MAT 052
Differential Equations
MAT 052
Prepared by: EMT
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
1
Differential Equations
1. Introduction: Definitions (Differential equations)
2. order and degree of a differential equation;
3. types of differential equations: ordinary DE &
partial DE
4. solutions of DE: general solution& particular
solution
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
2
EMT 1
MAT 052
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
A. Define the Differential Equations
B. Define the Order and Degree of DE
C. Define Ordinary and Partial DE
D. Define Linear and Nonlinear DE
E. Define General Solution and Particular Solution of DE
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
3
Differential Equations
A Differential Equation is an equation involving derivatives of
one or more dependent variables with respect to one or more
independent variables.
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
4
EMT 2
MAT 052
Which one is a DE/Algebra?
1. = 7 ------------------DE
2. 3𝑦 = 7 ----------------- Algebra
3. x + 𝑦 = 9 ---------- Algebra
4. + = 0 -------- DE
5. 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ---- DE
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
5
Dependent and Independent Variable
An INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV) is a quantity
that varies independently, i.e., it is not controlled
by (or depend on) other variables. It is found in
the denominator of the derivative.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV) if its value
depends on the independent variable and its
dependence is considered to be unknown. It is
found in the numerator of the derivative.
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
6
EMT 3
MAT 052
Dependent and Independent Variable
When a differential equation
involves one or more
derivatives with respect to a
particular variable, that
variable is called the
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE. A variable is
called dependent if a
derivative of that variable
occurs.
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
7
Find IV/DV of the following DE.:
DE Independent Dependent
Variable (IV) Variable (DV)
𝑑 𝑖 𝑑𝑖 1
𝐿 + 𝑅 + 𝑖 = 𝐸 cos(𝑡) 𝑡 𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑐
+ =0 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑤
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦
Why? Because we can arrange the equation to this form
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Or in this form 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
8
EMT 4
MAT 052
Classification of DE
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE):
a DE involve only ONE independent variable.
a DE involving ordinary derivatives of one or more
dependent variables.
Partial Differential Equation (PDE):
a DE that involve two or more independent
variables.
a DE involving partial derivatives of one or more
dependent variables with respect to more than one
independent variable.
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
9
Which one is ODE/PDE?
DE IV ODE/PDE
d y 𝑑𝑦
+ 3𝑥 +𝑒 =0 𝑥 𝑂𝐷𝐸
dx 𝑑𝑥
𝜕 Ω 𝜕 Ω 𝜕 Ω 𝑢 and v
+ = 𝑃𝐷𝐸
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑥 + =𝑘 𝑥 and y 𝑃𝐷𝐸
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 or y 𝑂𝐷𝐸
dy 𝑑𝑥
− =𝑥 𝑡 𝑂𝐷𝐸
dt 𝑑𝑡
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
10
EMT 5
MAT 052
Order and Degree of DE
ORDER
Definition: The order of a DE is the order of the highest
derivative appearing in the equation.
DEGREE
Definition: The degree of a DE is given by the exponent
that is raised the highest derivative that occurs in the
equation.
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
11
Order and Degree
NOTE: No order and degree in rational form .
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
12
EMT 6
MAT 052
Find the order and the degree of the following DE.
DE ORDER DEGREE
d y d y 𝑑𝑦
+3 −2 −𝑦=0 3 1
dx dx 𝑑𝑥
d y 𝑑𝑦
dx
+ 2𝑏
𝑑𝑥
+𝑦=0 2 4
𝜕Ω 𝜕 Ω
+ =0 2 1
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 1 1
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
13
Find the order and the degree of the following DE.
DE ORDER DEGREE
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 1+ 2 6
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
=𝐾 1+ 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦′′ + 𝑦′ =0 2 3
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
14
EMT 7
MAT 052
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 1+ =𝐾 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
LCD of denominators (3 and 2):6
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝐾 1+
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 2 =𝐾 1+
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒: 6
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟: 3
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒: 2
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
15
LINEAR OR NONLINEAR
EQUATIONS
Definition: A linear ODE of order n, in the independent
variable 𝑥 and the dependent variable 𝑦 is an equation that
can be expressed in the form:
𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 +. . . +𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑏(𝑥)
where 𝑎 𝑥 ≠ 0.
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
16
EMT 8
MAT 052
Notice that a linear ODE satisfies the
following conditions:
1. The dependent variable 𝑦 and its derivatives occur to
the first degree only.
2. No products of 𝑦 and/or any of its derivatives appear in
the equation.
3. No transcendental functions of 𝑦 and/or its derivatives
occur.
Note: Equations that does not satisfy the above conditions
are called nonlinear.
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
17
Transcendental functions:
trigonometric functions – 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦, tan 𝑦
inverse trigonometric functions – sin 𝑦 , arccot 3𝑦
exponential function – 𝑒 , 2
logarithmic function – ln 𝑦 , log 𝑦
hyperbolic function – sinh 𝑦 , cosh 2𝑦
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
18
EMT 9
MAT 052
Which one is linear/nonlinear?
DE Linear/ Reason
Nonlinear
1. + 5𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
2. 𝑦 + 𝑒 = 𝑥 No transcendental functions of 𝑦
𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑒 and/or its derivatives occur.
3. x 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = cos x 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
4. + + 7𝑦 = 0 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑦 DV 𝑦 and its derivatives must
𝑑𝑥 occur to the first degree only.
5. cos 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑦 = No transcendental functions of
sin y 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 sin y
𝑦 and/or its derivatives occur.
6. + =0 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
7. = 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟
8. 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑦𝑑𝑦 No products of 𝑦 and/or any of its
derivatives appear in the equation.
19
General Solution and Particular
Solution
Definition: Solutions obtained from integrating the
differential equations are called general solutions.
Has arbitrary constant (usually 𝐶)
Definition: Particular Solutions are the solutions obtained
by assigning specific values to the arbitrary constants in the
general solutions.
No arbitrary constant aside from DV and IV
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
20
EMT 10
MAT 052
Find the general solution of the DE
.
Arbitrary Constant
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
21
Obtain the particular solution of the
DE ; when .
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
22
EMT 11
MAT 052
Which one is a general solution or
particular solution?
1. 𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑒 ------ General solution
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4 ------- Particular solution
3. 3x + 𝑥𝑦 − 3 = 𝐶𝑥 -- General solution
4. sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 = 4------- Particular solution
5. 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝐾 ----- General solution
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight.
23
Problem Set 1 (1/2 crosswise)
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ =𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦" +2 𝑦 = 3 sin y
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = + 3𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
+ = 𝑠𝑙𝑛 𝑣
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦 + 3𝑦 tan 𝑥
𝜕 𝑦 𝜕𝑦
+ = 2𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
y + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦
+ 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥𝑦 = 4 sin 𝑥
Proverbs 3:5-6
Trust in the LORD with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all
your ways submit to Him, and He will make your paths straight. 24
EMT 12
