COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Ilaya-Ivisan, Ivisan, Capiz

Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081
Email Address : [email protected]

COO – FORM 12

SUBJECT TITLE: LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

INSTRUCTOR: HAROLD ARDEÑA, LPT
SUBJECT CODE: RIZAL 101

PRELIM MODULE

Topic 1: Introduction to the Course

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this topic, the students are expected to:
1. Discuss the Rizal Law.
2. Enumerate the criteria of a hero.
3. Discuss what it means to be a hero.
4. Discuss the importance of a hero.

NOTES:

1.1. Republic Act 1425

For Your Information (FYI):

Did you know that the original name of Rizal was Jose Mercado?

Republic Act 1425 (Rizal Law)

The Republic Act No. 1425 (Rizal Law) was enacted on June 12, 1956 through the
initiative of Senator Jose P. Laurel. According to this law, it mandates all private and public
schools to include in their curricula the life and works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal, including his
philosophies and principles. The purpose of enacting this law is to promote nationalism as
seen and exemplified through the life of Rizal. The values of independence and values as
Filipinos should be inculcated in the minds of the Filipino youth.
Historians and lawmakers believe that Rizal’s attitude towards the Spaniards, personal
challenges and values must be emulated.

1.2. Definition of a Hero

In our history, there are people that are considered as heroes. What does it really
mean of a hero. A hero a person who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding
achievements, or noble qualities.
The traditional definition of a “hero” is someone who is admired or idealized for
courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. By that definition, the military
veterans we’re celebrating this weekend certainly apply. But also by that definition, my wife
qualifies too. We’re raising three kids all currently under five years old, she’s still teaching
part-time, and my travel schedule means she’s too often doing that on her own during the
week.

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Who is a true hero?
A true hero is someone who does something heroic for the benefit of others. For the
benefit of someone other than themselves. Which doesn't mean that a hero can't benefit from
his or her own heroism. But their deed or act or performance or accomplishment is not
primarily for their own benefit. A hero is selfless, a genuinely good person, and someone gets
the undivided attention of all of us and causes change. Someone willing to risk their own life
to save another.

1.3. Criteria of a Hero

According to Xenophon, the following are the factors in determining the greatness of
a person:
➢ Just
➢ Patient
➢ Courageous
➢ Bearer of wisdom
➢ Respectful
➢ Nationalist

Many Filipinos believe that Rizal had these traits/characteristics. Therefore, he can be
regarded as “one of the greatest Filipinos.”
The First Philippine Commission headed by William Howard Taft, enumerated the
following criteria to be qualified as a Philippines’ national hero. These are:
➢ Filipino citizen
➢ Patriot/nationalist
➢ Has already been dead
➢ Patient

Other Nominees as a national hero aside from Dr. Rizal:

1. Del Pilar, Marcelo H.
2. Lopez-Jaena, Graciano
3. Luna, Antonio
4. Jacinto, Emilio

According to Dr. Otley Beyer, Marcelo H. Del Pilar had the majority of votes. But
because his death was not dramatic as Rizal so Rizal was declared as the Greatest Filipino
Hero. Thus, R.A. No. 1425 known as Rizal Law was enacted.

1.4. Importance of a Hero

Why is a hero important?

Heroes exemplify cherished values, display qualities we admire, show us how to
overcome challenges – and call us to stand up for others. They help build a better world for
us all.
They help give people hope, and provide examples for success. Some heroes are
comfortable with sharing the story of their success with others. This helps ordinary people
see the world, in real terms, through their will to succeed, and provides an understanding, of
how they developed their respective talents.

What is a role of a hero?

Heroes protect others by saving others, helping others, acting against danger or
injustice, acting when others do not, and acting on behalf of vulnerable individuals or groups.

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Why Do Countries Need Heroes?
Heroes come in all shapes and sizes. There are the made for TV ones that come with
hi-tech weaponry and special skills and the real-life ones who we hear about in the news.
Traditional heroes risk their lives to save total strangers from fires and from the path of fast-
moving trains. Then there are the unsung heroes such as our parents who face the odds to
ensure that we have food on the table each and every day.
But why do we need national heroes and why do we celebrate them each year? Here
are five reasons why every country needs national heroes.
1. To Elevate Moral
Individually and collectively we all need motivation at some point in our lives. A
country can experience social, political or financially turbulent times. During these times a
striking figure or figures who symbolize hope and prosperity can be the difference in how
citizens of a country feel about themselves in crisis.

2. To Create a Common Bond Among Citizens

Citizens of a country can be different in a variety of ways including race, religion and
socio-economic status. National heroes usually represent the collective ideals of a country
thus providing commonality among citizens.

3. To Create Transformation
National heroes provide a constant guiding light to what a country’s citizens should
aspire to be. Heroes at some point were pivotal to a crisis or issue in their country and provide
a blueprint to how we should approach these issues if we should face them again.

4. To Encourage Optimism
Heroes fill us with reverence, admiration and awe. These feelings, in turn, make us
want to emulate our heroes and give us the belief that anything is possible and to encourage
us to be a better version of ourselves.

5. For Social Identity

National Heroes embody the values of a country. As they become role models they
reinforce those values most esteemed by a country.

6. To Inspire more Heroes

Stories about national heroes are often passed from generation to generation. Oral
traditions are inspiring and provide legacy and legend for the next generation to aspire to be.

1.5. National Heroes Committee

On March 28, 1993, President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order No.75 entitled
“Creating the National Heroes Committee Under the Office of the President”. The principal
duty of the Committee is to study, evaluate and recommend Filipino national
personages/heroes in due recognition of their sterling character and remarkable
achievements for the country.
The National Heroes Committee was tasked to study, evaluate and recommend Filipino
national heroes to recognize their heroic character and remarkable achievements for the
country.

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Exercises:
Answer the questions briefly and direct to the point. Answer within 1 - 2
sentences.
1. What is Rizal Law?
2. Why did Marcelo H. Del Pilar was not nominated as a national hero despite that
he gains the majority of votes as a nominee for national hero.
3. According to Rizal: “The pen is mightier than the sword”. Explain.
4. Who are the other heroes that you think was qualified to be a national hero?
Why?
5. Do you believe that Rizal was an American-made hero? Why?

END OF TOPIC 1

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Topic 2: Rizal’s Life- Family and Education

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this topic, the students are expected to:
1. Discuss some social condition during Rizal’s time.
2. Discuss and enumerate the Philippine timeline during the 19th century.
3. Discuss the background of Rizal and his family.
4. Discuss the life of Rizal in Calamba.
5. Discuss information about the town of Calamba.
6. Discuss the Rizal’s childhood education.

NOTES:

2.1. Rizal’s Generation- 19th Century in the Philippines

Rizal’s time was different compare to our time. The culture, tradition, values, customs
and attitudes of the Filipinos during the time of Rizal was so different compare to our present
generation. Here are some of the examples of the culture, tradition, values, customs and
attitudes of the Filipinos during the time of Rizal:
1. The Spaniards were not comfortable with dowry because once the transfer of goods had
been made, or once the boy began bride service (“paninilbihan,” or working for the
prospective bride’s family), he could begin living in the girl’s house. Under Spain, males could
get married at the age of 14 and females at 12.
2. A duel is an arranged engagement in combat between two people, with matched weapons,
in accordance with agreed-upon rules. Fencing and pistol duels continued to co-exist
throughout the 19th century. The duel was based on a code of honor. Duels were fought not
so much to kill the opponent as to gain "satisfaction", that is, to restore one's honor by
demonstrating a willingness to risk one's life for it, and as such the tradition of dueling was
originally reserved for the male members of nobility.
3. Social status are not based on financial possession. These are the social status during
Rizal’s time:
a. Principalia
➢ it was the social and educated class in the towns of colonial Philippines
composed of the Gobernadorcillo (Town Mayor), or the Cabeza de Barangay
(Chief of the Barangay) who governed the districts and the awardees of the
medal of Civil Merit.
➢ Exempted from forced labor during the colonial Period
➢ Were allowed to vote, be elected to public office and be addressed by the title:
Don or Doña
➢ Given certain roles in the Church, such as assisting the priest in pastoral and
religious activities

b. Ilustrados
➢ Spanish for “erudite,” “learned,” or “enlightened ones’; constituted the Filipino
educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century
➢ they were the middle class who were educated in Spanish and exposed to
Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals

c. Indios
➢ person of pure Austronesian (Malay/Malayo Polynesian) ancestry (natives)

d. Insulares
➢ Spaniards born in Philippines who took important positions in the Spanish
government in the Philippines.

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 e. Mestizos
➢ Filipinos of mixed indigenous Filipino (Austronesian people/Malay/Malayo-
Polynesian), or European or Chinese ancestry

f. Peninsulares
➢ Spaniards who are born in Spain and took roles in the Philippines.

3. Marriage was arranged by the parents. The parent will decide to whom their children will
be married. The paninilbihan was applied not to gain the girl’s approval but the parent’s
approval.
4. Dignity and reputation had given high value.
5. Courtship was done in girl’s house with the presence of parents or any consenting adult on
favor on the girl’s security.
6. A girl and a boy should not have spent alone with each other (unless they are married)
without any company or chaperone in favor to the girl’s security.
7. Men, either young or old, are forced to underwent the Polo y servicios (means forced labor).
In order to be exempted from polo y servicios, they must pay the Falla.

For Your Information (FYI):

What is a chaperone person?
It is a person accompanies one or more young unmarried women in public or in mixed
company to secure the women esp. her purity.

8. It is scandalous to live as couples without the married permission of the church.

Secularization Movement
In the Philippine context, "secularization" meant merely "nationalizing" the Catholic
Church by replacing the friars with native secular priests. This was a reaction to the Spanish
friars who were perceived as obstacles to education, progress, and freedom.
Secularization refers to the transfer of activities from religious to secular institutions,
such as a shift in provision of social services from churches to the government.

Who started the secularization movement in the Philippines?

In the early 19th century, Pelaez fought for the secularization of Filipino priests and is
considered the "Godfather of the Philippine Revolution." His cause towards beatification is
underway, leaving him the current title as "Servant of God."

What is the purpose of the secularization movement?

It is to take Church power away from the colonial Spanish and give native Filipinos
increased roles in Church affairs.

Conditions in Europe, America, and Asia

International Events During the Birth of Rizal

1. The issue on slavery (black slaves) in the American society. As a result, President
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to end the slavery and recognize the
human rights of black slaves.
2. Benito Juarez was the president of Mexico. Emperor Napoleon III decided to conquer
Mexico but he failed to get military support from the United States. President Juarez
still defended his country by organizing and joining the Indian and Mexican to defend
their territory. After two years of invasion, the Indian and Mexican won over Emperor
Napoleon III in invading Mexico (through the help of the military aid sent by the U.S.).

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 3. Commodore Matthew C. Perry re-opened Japan to the international community. The
Japanese society and government embraced some Western influences after two
hundred years of its isolation.
4. On the conflict between Spain and Germany with regard to the sovereignty of Carolines
and Palau, the Holy Father issued his decision. He favored Spain over Germany and
provided two concessions to the latter state. These were:
a. Germany should not be restricted to trade with Carolines and Palau.
b. Germany has all the rights to erect a coaling station in Yap.
5. Italy and Germany united against France.
6. Spain colonized Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. This result of its weakening
influence to Latin American and Central American countries.

Local Events During the Birth of Rizal

Philippines in the Time of Rizal
1. Political Unrest in the Spanish Government
There was a political turmoil in the Spanish monarchy. It started during the reign of
King Ferdinand VII. The Spanish government was caught between liberalism and despotism.
This results to frequent amendments in their constitutions (total of four constitutions),
elections of twenty-eight parliament members, revolutions, among others.
Because of this, the Philippines as a colony of Spain was affected. The Philippines
experienced frequent shifts of colonial policies and unfixed terms of Spanish government
officials.
2. Representation in the Spanish Cortes
The Spanish Cortes refers to the Spanish Parliament. The Philippines was given the
opportunity to have a representative to the Spanish Parliament. This political act was done to
attract support from other Spanish colonies during the Napoleon’s invasion. The first Filipino
representative in the Spanish Cortes is Delos Reyes.
3. Deprivation and Violation of Human Rights
The Spaniards embraced features of democracy (i.e. freedoms of expression, speech
and association) when they enacted and ratified the Spanish Constitution of 1812. But instead
they violated the rights of every Filipino people.
4. Corrupt Spanish Officials
Spain’s government officials were classified into two groups:
a. Incompetent and corrupt government officials
b. Siglo de Oro – ‘lesser evil’ government officials; oro means gold
5. Emergence of Landlordism and Feudalism
The large mass of land owned by the king is divided and distributed to the ‘feudal
lords’. The feudal lords can be a military general, a well-skilled soldier, a religious leader,
among others. The feudal lords are only considered as the ‘care-takers’ of the lands under
the name of the king.

19th Century in the Philippines

19th century - the hundred years from 1800 to 1899 inclusive

Chronological Table of Leading Events in the Philippines: 19th Century

1810 Philippine deputies were first admitted to the Spanish Parliament.
1811 The last State galleon left Manila for Mexico.
1815 The last State galleon left Acapulco (Mexico) for Manila.
1819 Secession of Mexico from the Spanish Crown.
1820 Massacre of foreigners in Manila and Cavite (Oct. 9).
1822 First Manila news-sheet (El Filántropo) was published.
1823 Rebellion of Andrés Novales (June.)
1830 The first Philippine bank was opened about this year.
1831 Zamboanga port was opened to foreign trade.
1834 Manila port was unrestrictedly opened to foreign trade.
1835 Rebellion in Cavite led by Feliciano Páran.

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1837 Philippine deputies were excluded from the Spanish Parliament.
1837 Philippine deputies were excluded from the Spanish Parliament.
1841 Apolinario de la Cruz declared himself "King of the Tagélogs."
1843 Chinese shops were first allowed to trade on equal terms.
1844 Claveria's expedition against the Moros.
Foreigners were excluded from the interior of the Islands.
The office of Trading-Governor was abolished.
1851 Urbiztondo's expedition against the Moros.
1852 Manila City thenceforth remained open day and night.
The Banco Español-Filipino was instituted.
1854 Rebellion of Cuesta.
1855 Yolilo port was opened to foreign trade.
1857 The Manila mint was established.
1859 Return of the Jesuits to the Philippines.
1861 Dr. José Rizal, the Philippine patriot, was born (June 19).
1863 Manila City and Cathedral damaged by earthquake; 2,000 victims.
Cebu port was opened to foreign trade.
1868-70 The Assembly of Reformists in Manila.
1869 General Emilio Aguinaldo was Born (March 22).
1870 Rebellion in Cavite led by Camerino.
1872 The Cavite Comspiracy (Jan.).
1875 Failure of Russel & Sturgis.
1876 Malcampo's expedition against the Moros. Joló anneced.
1877 England and Germany recognized Spain's rights in Sulu.
1880 The last destructive earthquake affecting Manila.
The Hong-Kong-Manila submarine cable was laid (via Bolinao).
1883 Tobacco for free planting was thenceforth permitted (Jan. 1).
Tobacco free export was thenceforth permitted (July 1).
1884 The "Carriedo" endowment water-supply for Manila was established.
Tribute and Poll Tay were abolished and Cédula personal introduced.
1886 Petition to the Crown asking for the expulsion of the Chinese.
The office of Judge-Governor was abolished.
Investiture in Manila of Sultan Harun Narrasid (Sept. 24).
Capuchin friars' first arrival.
1887 Terrero's expedition against the Moro Datto Utto.
Colonel Juna Arolas' victory in Sulu Island. Capture of Maybun (April 16).
Philippine Exhibition was held in Madrid.
1890 Municipalities in the Christian provinces were created.
1891 The first Philippine railway was opened to the traffic.
1895 The Marahui campaign against the Moros of Mindanao Island.
Benedictine friar's first arrival.
1896 The Tagalog Rebellion opened (August 20).
First battle of the Rebellion (San Juan del Monte, Aug. 30).
Gov.-General Ramon Blanco was recalled to Spain (Dec.).
Gov.-General Polavieja arrived in Manila (Dec.).
Dr. José Rizal, the Philippine patriot, was executed (Dec. 30).
1897 Gov.-General Polavieja left Manila for Spain (April 15).
Gov.-General Primo de Rivera returned to Manila (April).
First issue of the first Philippine Loan (July 15).
Treaty of Biac-na-bató is alleged to have been signed (Dec. 14).
General Emilio Aguinaldo went into exile under treaty (Dec. 27).
Tremendous tidal wave on Leyte Island. Life and property destroyed.
1898 Tragedy of the Calle de Camba, Manila (March 25).
Rebel rising in Cebu Island (April 3).
Gov.-General Primo de Rivera left Manila for Spain (April).
Gov.-General Basilio Augusti arrived in Manila (April).
The Spanish-American War began (April 23).

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 Battle of Cavite. The Spanish fleet destroyed (May 1).
General Emilio Aguinaldo returned from exile to Cavite (May 19).
General Emilio Aguinaldo assumed the Dictature (May 24).
Constitution of the Revolutionary Government promulgated (June 23).
Revolutionists' appeal to the Powers for recognition (Aug. 6).
Spanish-American Protocol of Peace signed in Washington (Aug. 12).
American Occupation of Manila (Aug. 13).
Capitulation of Manila to the Americans (Aug. 14).
Malolos (Bulacan) became the Revolutionary capital (Sept. 15),
American and Spanish peace commissioners met in Paris (Oct. 1).
Capitulation of the Spaniards in Negros Island to the rebels (Nov. 6).
Treaty of Peace between America and Spain (Paris, Dec. 10).
Evacuation of Panay Island by the Spaniards (Dec. 24).
Evacuation of Cebu Island by the Spaniards (Dec. 26).
1899 Evacuation of Cottabato by the Spaniards (Jan.)
Constitution of the Philippine Republic was promulgated (Jan. 22).
The War of Independence began (Feb. 4).
Bombardment of Yloilo (Feb. 11).
American occupation of Cebú City (Feb. 22).
Americna occupation of Bojol Island (March).
Malolos, the revolutionary capital, was captured (March 31).
The Schurmann Commission appointed (Jan. 20); in Manila (May 2).
Evacuation of Zamboanga by the Spaniards (May 23).
Violent death of General Antonio Luna (June 3).
The Ladrone, Caroline, and Pelew Is. (minus Guam) sold to Germany (June).
The Aglipayan schism began.
The Bates agreement with the Sultan of Sulu (Aug.).
American occupation of Zamboanga (Nov. 16).
Death of General Lawton (Dec.).

2.2 Birth of Rizal

Personal Profile:
➢ Date of birth: June 19, 1861 (Wednesday)
➢ Place of birth: Calamba, Laguna (Rizal’s residence)
➢ He was baptized on June 22, 1861 by Father Rufino Collantes.
➢ His god father is Father Pedro Casanas.
➢ The child was named after St. Joseph. Doña Teodora Alonzo was a devotee of the
saint.

Jose Rizal’s Background

For Your Information (FYI):

Did you know that Rizal was considered prophet by others?
➢ He predicted his own death.
➢ He predicted release of his mother from imprisonment.
➢ He predicted that someday people will build his monument and make images of
him when he died.

For Your Information (FYI):

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 Did you know that Rizal was considered God by others?

Rizalista
Rizalista is a religion that believes the divinity of Rizal. They (Rizalists) believe in the
divinity of José Rizal, the national hero martyred by the Spanish in 1896. Among many
peasant cults, it is commonly believed that he is still alive and will return to deliver his
followers from poverty and oppression. Rizal has been identified as God, Christ, and as the
god of the pre-Spanish Malay religion. Some believe that he is God himself, some believe
that Rizal was the second son of God, the reincarnation of Christ. Rizalist cults, such as
the Iglesia Sagrada ni Lahi (Holy Church of the Race) and the Banner of the Race Church
(the largest group), synthesize Roman Catholic rituals.

Rizal’s Extraordinary Talents

Jose P. Rizal, considered as one of the greatest men in the world, was blessed with so
much talents and skills which he used to help his countrymen.

Jose Rizal was:

➢ Satirist – a writer of literary compositions which reflect humorous but ironical works
➢ Polemicist – a person who is engaged in religious controversy
➢ Bibliophile – a person who is fond of collecting books
➢ Philologist – closely associated to being a linguist
➢ Geographer
➢ Grammarian
➢ Magician
➢ Novelist – El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere
➢ Physician – ophthalmic surgeon
➢ Painter
➢ Poet
➢ Folklorist
➢ Cartographer – a person who drafts/draws maps, direction
➢ Sportsman
➢ Martyr
➢ Surveyor
➢ Ethnologist
➢ Architect
➢ Educator
➢ Sculptor
➢ Engineer
➢ Businessman (farmer)

Issues About Rizal

1. Rizal was rumored as the illegitimate father of Adolf Hitler.
2. Rizal should not be proclaimed as the Philippine’s national hero. It is because of his
‘cowardice’ to fight the Spaniards through a bloody revolution.

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 3. He was considered as the “American-made hero.” The first Philippine Commission was
formed by the U.S. President headed by the American Governor-General. According to
some, the declaration of Rizal as our national hero was only their (American) political
strategy. The nationalistic values was hinder, by venerating a person that was
submissive to the demands of Western colonizers.

For Your Information (FYI):

What is the height of Rizal?
Ans.: 4’11 ft.
How many novels did Rizal had written?
Ans.: Two and halves.

For Your Information (FYI):

Was Rizal the Real Father of Hitler?

Other articles claim that Jose Rizal was actually the illegitimate father of Adolf Hitler
due to his “sexual encounter” with a woman Kiara Poiz who was once a maid in Vienna.
During his grand tour around Europe, he stopped in Vienna. Apparently, Jose Rizal was in
Europe around the time Hitler was born. Rumor has it that Jose Rizal lost his diamond
stickpin while traveling around Linz, Brunn and Munich. A maid “found” it and delivered
the pin to Rizal’s good friend Blumentritt.
There was the possibility that Kiara Poiz have lied and hid Hitler’s birth from him to
save herself from scandal or embarrassment.

2.3. Rizal’s Family

Rizal’s full name - José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

Rizal’s Family Profile

Parents:
1. Father: Francisco Mercado Rizal
• Date of birth: May 11, 1818
• Place of birth: Biñan, Laguna
• Educational Background: Degree in Latin and Philosophy at Colegio de San
Jose, Manila

2. Mother: Teodora Alonzo Realonda

• Date of birth: November 8, 1826
• Educational Background: Colegio de Santa Rosa (She was a mathematician
and she was fluent in speaking Español).

Siblings
1. Saturnina (1850-1913)
• Pet name: Neneng
• Husband: Manuel T. Hidalgo (from Batangas)

2. Paciano (1851-1930)
• Wife: Severina Recena

3. Narcisa (1852-1939)
• Pet name: Sisa
• Husband: Antonio Lopes (Teacher from Morong)

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 4. Olimpia(1855-1887)
• Pet name: Ympia
• Husband: Silvestre Ubaldo (Telegraph operator from Manila)

5. Lucia (1857-1919)
• Husband: Mariano Herbosa of Calamba (nephew of Father Casanas)

6. Maria(1859-1945)
• Pet name: Biang
• Husband: Daniel Faustino Cruz (from Binan, Laguna)

7. Jose (1861-1896)
• Pet name: Pepe

8. Concepcion(1862-1865)
• Pet name: Concha

9. Josefa(1865-1945)
• Pet name: Panggoy

10. Trinidad(1868-1951)
• Pet name: Trining

11. Soledad(1870-1929)
• Pet name: Choleng
• Husband: Pantaleon Quintero (from Calamba)

Their relationship (siblings) was affectionately warm and loving. Rizal used to play with
his sisters. His big brother Paciano acted like a father to him who provided him advice and
teachings.

Rizal’s Forefathers
Rizal’s blood had the combination of the following races:
➢ Negrito
➢ Indonesian
➢ Malay
➢ Chinese
➢ Japanese
➢ Spanish

Rizal had a good Asian appearance in terms of physical features. Rizal’s ancestor on
his father’s side was Domingo Lamco, a Chinese immigrant. Don Francisco Mercado Rizal was
only eight years old when his father died. Dona Teodora’s ancestor was Lakandula of Tondo.
She had also a blood from her Japanese ancestor named Eusebia Ursua.
The original surname of the Rizal family is ‘Mercado.’ This surname was adopted by
Domingo Lamco. The surname ‘Rizal’ was given by a Spanish alcalde mayor. During that time,
the house of the Rizal clan was one of the grandest in Calamba, Laguna. It is a two-storey
building with a rectangular shape which depicts the simplicity of a colonial town. At their
backyard, there was poultry of turkeys, chickens and a garden of tropical fruit trees such as
chico, macopa, papaya, etc.
Rizal’s family belongs to the middle class, regarded as a principalia. Because of their
social status they are exempted to forced labor (polo) and given a special treatment from the
government officials. Some of their properties were:
1. Horse Carriage
2. A library with 1,000 volumes of books

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 For Your Information (FYI):
Polo y servicios – means forced labor.
Polistaso - the Filipinos that underwent polo y servicios.
Falla - the fee that would exempt any one from the polo.

For Your Information (FYI):

Facts About Jose Rizal
➢ He is our national hero.
➢ He is considered prophet by others.
➢ He is considered God by others.
➢ He is considered as the most dangerous Filipino by the Spaniards during Spanish
era in the Philippines.
➢ He is one of the geniuses in history.
➢ He could spoke 22 languages.
➢ He learned to memorize alphabet at the age of three by his own.
➢ His religion was a controversy either he died as a Catholic or anti-Catholic.

2.4. The Town of Calamba

The Geographic Location of Calamba:

➢ Calamba (now a city) is proximate in the famous extinct volcano, Mt. Makiling.
➢ Northern boundary of Calamba - Cabuyao, Laguna
➢ Eastern boundary - Los Baños, Laguna
➢ Southern boundary - Santo Tomas and Talisay Batangas
➢ Western boundary - Cavite and Tagaytay

Calamba during Rizal’s Years

The Dominican Order owned the majority of land area in Calamba. Its land area was
primarily for agricultural use (with irrigation system and sugar plantation).
The Mt. Makiling is located on the southern part of the Calamba, wherein there are
several hot springs. The Laguna de Bay can be seen on the eastern part of the town.

The Legend of Calamba

Based on a legend, when a Spanish guardia civil asked a woman (who was carrying a
water jar in a nearby river) about the name of the place. Because she was confused on what
to say, she uttered “kalan-banga” (pertains to the water container). Since then, the town has
been called ‘Calamba.’
Due to the young Rizal’s affection and attachment to the town of Calamba, he
composed a poem entitled “Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo” (In Memory of My Town). Rizal
composed this poem when he was at the age of fifteen years old (1876). He was studying at
Ateneo de Manila at that time.
The poem (Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo) narrates the childhood experiences of Rizal.

Rizal’s Unforgettable Memories of Childhood

1. When Rizal was three years old, he enjoyed playing at their garden. His parents took
extra care of him because he had a lithe body and a very weak resistance. A little nipa cottage
in the garden was built by his father to be Rizal’s play ground and also his resting place. His
parents hired a nurse maid (aya) to look after their son. He appreciated different kinds of
birds such as maya, martin, maria capra, pipit and others.

2. Nocturnal Walk in Town

Rizal enjoyed walking in the town especially at night together with his aya, who
narrated him some stories such as tikbalang, aswang, nuno, etc. The young Rizal was also
interested in folklores and local legends.

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 3. The Story of the Moth
This story was told by his mother, Doña Teodora, during their tutorial session. It can
be said that Doña Teodora was Rizal’s first teacher. The young Rizal paid no attention to his
mother. Instead, he watched some moths circling around the flame. So, the story of the moth
was told by Doña Teodora to Rizal for the purpose of leaving a deep impression on Rizal’s
mind.

Rizal Childhood Talents

Rizal, when he was only five years old, he started making sketches using pencil and
sculptures through the use of clay and wax.
Rizal was once rumored as ‘a conscious hero’. It is due to his statement, “All right
laugh at me now! Someday when I die, people will make monuments and images of me!” This
incident happens when his sisters were taunting him about his sculptures.
He has also an artistic talent. It was happen when he was requested by the town’s
alcalde mayor to make a new banner (painted in oil) for the town fiesta. His work was
appreciated by the mayor and his town folks.
The young Rizal also loved to walk in the field with his pony, along his black dog named
Usman. Jose Rizal was also a playwright. He composed a Tagalog comedy drama and this was
presented and bought by the gobernadorcillo in Paete, Laguna.

Rizal’s Religious Activities

1. Angelus
Families who were Catholics should render daily prayers such as the Angelus.
This prayer should be performed by at six o’clock in the evening. Due to the influence
of his mother, Doña Teodora Alonzo, the young Jose participated regularly in this daily
prayer. Because of his mother’s influence, he was able to read the Spanish Bible at
the age of five years old.

2. Rosary
The young Jose prayed the Rosary almost every night.

3. Antipolo Pilgrimage
Jose Rizal was eight years old when he went to Antipolo together with his
father) and visited the Church wherein the Blessed Virgin Mary (of Antipolo) is situated.
This was the vow of Doña Teodora to the Blessed Virgin upon the birth of Rizal. They
also went to Manila. They visit Saturnina, who was a college student at the La
Concordia College (Sta. Ana, Manila).

Rizal’s Influences
1. Inherited Influence
➢ From his Malayan ancestors:
• Independence
• Bravery

➢ From his Chinese ancestors:

• Somber personality
• Prudence
• Fortitude
• Has a deep affection for children

➢ From his Spanish ancestors:

• Sophistication of bearing
• Compassion to rudeness
• Valor for ladies

2. Environmental Influence

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 • Richness and attractive appearance of Calamba
• Teachings and values learned from his older brother Paciano
• Tiyo Jose Alberto - artistic influence
• Tiyo Manuel - helped develop his frail body through physical
workout, including horseback riding and wrestling
• Tiyo Gabriel - his hobby of reading books
• Father Leoncio Lopez - research and rational sincerity

3. Aid of Divine Providence

• intelligent kid
• lover of independence
• valiant heart

2.5. Formal Education

First Mentors
Rizal’s first teacher was his mother. Doña Teodora Alonzo has good personality and fine
customs. Rizal already knew the prayers and the alphabets. The first formal teacher of Rizal
is Maestro Celestino and his second instructor is Maestro Lucas Padua. His first instructor in
Spanish is Leon Monroy (former classmate of Don Francisco Mercado Rizal). He died five
months later.

Rizal in Biñan
It was a Sunday when Rizal left his family in Calamba to study in the school of Maestro
Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Biñan. He was very depressed when he learned that he would be
separated from his family especially from his mother. He was accompanied by his brother
(Paciano).
The school was only a small nipa hut with thirty meters distance from Rizal’s aunt’s
house. Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz was the former teacher of Paciano. Maestro Justiniano
Aquino Cruz was described as: thin man, had a long neck, sharp nose, his body was slightly
bent forward, he always wore sinamay shirt.

First School Fight

One time, Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz asked Rizal who was nine year old at that time
if he knows how to speak Spanish. At that time, Rizal had a little knowledge about the
language. Pedro, who was Maestro’s son, laughed at his answer. During their break, Jose
confronted Pedro because the Pedro laughed at him during their class. Rizal challenged Pedro
to a brawl. Because of his physical training with Tiyo Manuel, he won over his bully
schoolmate, Pedro.

Painting Lessons in Biñan

Rizal and Jose Guevarra became apprentices of an old painter named Juancho.

Rizal’s Academic Success

Rizal topped all his classmates in academics, especially in the languages subjects like
Spanish and Latin. Rizal finished his studies in Biñan in 1870. At that time, Rizal already knew
that he had no opportunity to return to Biñan. He collected stones in the river as souvenirs of
his years in Biñan education.

2.6. GOMBURZA Martyrdom

The Trial and Execution of GOM-BUR-ZA

GOM-BUR-ZA is an acronym given to the surnames of the three Filipino priests:
a. Mariano Gomez

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 b. Jose Burgos
c. Jacinto Zamora.

They were accused of planning and organizing the Cavite Mutiny. The execution of GOM-
BUR-ZA awakened the spirit of nationalism of some Filipinos. It was also one of the factors
that led to the establishment of different Filipino nationalist movements such as the
Propaganda Movement.
The brutal execution of GOM-BUR-ZA happened on January, 1872. The execution became
painful to Paciano because Father Jose Burgos was his friend, teacher and housemate.
Because of this, Rizal dedicated his novel, El Filibusterismo to the three martyrs, the GOM-
BUR-ZA.

Doña Teodora’s Imprisonment

Doña Teodora was arrested, together with rivals her brother, Jose Alberto. According
to Spanish officials, Doña Teodora helped his brother, Jose Alberto, to poison his wife. It all
started when Jose Alberto, a rich businessman in Biñan, arrived from a business trip in Europe.
He discovered that during his trip in Europe, his unfaithful wife abandoned their children.
Because of this, he decided to file for a divorce.

2.7. Rizal at the Ateneo Municipal

Rizal was almost eleven years old when he entered Ateneo Municipal (this was
renamed as Ateneo de Manila by Jesuits in the Philippines). The school was originally called
as Escuela Pia in 1817.
The school was funded (and established) by the city government under the
administration of the Jesuits. In 1768, the Jesuits were expelled in the Philippines and brought
back in 1859. The return of the Jesuits in the Philippines resulted to change the name of the
school from Escuela Pia (Charity School) to Ateneo de Municipal and, last, to Ateneo de Manila.
Rizal was been planned to be enrolled at the College of San Juan de Letran. Rizal
already took entrance examinations on Mathematics, Reading and Religion when his father
decided to enroll him at the Ateneo de Manila. Rizal was refused to be admitted by the
Ateneo’s college registrar, Father Magin Ferrando, because the period for accepting new
enrollees was over. But finally he was admitted in Ateneo because of Manuel Xerez Burgos,
Father Burgos’ nephew.
Jose used the surname ‘Rizal’ in Ateneo to avoid reprisal from the Spanish authorities.
It is due to the reason that the surname ‘Mercado’ was linked to Father Burgos (one of the
GOMBURZA). The priest was closed to Paciano.

Jesuits’ Style of Education

Jesuits (even today) develop the intellectual skills of their students and also shape
their students moral and spiritual values. They also offer corporeal science (science based
on reason) and also spiritual and divine science (such as sacred theology). They also offer
agriculture courses. During Rizal’s time, the pupils were mandated to hear masses every
morning before and after their class.
The Atenean class is divided into two groups: the Roman Empire (boarders/internos)
and the Carthaginian Empire (non-boarders/externos). Both empires are ruled by an Emperor
(the best student/s in the class), the tribune, decurion, centurion and the standardbearer.
There was no fix term provided in every position. Any student can challenge the emperor by
asking him three questions base on class lesson. If he fails to answer the questions, the
person who challenged him becomes the new emperor.

Rizal’s First Year in Ateneo

Rizal always hear a mass and pray. His first professor in Ateneo is Fr. Jose Bech. At
the end of the month, he became the emperor of the class (Carthaginian Empire). He received
first prize (a religious picture). He is taking tutorial lessons in Sta. Isabel (for the price of only

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three pesos) to become fluent in Spanish language. He received a mark ‘excellent’ all of his
grades.

Rizal’s Second Year in Ateneo

He received ‘excellent’ grades in all of his subjects. Rizal was a bibliophile, he collected
and read books of Alexander Dumas, Cesar Cantu and Dr. Feodor Jagor (authors of The Count
of Monte Cristo, Universal History and Travels in the Philippines).

Rizal’s Third Year in Ateneo

Rizal was on his third year when his mother, Doña Teodora, was released in provincial
jail. Doña Teodora was imprisoned for two and a half years. He still got ‘excellent’ remarks
on his subjects. But he was not able to receive a medal in his Spanish class because he was
not yet fluent in Spanish.

Rizal’s Fourth Year in Ateneo

When Rizal was in his fourth in Ateneo, he received five medals and became the best
in his batch. He became an interno in Ateneo.
The following were his extracurricular activities in Ateneo:
1. He was an active member, later secretary of the Marian Congregation.
2. He was a member of the Academy of Spanish Literature and Academy of Natural
Sciences.
3. He studied painting under the famous Spanish painter Agustin Saez.
4. He was taught sculpture by Romualdo de Jesus.

The following are the poems that Rizal composed in Ateneo:

1. Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Impression)
2. Felicitacion
3. El Embarque
4. Y Es Español
5. El Combate

Importance of Education
Rizal composed a poem which tackles the important role of religion in education. This
poem is entitled as “The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education.” According
to Rizal, “…education without God is not true education”.

Theatrical Piece in Ateneo

Because of Rizal’s talent in writing, Father Sanchez (his favorite teacher in Ateneo),
encouraged him to write a theatrical piece (drama) which tells about the story of St. Eustace
the Martyr. This saint is also known as Placidus or Eustachius. St. Eustace was remembered
on the 20th of September for Western Church and the 2nd of November for Eastern Church.
St. Eustace served as a Roman general of Emperor Trajan. He was a pagan converted to
Christian when he saw a shining cross between the horns of a stag. After that, he prophesized
that he would experience suffering in the name of Jesus Christ.
Rizal accepted the request of Father Sanchez. He spent his summer vacation writing
poetic verses about the prose story of St. Eustace the Martyr. His work was entitled San
Eustacio, Martir.

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Exercises:
Answer the questions briefly and direct to the point. Answer within
1 - 2 sentences.
1. In your own idea, of all the great heroes in Philippine history, why did they
chose Rizal to be their national hero?
2. Describe Rizal as a child.
3. What are some of Rizal’s talents that made him unique from others?
4. Describe Rizal as a student.
5. What do you think was the reason why Rizal stated that “education without
God is not true education”?

END OF TOPIC 2.

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Topic 3: Rizal’s Life Abroad

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this topic, the students are expected to:

1. Discuss Rizal’s travel in Asian and Europe.
2. Discuss the challenges encountered by Rizal in Europe.
3. Discuss the agrarian condition in the Philippines during Rizal’s time.

NOTES:

3.1 Rizal’s Departure to Europe

Influences of Paciano to Jose Rizal

Paciano’s political/military career started when Father Burgos was executed on
February 17, 1872. Fr. Burgos was Paciano’s board mate and best friend. After the GOMBURZA
execution, he became outspoken in condemning the abuses of the Spanish friars. Paciano
made Jose to realize the abuses committed by the Spanish government and friars to the
Filipino natives. One of these was the martyrdom of the GOMBURZA. Because of this, Jose
Rizal dedicated his El Filibusterismo to the executed Filipino priests.
Paciano encouraged Rizal to take up Medicine instead of Law. When Rizal was already
in Europe to pursue his studies, his brother Paciano accumulated financial support to the
Propaganda Movement. Paciano was also arrested when Jose Rizal was incarcerated in Fort
Santiago (1896). Despite being tortured and will be executed, Paciano didn’t give any
information about the participation of Rizal to the movement. After Rizal’s execution, Paciano
went to Imus, Cavite to participate in the military against the Spaniards which is led by
General Emilio Aguinaldo. From there, he became the military commander of the revolutionary
forces in Laguna and he also participated in the Filipino-American War.
Rizal and Paciano’s age gap (ten years) did not hinder their closeness. Paciano knew
that his younger brother was capable of directing his fellow Filipinos toward independence.
Paciano also supported his younger brother’s desire to go to Europe and promised to his
brother to take care of their family while Rizal was studying there. Their plan was kept
between the two of them until Jose Rizal departed for Spain.
The following are the factors why Rizal decided to secretly study in Spain:
1. During this time, Jose Rizal had a bad experience in UST. Rizal concluded that
the Dominicans’ system of education was not updated as compared to Jesuits. He also
added that Dominican friars discriminated the natives while favoring the Spanish
mestizos. As a result, he decided to pursue his medical studies in Spain.

For Your Information (FYI):

During that time, Spain was a constitutional monarchy which guaranteed several
rights and freedom to the people (i.e. freedom of assembly, freedom of speech and
freedom of the press).
Constitutional monarchy is a combination of two popular political systems:
democracy and monarchy. In Constitutional monarchy, the head of the state/ government
is still the monarch (Royal Crown/King/Queen) but he/she has only limited term to
dispense his/her duties as the head of the state/government.

2. Rizal study in Spain to pursue his medical studies and also he wanted to know the
culture, traditions, political system and the manner of life of the Europeans. According
to him, this observation would give him an idea on how to liberate his fellow Filipinos
from the Spanish brutalities and abuses.

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 His first trip in Spain was held secretly because he and Paciano knew that their parents
would not permit him to travel (especially in the territory of their colonizer, the Spaniards).
Don Francisco Mercado and Doña Teodora Alonzo would only refuse to give their blessings
and permission, in case he or Paciano will personally seek their parents’ approval. Another
reason for this to avoid any possibility of interception by the Spanish officials. Even his mother,
his siblings (except Neneng and Lucia) and closest friends (except the Valenzuela Family,
Pedro Paterno, Mateo Evangelista and the Ateneo Jesuit Fathers) were not informed of his
travel abroad.
Paciano woke him before day break and gave him P 365 as pocket money. His uncle,
Antonio Rivera (father of Leonor Rivera) took care of Rizal’s passport and used the surname
“Mercado” instead of “Rizal.” He also heard a mass at Santo Domingo Church one hour before
his departure.
Jose and his brother Paciano’s plan materialized when he boarded SS Salvadora. He
suddenly became sad when he realized that the steamer was running away from his beloved
country, the Philippines. Rizal communicated with his family and friends through letters.

Sojourn in Selected Asian and European Countries

Rizal, while on board, according to him, there were 16 passengers: five or six women,
and many children. There were various nationalities on board such as British, Negroes, Indian,
Filipino (Rizal) and Spaniards.

Singapore
When Rizal reached Singapore, he immediately checked in at Hotel de la Paz. He
wandered on the different attractions that can only be found in Singapore like the botanical
garden, hanging bridge, Siamese prince’s palace, churches and temples for two days.
According to Rizal, the nation was luckier than his country because he was “assured in their
position, confident in their rights, and unafraid of the authorities”.

SS D’jennah
From Singapore, he transferred to SS D’jennah. SS D’jennah was larger than SS
Salvadora. It was also a French steamer that carried French speaking passengers. It also
transported different kinds of nationalities such as the Filipinos, Malays, Dutch, Spaniards,
and among others. Jose Rizal tried to learn French language in order for him to communicate
with Frenchmen inside the steamship.

Colombo
The French steamship anchored at southern Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Rizal was so
impressed of the place because of its elegant buildings and accessible ports. After a few days,
the steamship reached Colombo (considered as the largest city in Sri Lanka).

The Suez Canal

Afterwards, the SS D’jennah moved towards Indian Ocean to the Cape of Guardafui,
Africa. Rizal’s impression of the coast of Africa was “inhospitable land but famous.” After Aden,
their steam ship directly went to Suez Canal. The Suez Canal was built by Ferdinand de
Lesseps on November 17, 1869.

Naples and Marseilles

The steam ship finally reached Naples. Rizal was fascinated by its different modes of
trade, lively people and peculiar beauty. On the same year, D’ jennah anchored in Marseilles,
France. He visited the famous Chateau d’ lf (The Count of Monte Cristo). Rizal was also
fascinated with the different sizes of its town houses, flower girls and newspaper peddlers.

Barcelona
Rizal finally arrived in Barcelona. He was shocked when he discovered that the
Spaniards were meaner than the French. His first impression to the city was a “not-so-good”
one. However, when he discovered that the city embraces the concept of freedom Rizal
suddenly changed this impression into a good one. On his arrival to Barcelona, Spain, Rizal

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was welcomed by his former classmates in Ateneo in Plaza de Cataluña. Because of his
uncontrolled spending and shopping, he was not able to get a decent lodging because he had
only 15 pesos left in his wallet.

3.2. Rizal in Madrid

Rizal in Medical School

As discussed earlier, Paciano influenced his brother to pursue his studies in Madrid.
Rizal enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid). Jose Rizal
took up Medicine as well as Philosophy of Letters (which was his first course in Ateneo). A
year after, he finally received his license as a physician.

Extra-Curricular Activities in Madrid

Rizal was also engaged in various extra-curricular activities during his studies in
Universidad Central de Madrid. He honed his skills in art and music by attending formal
trainings in painting and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando and visiting
art galleries and museums. He also took private lessons in English, French and German.
He was also engaged in various physical trainings such as fencing and shooting in the
Hall of Arms. Rizal also learned to be thrifty because he spent more money in his studies and
extra-curricular activities. There also came a point when he was not able to take a bath from
August to December because it was so expensive. Rizal was neither a smoker nor a drinker.
His only pleasure was to invest a little amount of his money in the Madrid Lottery.

Rizal’s Hard Time in Europe

Jose Rizal’s financial challenges in Europe started when his family experienced a
sudden economic problem due to the following reasons:
1. Drought and locusts damage their harvests of rice and sugarcane.
2. Dominican friars owned the majority of estates in Calamba, Laguna.
The Rizal family only rented this estate to the Dominican friars. The Dominicans
suddenly increased their rental price. The hacienda manager suddenly increases of the
agricultural land’s rental price. The hacienda manager was a frequent guest at the
Rizal house. The manager began to retaliate when Rizal’s father, Don Francisco refused
to grant his request for a turkey.
As a result, his family failed to financially support Rizal in Europe. There also
came a time when Paciano sold Jose’s pony in order to send money to Madrid. Despite
the financial instability, Jose Rizal was still regarded as cabeza pensante (translated
as the brain) of their organization in Madrid.

The following are the suggested inputs of the two great Filipino painters (Juan Luna and Felix
Resurreccion Hidalgo):

Juan Luna
➢ Birth date: October 23, 1857.
➢ Place of birth: Badoc, Ilocos Norte
➢ He took up his formal painting lessons in the Philippines (Ateneo Municipal) as
well as in Rome.
➢ His wife is Maria dela Paz, one of the descendants of Mestizaje family of Pardo
de Tavera.
➢ He committed a crime when he suspected his wife of infidelity. He was
sentenced by the French court to pay the victim’s immediate relatives the
amount of 1 franc.
➢ His world famous painting (Spolarium) was first recognized in Madrid Exposition
(1884).
➢ He died in Hong Kong on December 7, 1899.

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo

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 ➢ Birth date: February 21, 1853
➢ Birth place: Binondo, Manila.
➢ Son of Eduardo Resurreccion Hidalgo (proprietor/lawyer) and Maria Barbara
Padilla (entrepreneur).
➢ He studied at the University of Santo Tomas and Ateneo de Manila University
for the purpose of getting a formal training in painting.
➢ He also attempted to take up law, however he failed. Instead, he only finished
a degree in Philosophy.
➢ Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace - won the second price in the National
Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid
➢ He died in Barcelona, Spain on March 13, 1913.

Rizal on Luna and Hidalgo

Jose Rizal was invited to a dinner. This dinner was organized by some Filipino and
Spanish students. This was to give honor for the two great Filipino painters: Juan Luna and
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo.
Juan Luna’s masterpiece (The Spoliarium) was recognized for winning the first prize in
the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid.

The Spoliarium - it portrays the wounded bodies of Roman soldiers that are being
dragged.

Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo’s masterpiece was also recognized in the same event (won
a silver medal - second price).

Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace

Jose Rizal delivered a speech to praise the two of the great Filipino painters of their
time: Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo. He also mentioned about the universality of
intellect. According to Rizal, intellect is everywhere. It can be compared to air, water, light,
patrimony of everybody and the omnipotence of God. He also attacked the Spanish authorities
in the Philippines esp. those in the government and the church, for their abuses and inability
to recognize the universality of intellect.

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3.3. Rizal in France and Germany

Maximo Viola
Maximo Viola shouldered the printing cost of the novel.

Biography:
➢ Birth date: October 7, 1857
➢ Birthplace: San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan.
➢ He also studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas. He was twenty five
years old when he went to Spain to continue his studies at the University of
Barcelona.
➢ He was the publisher of Rizal’s first novel, Noli Me Tangere. Then he went back
to the Philippines to spearhead a revolution against the Spaniards.
➢ Because he was engaged in various revolutionary activities during the Spanish
and American occupation, he was kept captive until he was freed by Dr.
Preshell.
➢ He continued to practice his profession as a doctor of medicine. When he
retired, he spent his retirement age in creating furniture made from Kamagong.
➢ He died on September 3, 1933 in San Miguel, Bulacan.

Viola arrived in Berlin, Germany in 1887. He was welcomed by a sickly, thin and
penniless Rizal. Because of this situation, he volunteers to finance the printing cost of the Noli
and he also loaned Rizal some cash money for his daily expenses.

Jose Rizal: A French Spy?

In the middle of the printing of his novel, the German officer requested Rizal to present
his passport for immigration verification purposes. Rizal told them that he had no passport so
the German police had granted him four days to secure a passport. Rizal, accompanied by
Viola, went to the Spanish embassy and requested the Count of Benomar (Spanish
ambassador) to help him. The Spanish ambassador promised to attend to the requested
matter. But the ambassador failed to fulfill his promise because he was not capable of issuing
such document.
He went to the German police headquarters to apologize on the matter. A proficient
speaker of German language, Rizal argued that it would be unjust for him to be deported for
he had not committed any crime. The German police disclosed that he received intelligence
reports that Rizal had made habitual visits to the German towns and rural villages. This made
some government officials suspicious to Rizal. They suspected that Rizal was a French spy.
Rizal defended himself by stating that he was a Filipino doctor and ethnologist. Part of his
research was to conduct studies on the rural areas of different countries in order to discover
their distinct lifestyles and customs. His freedom in Germany was granted afterwards.

Rizal and Viola’s Tour in Europe

Rizal immediately paid his debt to Dr. Maximo Viola upon receiving his allowance from
Paciano.

❖ Total allowance: P 1,000

❖ Payment of debt (Viola): P 300 – printing cost of Noli Me Tangere
❖ Net: P 700

Rizal and Viola decided to have a vacation in Europe before Rizal returns to Calamba. Their
first destination was in Potsdam, wherein Frederick the Great became popular.
May 11, 1887 - Viola and Rizal left Berlin, Germany toward Potsdam and Dresden.
According to Viola, Rizal’s luggage mostly contained letters that Rizal had received from his
family and friends.

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Dresden - “One of the best cities in Germany”
Rizal and Viola’s tour was timely with Dresden’s flower festival. Rizal studied various
kinds of flowers with extraordinary size and beauty. They also visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer
(natural scientist). They also visited the Museum of Art wherein the famous Prometheus Bond
was located. Dr. Jagor reminded them that if they want to visit Ferdinand Blumentritt (who
was very old at that time), they have to notify Blumentritt first because he suffered from
nervous disposition.

Leimeritz (Bohemia)
The two Filipino doctors (Viola and Rizal) finally reached the hometown of Ferdinand
Blumentritt. Blumentritt was notified (through telegram) that Rizal will be arriving from
Dresden. The old professor was carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal in order to recognize his
Filipino friend. Afterwards, they exchanged greetings using the German language. Ferdinand
Blumentritt immediately introduced Rizal and Viola to his family. They spent three days in
Leimeritz.

Unforgettable Experiences While in Leimeritz

➢ They (Rizal and Viola) were warmly accommodated by the Blumentritt family.
➢ Extraordinary and historical spots in Leimeritz.
➢ Rizal met Dr. Carlos Czepelak and Dr. Robert Klutschak

Prague
Rizal and Viola immediately went to the historic city of Prague. They were
recommended by Blumentritt to meet Dr. Willkomm, a professor of natural history in the
University of Prague. Dr. Willkomm became their tour guide in Prague’s historic and tourist
spots.
Historic Spots in Prague:
1. Tomb of Copernicus – developed the Heliocentric Theory
2. Natural history museum
3. Bacteriological laboratories

Vienna
Four days after their departure in Leimeritz, they arrived in the city of Vienna. Rizal
was delighted with its beautiful buildings, charm and religious images. They were
recommended by Blumentritt to meet one of the greatest novelists in Europe, Norfenfals.
Rizal also retrieved his lost diamond stickpin in Vienna. The diamond stickpin was found by a
maid in Hotel Krebs in Leimeritz which was forwarded to Blumentritt. Blumentritt returned
the lost item to Rizal while he was in Vienna.
Rizal and Viola sailed along Danube River in order to see its peculiar beauty. The river
was ornamented with plants and aquatic flowers. The river was loaded with trade barges.
After Lintz, they proceeded to Rheinfall. From Rheinfall, they immediately traveled to Munich
by land and they enjoyed the extraordinary taste of beer in Munich, Germany. They also
visited one of the oldest cities of Germany which is the Nuremberg. The following are the
historical features of the city:
1. Torturing machines during Inquisition
2. Dolls

They also went to Ulm. Rizal regarded the Ulm Cathedral as “the largest and tallest in all
Germany.”

Switzerland
They found out that the Swiss people were capable of speaking three languages:
French, Italian and German. Rizal also celebrated his 26th birthday in Geneva, Switzerland.
They spent fifteen days exploring the historic and tourist spots of Geneva, Switzerland.

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Afterwards, Maximo Viola decided to go back to Barcelona while Jose Rizal continued his tour
in Italy.

Italy
Rizal traveled alone in Venice, Turin, Milan and Florence, Italy. He also visited Rome
and the Vatican City, the “City of the Popes.”

3.4. Rizal in the Philippines (1887-1888)

From Europe to Manila

Paciano, Silvestre Ubaldo (Rizal’s brother-in-law) and Jose M. Cecilio warned Rizal not
to go back to Manila due to some serious threats from the Spanish authorities because of his
Noli. But Rizal still decided to return to his homeland on August 5, 1887. The following were
Rizal’s reasons why he wanted to return to the Philippines:
1. Rizal wanted to cure the cataract of his mother, Doña Teodora Alonzo.
2. In order to know how Filipinos and Spanish authorities reacted on his novel.
3. To serve the Filipino people who had been abused by the Spanish authorities.
4. His love affair with Leonor Rivera.

Rizal also pointed out that he should be treated differently from some Filipinos who
were Europeanized because of their kind of lifestyle and economic status in Madrid.

Second Trip Aboard SS D’jennah

The SS D’jennah was the same vessel that Rizal boarded when he went to Madrid five
years ago and it was a steam ship that carried several nationalities from Europe to Asia (vice
versa). His second voyage with the same steamer was almost the same as his first trip from
Singapore to Barcelona. There was a total of 50 passengers during his second trip aboard SS
D’jennah. He served as an interpreter to various passengers in SS D’jennah. For the second
time, Rizal saw the Suez Canal. He played chess while on board to Manila. He transferred to
Haiphong (another steam ship) which was going directly to Manila. The steam ship left Saigon
for Manila.

A Quiet Life for a Country Doctor

Haiphong finally arrived in Manila. Rizal was very excited to see his homeland. Jose
Rizal felt that nothing had changed to the structural features of Manila. Three days after
Haiphong anchored on Manila, Rizal decided to visit his family in Calamba. He was welcomed
by his families and friends. In his letter to Blumentritt, he stated that:

“I had a pleasant voyage. I found my family enjoying good health

and our happiness was great in seeing each other again. They
shed tears of joy and I had to answer ten thousand questions at
the same time.”

Paciano accompanied him from the day of his arrival in Manila up to the day when he goes
back to his hometown, Calamba. Rizal established a medical clinic in Calamba. One of his
major reasons why he wanted to go back to Manila was to treat the cataract of Doña Teodora
Alonzo. She was Dr. Jose Rizal’s first patient.

Dr. Uliman/Aleman
Dr. Uliman/Aleman was Rizal’s ‘nickname’ when he practiced his profession as a
doctor to the people of Calamba. Dr. Uliman (doctor who came from Germany) was very
popular for his skill. He charged at a very reasonable price.
• P 900 - he earned for several months.
• He earned a total of P 5,000 (medical fees)

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 Aside from practicing his profession as a doctor, Rizal also opened a small gymnasium
where he introduced different kinds of European sports such as shooting, gymnastics and
fencing. His purpose of establishing it was to divert the interest of the people (especially the
youth) from cockfights and gambling. Jose Rizal also rendered community services in his
hometown, Calamba. He painted landscapes and he translated the poems of Von Wildernath
(German poet) in Tagalog.
In spite of his successful medical profession, Jose Rizal failed to see Leonor Rivera. He
planned to see her in Dagupan but his parents don’t allow him because of the threats against
him. Leonor Rivera’s marriage was pre-arranged with Henry Kipping (Englishman).

Propaganda Against the Noli

His quiet life in Calamba was disrupted when Governor General Emilio Terrero invited
him to the Malacañan Palace in Manila to discuss some important matters. Rizal knew that
these had something to do with his Noli Me Tangere. The controversy of his novel had already
reached the Malacañan Palace, seat of political power in the Philippines. When he was
confronted by the Governor General, he simply denied it and stated that he, as a writer, and
a Filipino, only exposed the truth. Fortunately, the Governor General was satisfied by Rizal’s
explanation. Terrero, who was still disturbed of this controversy brought about by an Indio
and Filibustero, ask Rizal to provide him a copy so that he could determine whether or not
the social novel contains subversive ideas. Rizal promised to give him a copy of the novel as
soon as he can.
He also visited the Jesuit priests when he was in Manila. Frs. De Paula de Sanchez, Bech
and Faura were very happy to see him after five years. Father Federico Faura praised Rizal
for his intellectual analysis of the current socio-political situation in the Philippines. However,
he also warned him to beware of the consequences of his decision to expose the truth.
After taking some words from his friends, Rizal finally had a copy of the Noli. He
immediately went to the Palace to give the Noli to the Governor General. Governor General
Terrero knew that Jose Rizal’s life was in danger. He assigned a Spanish young lieutenant
(Don Jose Taviel de Andrade) to protect him against the friars and Spanish government
officials.
Don Jose Taviel de Andrade came from a good family. He can paint and he can speak
French, Spanish and English. Governor General Terrero was convinced that the social novel
can do no harm in the interest of Spain in the Philippines. But because of the influential power
of Spanish friars, the novel was ruled as “heretical, impious, and scandalous in the religious
order, and anti-patriotic, subversive of public order, injurious to the government of Spain and
its function in the Philippine Islands in the political order”
This ruling was provided by Dominican friars who were assigned to re-examine the novel.
Dominican Archbishop of Manila Msgr. Pedro Payo ordered Father Gregorio Echavarria (rector
of the University of Santo Tomas) to examine the novel. As a response, Fr. Echavarria formed
an investigative committee (which was made up of faculty members) to do the task. After
several days of investigation, the Dominican investigative committee released its statement
regarding the controversial novel. Following the religious protocol, the professors (who
studied the whole novel) submitted the result of the investigation to Archbishop Payo.
Unfortunately, the Archbishop was not able to submit the report to the Governor General.
Governor General Terrero was appalled when he learned that the Dominican professors gave
exaggerating comments about the Noli. Hoping to reconsider the Noli, Terrero forwarded the
novel to the Permanent Commission of Censorship (this agency was composed of priests and
laymen). The Augustinian Cura of Tondo spearheaded the Permanent Commission of
Censorship. He also drafted the result of the investigation and it was similar to the initial
investigation that was conducted by the Dominican professors.
The Permanent Commission of Censorship recommended that: “the importation,
reproduction and circulation of this pernicious book in the islands be absolutely prohibited”.
The Permanent Commission of Censorship’s official statement regarding the novel was
published on several newspapers in the Philippines. Upon reading the findings, Rizal and his
friends were disappointed on the Spanish government agency. The prohibition to read, import,
reproduce and circulate copies of Noli Me Tangere only attracted attention of more readers of
the novel.

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 Even his power came from the Royal Crown of Spain and his political legitimacy was
determined by Spanish friars, still, Governor General Terrero did not order mass arrests and
executions of Filipino who were defiant of the Commission’s order to ban the novel. It was
due to Terrero was a liberal-minded who recognized human rights.

Calamba’s Agrarian Trouble

Governor General Terrero issued an order to investigate the Calamba agrarian issue.
The issue was between the people of Calamba and the Dominican friars. Terrero’s order to
investigate the friar estates based on the accusations contained in Rizal’s novel.
December 30, 1887 - the Civil Governor of Laguna Province requested the locals to inspect
the Laguna estates esp. those owned by the Spanish friars. In pursuant to the order issued
by the Civil Governor of Laguna Province to check the estates located in Laguna, the people
solicited Rizal’s help to implement the provincial order.

Findings:
➢ The Dominican Friars owned most of the land area in Calamba. They also owned the
whole town of Calamba.
➢ Dominican friars, capital was continuously increasing because of the unregulated mode
of increase of the “rentals paid by the tenants” (Zaide: 121).
➢ The friars had never contributed to town fiestas or to the development of the whole
town.
➢ Interest rates were increasing without considering the welfare of the poor.

3.5 Rizal’s Second Sojourn in Europe

From Manila to Hong Kong and Macao

Trip to Zafiro
In February, 1888, Rizal decided to take a short vacation in Hong Kong and Macao to avoid
the hostilities of the Spanish friars. He only stayed for six months in Calamba. Afterwards, he
boarded to Zafiro going to Hong Kong. Rizal, for the second time, left his hometown to stay
away from the ridicule of Spanish authorities. His voyage in Zafiro was not so exciting because
of the following reasons:
1. He was sick.
2. Because of bad weather.
3. His impression that the city was dirty.

Rizal sent a letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt to express his dismay in the Spanish friars.
“At last I can write freely. At last I can express my thoughts
without fear of censorship from the chief! They forced me
to leave my country. Half stick I left the house.

All the provincials and the archbishop went daily to the Governor
General to complain against me. The Syndic of the Dominicans
wrote a denunciation to the alcalde that at night they saw me
hold secret meetings with men and women on top of a hill.

My countrymen offered me money to leave the islands. They

asked me to do so not only for my own interest but also theirs,
because I have many friends and acquaintances whom they
would have deported with me to Balabag or the Marianas
Islands.”

When Rizal arrived in Hong Kong, he checked-in at the Victoria Hotel in which he was
acquainted with several Filipino residents such as Jose Maria Basa, Manuel Yriarte (who was
the son of alcalde mayor of Laguna) and Balbino Mauricio. He was also followed by a Spanish
spy named Jose Sainz de Varanda.

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 Rizal’s initial impression about the place was wrong. The city was clean. The city was
resided by various nationalities such as Jews, Portuguese, Hindus, English and Chinese. Some
of these residents were poor, timid but gentle.

Arrival in Macao
Rizal visited Macao. He was accompanied by Jose Maria Basa. Basa had a significant
role in the Philippine Revolution of 1896. He served as a disbursing officer of the funds of the
revolution.
Sainz de Varanda, a Spanish spy, also boarded in Kiu-Kiang for Macao.
Observations of Rizal in Macao:
1. This place is gloomy, low and small city.
2. A dead city.

They stayed in the house of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros, one of the richest Filipinos in
Macao. Lecaros spent the rest of his life in cultivating plants and flowers. Rizal visited some
of the tourist spots in Macao such as cathedrals, churches (Macao was a former Portuguese
colony), theater and casino. He only spent two days in Macao.
Rizal and Basa boarded again to Kiu-Kiang for Hong Kong. Rizal studied the Chinese
culture, life, language, literary and customs.
The following were his experiences while in Hong Kong:
1. Lively New Year celebration. Their celebration is normally accompanied by
firecrackers to drive away evil spirits and negative vibes.
2. Loud Chinese theater.
3. A “marathon lauriat party.” The guests were served various kinds of oriental
dishes such as bird nests, shark fins, century eggs, etc.
4. He also observed that the richest religious order in Hong Kong was the
Dominicans. The religious order was engaged in different types of business
such as house rentals, trade, etc.
5. The Protestants had the most beautiful cemeteries in Hong Kong as
compared to Catholics and Muslims.
6. Catholic cemeteries - most egoistic and extravagant cemetery. These
cemeteries ornamented with expensive mausoleums and neatly sculptured
sepulchers.
7. Muslim cemeteries - simplest cemetery. These were ornamented with Arabic
inscriptions on the tombstones.
8. Protestant cemeteries - beautiful plants and flowers.

Departure from Hong Kong

Rizal continued his travel in Asia when he decided to board in Oceanic, an American
steamship. The ship was headed to Japan. He had a cabin mate in Oceanic, an Englishman
who lived in China for several years. Nationalities inside the American steamer: Chinese,
Portuguese, British and American Protestant missionary.

3.5. Rizal in Brussels and Madrid

Reasons Why He Transferred to Brussels

Rizal decided to leave Paris because:
1. Living in Paris is very expensive.
2. His attention in writing his second novel might be destructed by his way of lifestyle in
Paris.

There were some rumors that said that Rizal decided to transfer in Belgium was due to
reason that he was only “…running away from a girl just as he left London” (Zaide: 167).

Brussels: The Land of Sweet Chocolates

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 Jose Rizal was with Jose Albert when he visited Belgium, a place where one could find
the best tasting chocolates. Jose Albert was taking up an engineering course at that time. He
also accompanied Rizal to get a place in Jacoby’s boarding house. They temporarily stayed in
the house of Suzanne and Marie Jacoby at No. 38 Philippe Champagne, Brussels.

For Your Information (FYI):

Did you know that “Champagne” was a place in Belgium, from which the famous wine
was named after?

Rizal wrote the sequel of Noli Me Tangere (which was previously published in Berlin).
In Brussels, Rizal spent much of his time doing activities such as:
1. Wrote the remaining chapters of his second novel, the El Filibusterismo.
2. He wrote various articles which were literary and political in nature in La Solidaridad
newspaper.
3. He wrote letters to his family and friends.
4. He took time to develop his wellness in the gym as well as to hone his skills in shooting
and fencing.

He wrote to Antonio Luna:

“I go to the clinic, I read, I write, I go to the gymnasium and to the armory. Speaking
of shooting, I am sending you a target containing ten bullet holes; it was seven and a half
meters from me. At twenty-five meters I can put all my shots into a twenty-centimeter
target.” ( Zaide: 167)

However, according to Fred Baldwin’s family, Rizal could not even hit a dinner plate
placed twenty feet away during his target practice.

Rizal’s Morbid Premonition of Death

Rizal was capable of empowering the social awareness and political consciousness of
the Filipino people and also capable of seeing things that could happen in the future. Rizal
had a number of peculiar dreams during when he was in Brussels. These dreams were caused
by anxieties and worries. Rizal admitted that he would not live long (because of his morbid
premonition of death). But, he still wants to finish his second novel (El Filibusterismo) before
the time of his death.
This experience was first disclosed by Rizal to Marcelo H. Del Pilar through a letter.
According to Rizal:

“Said presentiments assault me though I do not give them entire

credence. In my childhood I had a strange belief that I would not reach thirty
years of age. I do not know what I thought, this. There were two months during
which almost every night I had no other dream than that my friends and
relatives were dead.”

Zaide: 172

Decision to Go to Madrid
Rizal was about to go back to the Philippines when he decided to go to Madrid. He
received a letter from his brother Paciano that they needed a lawyer to represent them to the
Spanish Supreme Court. It is due to reason that they decided to appeal the agrarian estate
case which was previously presented (and denied) in the lower court. Rizal went to Madrid to
ask for the legal assistance of Marcelo H. Del Pilar to be their lawyer in the Spanish Supreme
Court.

3.6 Rizal’s Second Homecoming

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Reasons Why He Returned to Manila
The Spanish Governor-General Wyler was replaced by a more “liberal” Governor-General,
Eulogio Despujol. When Rizal learned that the Spanish government was willing to grant
reforms in the Philippines, he reached out to the Spanish government. Rizal stated that socio-
political ills in the Philippines must first be addressed before laying the intended reforms. He
volunteered himself before to participate in the Spanish government in materializing the
reform plans. But Governor-General Despujol ignored his proposal.

Rizal’s Borneo Colonization Project with Governor-General Despujol

Dr. Jose Rizal aimed to provide resettlements for the landless Filipinos who were evicted
in the Calamba Agrarian Trouble. His Borneo Colonization Project aimed to transfer the
evictees to North Borneo (now Sabah, Malaysia). North Borneo was a former colony of Great
Britain. Rizal viewed that North Borneo as to be called “The New Calamba.”. Rizal was still in
Hong Kong when he conceived this idea. On March 7, 1892, Rizal decided to materialize his
plan to establish a Filipino colony/community in Sabah. He personally met the British officials
in the said colony. Fortunately, the British North Borneo Company granted the request of Rizal
to settle the landless Filipino who were evicted by the Dominican friars. The proposal was
supported by his friends in Europe: Ferdinand Blumentritt, Juan Luna, Antonio Luna, Graciano
Lopez-Jaena and Dr. Bautista Lin. But Manuel T. Hidalgo rejected the idea of Borneo
Colonization Project. For him, it is not right to leave the Philippines in the hands of the Spanish
colonizers; that all the sacrifices and bloodshed will be disregarded if the Filipinos decide to
transfer in Sabah.

Rizal in Manila
Rizal was accompanied by his sister, Lucia, when he finally arrived in Manila. While Rizal
was on board (SS Melbourne) for Manila, the Spanish authorities were planning to arrest him.
In Rizal’s departure in Hong Kong, the Spanish consul-general immediately sent a cablegram
to Spanish Governor-General Despujol. His cablegram only contained this statement: “the rat
is in the trap.” It was five days before his arrival in Manila, when the Spanish authorities filed
a case against him and his followers. They are accusing Rizal of organizing anti-religious and
subversive activities. The Spanish Governor General also made sure that Jose Rizal had not
acquired German citizenship. It is to assured that Rizal had no “who had the protection of a
strong nation.”. Rizal decided to personally visit Governor-General Despujol in Malacañan
Palace. The purpose of his meeting with Despujol was to persuade the Governor-General to
grant the release of Don Francisco Rizal. The request was granted but the rest of the family
must remain in the hands of the Spanish government authorities.

Reunion with Friends in Central Luzon

Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station to see his friends in Tarlac, Pampanga and
Bulacan. Rizal was warmly accepted by his friends in Central Luzon. His friends in Central
Luzon supported his advocacy on socio-political reforms through peaceful means. They also
supported the reform crusade which was previously established by the Filipino illustrados in
Europe. According to Rizal, the Spanish government must provide reforms for the Philippines.
While Rizal was in Central Luzon, the Spanish government officials were conducting illegal
raids and arbitrary seizure of subversive materials to be used as evidences against Rizal. He
returned to Manila on June 28, 1892 at 5 o’clock in the afternoon.

Rizal and Despujol

The following were the interviews conducted by Rizal with Governor-General Despujol:
June 29, 1892 (7:30) – Rizal went to the Malacañan Palace the day after he arrived in
Manila. He tried to persuade the Governor-General to lift the penalty
(exile) to the Calamba residents. But he was not able to convince
Governor-General Despujol. The interview ended at 9:15.
June 30, 1892 (7:30) - Rizal discussed his idea about the Borneo Colonization Project. As
expected, the Spanish Governor-General turned down his idea. He was
asked to come back on Sunday.
July 3, 1892 (Sunday) - The Spanish Governor-General finally lifted the penalty (exile) to

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 Rizal’s sisters. Despujol asked him if he wanted to return to Hong Kong.
Rizal agreed to the Governor-General’s proposal.

Rizal in Fort Santiago

Three days after Rizal’s last meeting with Governor-General Despujol; it was the same
day when the Governor-General lifted exile to Rizal’s sisters, Rizal was arrested and detained
in Fort Santiago. Fort Santiago was located inside Intramuros. While Rizal was presenting his
proposals for socio-political reforms, Governor-General Despujol presented pamphlets which
contained subversive leaflets written by Father Jacinto. The title of leaflets was Pobres Frailes
(Poor Friars). The article described the luxurious lifestyles of the Dominican friars. Rizal denied
the accusation of Despujol. According to Rizal, they were cleared even before they arrived in
the Philippines from Hong Kong. His detention did not even undergo the process of
investigation. Rizal was a victim of arbitrary and capricious arrest.
Rizal described the garrison unit as:
A room with a decent bed, one table, twelve chairs, a wash basin and a mirror;
Three windows:
First window - without grill, directly linked on a patio
Second window - with grill, facing the beach and walls
Third window - with grill, facing a door with a padlock

The Gaceta de Manila wrote an article about the unlawful arrest of Dr. Jose Rizal in Fort
Santiago. This perpetuated violent reaction from the Filipinos who admired Rizal.

Exercises:

1. How the Calamba’s agrarian issue affects the life of the Filipinos?
2. Why did Jose Rizal was suspected as a French spy in Germany?
3. Describe Rizal’s experiences in his tour in the following places. Choose only 3.
a. Dresden
b. Leimeritz (Bohemia)
c. Prague
d. Vienna
e. Italy
4. What are the reasons why Rizal returned to Manila?
5. Describe Rizal’s life in Fort Santiago.

-End of Midterm Module-

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