Dnyanpushpa Vidya Niketan

Sector4, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC: INFERTILITY IN HUMANS

NAME: NAMRATA NAVEEN
SAXENA
STD: 12th
ROLL NO:14
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022-23
 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION
This is to certify that Miss Namrata Naveen
Saxena of Std 12th (PCMB) has successfully
completed the Biology Investigatory Project on
the topic “Infertility in Humans” for the
academic year 2022-23, under the guidance of
Mr. Deepak Gaikwad sir. The project is made
according to the syllabus and guidelines provided
by C.B.S.E.

PRINCIPAL SIGN SCHOOL STAMP INTERNAL SIGN EXTERNAL SIGN

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks

to Mrs. Ashu Rana Ma’am, Principal of DPVN,CBD
Belapur for her continuous support and for providing
all the required facilities. I am also grateful to our
guide Mr.Deepak sir for guiding and helping me
towards the successful completion of this project. I
would also like to thank my parents for their constant
support and encouragement
 INDEX

● WHAT IS INFERTILITY?
● CAUSES
● TYPES
● FERTILITY TESTS
● TREATMENT
● PREVENTION
● SURVEY
● CONCLUSION
● BIBLIOGRAPHY
WHAT IS INFERTILITY?
Infertility is a disease of the male or female reproductive system defined by the failure to
achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.
However, for women aged 35 and older, inability to conceive after 6 months is
generally considered as infertility.

WHAT CAUSES INFERTILITY?

Infertility may be caused by a number of different factors, in either the male or female
reproductive systems.

Male Factor Infertility

● Infertility is most commonly caused by problems in the ejection of semen,
absence or low levels of sperm, or abnormal shape (morphology) and movement
(motility) of the sperm.

Ovulation

● Disorders of the ovaries, such as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and other

Follicular disorders;
● Disorders of the endocrine system causing imbalances of reproductive
hormones. Examples of common disorders affecting this system include Pituitary
Cancers and Hypopituitarism.

Tubal Defect
● Tubal disorders such as blocked fallopian tubes, the tube which connect the
ovaries to the uterus, which are in turn caused by untreated sexually transmitted
infections (STIs) or complications of unsafe abortion..

Endometriosis
● It is a disorder in which tissue similar to the tissue that normally lines the inner
side of the uterus i.e the endometrium, grows outside the uterus. Endometriosis
most commonly includes ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining the pelvis.
This changes the ability of the eggs to fertilize and create a pregnancy.

Lifestyle
● Smoking, excessive alcohol intake and obesity can affect fertility. In addition,
exposure to environmental pollutants and toxins can be directly toxic to gametes,
resulting in their decreased numbers and poor quality, leading to infertility.
TYPES OF INFERTILITY
Primary
Primary infertility refers to women who have not become pregnant after at least 1 year
of unprotected intercourse.
Secondary
Secondary infertility refers to an inability to conceive or carry a baby to full term after
having conceived naturally and given birth in the past.

FERTILITY TESTS
For Male
● Semen analysis. C collection of semen specimens and analysing it in
the lab. In some cases, urine may be tested for the presence of sperm.
● Hormone testing. Blood test to determine the level of testosterone
and other male hormones.
● Genetic testing. Genetic testing may be done to determine whether
there's a genetic defect causing infertility.
● Testicular biopsy. In select cases, a testicular biopsy may be
performed to identify abnormalities contributing to infertility or to retrieve
sperm for Assisted Reproductive Techniques, such as IVF.
● Imaging. In certain situations, imaging studies such as a brain MRI,
scrotal ultrasound, or a test of the vas deferens (vasography) may be
performed.

For Female

● Ovulation testing. A blood test measures hormone levels to determine

whether you're ovulating.
● Hysterosalpingography. Evaluates the condition of the uterus
and fallopian tube, and looks for blockages or other problems.
● Ovarian reserve testing. This testing helps determine the
quantity of the eggs available for ovulation.This approach often begins with
hormone testing early in the menstrual cycle.
● Imaging tests. Pelvic ultrasound looks for uterine or ovarian disease.
Sometimes a sonohysterogram is used to see details inside the uterus that
are not seen on a regular ultrasound.
TREATMENT

ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY

ART is a number of different processes for treatment of infertility. It helps to own
pregnancy in different methods like IVF, Surrogacy, ICSI, etc.

In Vitro Fertilization
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of procedures used to help with fertility or
prevent genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. IVF is the most
effective form of assisted reproductive technology. The procedure can be done using a
couple's own eggs and sperm. Or IVF may involve eggs, sperm or embryos from a
known or anonymous donor,

During IVF, a mature egg is collected from the ovary and fertilized by sperm in a lab.
Then the fertilized egg (embryo) is transferred to the uterus. One full cycle of IVF takes
about three weeks.

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) is used for infertile women who are ovulating but
have blocked oviducts. GIFT is a three-step procedure that involves removing the eggs,
combining them with sperm, and immediately placing them in the fallopian tubes, where
the egg is fertilized.

The woman is given follicle-stimulating drugs to increase her chances of producing

multiple eggs. The eggs are collected via aspiration and mixed with sperm.

Using laparoscopy, the combined egg and sperm mixture is placed in the fallopian
tubes.

Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) is a procedure similar to IVFand embryo transfer,
the difference being that the fertilized embryo is transferred directly into the fallopian
tube instead of the uterus.

IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a special form of in vivo fertilization technique
that helps in the formation of an embryo by directly injecting sperm into cytoplasm of the
ovum. It is used when male infertility affects a couple's ability to conceive a child.

Intrauterine Insemination
Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a procedure that places sperm past the cervix, in a
woman’s uterus around the time of ovulation. This makes the passage to the fallopian
tubes much shorter, and there is a better chance that more sperms will encounter the
egg. The goal of this procedure is to improve a woman’s chance of getting pregnant.

Surrogacy
Surrogacy comes as an alternative when the infertile woman or couple is not able to
reproduce. It is an arrangement where a surrogate mother bears and delivers a child for
another couple. In gestational surrogacy, an embryo, which is fertilized by IVF, is
implanted into the uterus of the surrogate mother who carries and delivers the baby. In
traditional surrogacy, the surrogate mother is impregnated with the sperms of the
intended father artificially, thus making her both genetic and gestational mother.

HOW TO PREVENT INFERTILITY

Couples can take these steps to protect their fertility, especially while trying to conceive:

● Eat a well-balanced diet and maintain a healthy weight.

● Quit smoking and avoid alcohol.
● Get treated for STDs.
● Limit exposure to toxins.
● Stay physically active but don't overdo exercise.
● Reduce stress.

SURVEY
Approximately 9 out of 10 couples conceive after undergoing fertility treatments.
Success rates vary depending on the cause of infertility, couples’ age and other factors.
According to the survey:

● Each IUI attempt has a 20% success rate.

● An estimated 1 in 2 women under the age of 35 conceive with ART. That number
drops to 1 in 30 women (3%) for women in their early to mid-40s.

CASE STUDY 1

NAME OF THE PATIENT: MRS. VIDYA

AGE: 32 YRS SEX: FEMALE
PROBLEM: INFERTILITY DUE TO TUBAL BLOCKAGE
PRESENT COMPLAINT: INABILITY TO CONCEIVE FROM 1.5 YRS
TIME OF MARRIAGE: 21 MONTHS
MENSTRUAL HISTORY
● MENARCHE – AT 15
● DURATION – 4-5 DAYS
● INTERVAL – 28-30 DAYS
DIAGNOSIS: PRIMARY INFERTILITY
TREATMENT: YOGA & AYURVEDA MEDICINES
NAME OF DOCTOR: DR. PREETI

CASE STUDY 2
NAME OF THE PATIENT(S): MR. DHRUV & MRS. SANJANA
AGE: 43 YRS & 45 YRS SEX: MALE & FEMALE
PROBLEM: LOW OVARIAN RESERVE
LOW AMH VALUE
LOW ANTRAL FOLLICLE COUNT
PRESENT COMPLAINT: IMPACT OF AGE ON FERTILITY
TIME OF MARRIAGE: 9 YRS
SYMPTOMS: ERRATIC PERIODS
MEDICAL CONDITION: DIABETES
HYPERTENSION
TREATMENT: IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
OUTCOME: A HEALTHY BABY GIRL

CONCLUSION
Infertility is a serious social and medical problem affecting couples worldwide.
Female and Male factors are equally responsible. Evaluation of both partners is
essential.
Treatment depends on the cause of infertility and varies from ovulation inducing drug to
surgery to ART.
Certain measures can be taken to be healthy, like meditation, yoga, proper diet, regular
exercise,etc. by doing which the person may not go into the dissection of infertility.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.youtube.com
www.webmd.com
www.mayoclinic.com
Biology NCERT Book for grade XII