy does not depend on the direction of
motion.
 Kinetic Energy (3 of 4)
• Kinetic energy increases linearly with the mass of the
object.
 Kinetic Energy (4 of 4)
• Kinetic energy increases with the square of the speed of
the object.
 The Work-Energy Theorem
• The work-energy theorem: The work done by the net
force on a particle equals the change in the particle’s
kinetic energy.
 Work and Kinetic Energy in Composite
Systems
• The work done by the external
forces acting on the skater is zero.
• But the skater’s kinetic energy
changes nonetheless!
• The explanation is that it’s not
adequate to represent the boy as
a single point mass.
Work and Energy with Varying Forces (1 of
3)

• Many forces are not constant.

• Suppose a particle moves along the x-axis from x1 to x2.
Work and Energy with Varying Forces (2 of 3)

• We calculate the approximate work done by the force

over many segments of the path.
• We do this for each segment and then add the results for
all the segments.
Work and Energy with Varying Forces (3 of 3)

• The work done by the force in the total displacement

from x1 to x2 is the integral of Fx from x1 to x2:

• On a graph of force as a function of position, the total

work done by the force is represented by the area under
the curve between the initial and final positions.
Work Done by a Constant Force (2 of 2)
 Stretching a Spring
• The force required to stretch a spring a distance x is
proportional to x: Fx = kx.
• The area under the graph represents the work done on the
spring to stretch it a distance
X : W = 1/ 2 kX 2 .
 Work–Energy Theorem for Motion Along
a Curve
• A particle moves along a curved
path from point P1 to P2, acted on
by a force that varies in
magnitude and direction.
• The work can be found using a
line integral:
 Power (1 of 2)
• Power is the rate at which work is done.
• Average power is:

• Instantaneous power is:

• The SI unit of power is the watt (1 W = 1 J/s), but another

familiar unit is the horsepower (1 hp = 746 W).
Power: Lifting a Box Slowly
Power: Lifting a Box Quickly
 Power (2 of 2)
• In mechanics we can also express power in terms of force
and velocity:

• Here is a one-horsepower
(746-W) propulsion system.
University Physics with Modern Physics
Fifteenth Edition
Chapter 7
Potential Energy
Motionand
in Two orEnergy
Three Dimensions
Potential Energy and
Conservation Energy Conservation

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

 Gravitational Potential Energy (1 of 3)
• When a particle is in the gravitational field of the earth,
there is a gravitational potential energy associated with
the particle:

• As the basketball descends,

gravitational potential energy is
converted to kinetic energy and
the basketball’s speed
increases.
 Gravitational Potential Energy (2 of 3)
• The change in gravitational potential energy is related to
the work done by gravity.
 Gravitational Potential Energy (3 of 3)
• When the object
moves up, y increases,
the work done by the
gravitational force is
negative, and the
gravitational potential
energy increases.
 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy (1
of 2)

• The total mechanical energy of a system is the sum of its kinetic energy
and potential energy.
• A quantity that always has the same value is called a conserved quantity.
• When only the force of gravity does work on a system, the total mechanical
energy of that system is conserved.
• This is an example of the conservation of mechanical energy.
 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy (2
of 2)

• When only the force of gravity does work on a system, the

total mechanical energy of that system is conserved.
When Forces Other Than Gravity Do Work
 Work and Energy Along a Curved Path
• We can use the same
expression for gravitational
potential energy whether
the object’s path is curved or
straight.
• Wgrav = mgy1 − mgy2
 Elastic Potential Energy (1 of 2)
• A object is elastic if it returns to its original shape after
being deformed.
• Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in an elastic
object, such as a spring:
 Elastic Potential Energy (2 of 2)
• The Achilles tendon acts like a
natural spring.
• When it stretches and then
relaxes, this tendon stores and
then releases elastic potential
energy.
• This spring action reduces the
amount of work your leg
muscles must do as you run.
 Elastic Potential Energy
• The graph of elastic
potential energy for an
ideal spring is a parabola.
• x is the extension or
compression of the spring.
• Elastic potential energy is
never negative.
 Situations with Both Gravitational and
Elastic Forces
• When a situation involves both
gravitational and elastic forces,
the total potential energy is the
sum of the gravitational
potential energy and the elastic
potential energy:
U = Ugrav + Uel
 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
• A conservative force allows conversion between kinetic and
potential energy. Gravity and the spring force are conservative.
• The work done between two points by any conservative force
a) can be expressed in terms of a potential energy function.
b) is reversible.
c) is independent of the path between the two points.
d) is zero if the starting and ending points are the same.
• A force (such as friction) that is not conservative is called a
nonconservative force, or a dissipative force.
 Conservative Forces
• The work done by a
conservative force
such as gravity
depends on only the
endpoints of a path,
not the specific path
taken between those
points.
 Nonconservative Forces
• As an automobile tire flexes as it rolls,
nonconservative internal friction forces
act within the rubber.
• Mechanical energy is lost and converted
to internal energy of the tire.
• This causes the temperature and
pressure of a tire to increase as it rolls.
• That’s why tire pressure is best checked
before the car is driven, when the tire is
cold.
 Conservation of Energy
• The sum of the kinetic and potential energy is the
mechanical energy 𝑬 of the system.

The total work done on an object is the sum of the work

done acted by gravitational, elastic forces and other
forces

By work-energy theorem, the total work done on an

object is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of
the object.
 Conservation of Energy

If 𝑊𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 is positive, the total mechanical energy increases;

if 𝑊𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 is negative, the total mechanical energy
decreases. The energy associated to these forces is
called internal energy where:

• Nonconservative forces do not store potential energy,

but they do change the internal energy of a system.