A.
Select Queries
Select query for a specific columns
SELECT column, another_column, …
FROM mytable;
Select query for all columns
SELECT *
FROM mytable;
Q1. Find the title of each film.
SELECT Title FROM Movies;
Q2. Find the director of each film.
SELECT Director FROM Movies;
Q3. Find the title and director of each film.
SELECT Title, Director FROM Movies;
Q4. Find the title and year of each film.
SELECT Title, Director FROM Movies;
Q5. Find all the information about each film.
SELECT * FROM Movies;
B. Queries with constraints
Select query with constraints:
SELECT column, another_column, …
FROM mytable
WHERE condition
AND/OR another_condition
AND/OR …;
Operator Condition SQL Example
=, !=, < <=, >, >= Standard numerical operators col_name != 4
BETWEEN … AND … Number is within range of two values (inclusive) col_name BETWEEN 1.5 AND 10.5
NOT BETWEEN … AND … Number is not within range of two values (inclusive) col_name NOT BETWEEN 1 AND 10
IN (…) Number exists in a list col_name IN (2, 4, 6)
NOT IN (…) Number does not exist in a list col_name NOT IN (1, 3, 5)
Q1. Find the movie with a row id of 6.
SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE Id = 6;
Q2. Find the movies released in the years between 2000 and 2010.
SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE Year BETWEEN 2000 AND 2010;
Q3. Find the movies not released in the years between 2000 and 2010.
SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE Year NOT BETWEEN 2000 AND 2010;
Q4. Find the first 5 Pixar movies and their release year.
SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE Id BETWEEN 1 AND 5;
Operator Condition Example
= Case sensitive exact string comparison (notice the single equals) col_name = "abc"
!= or <> Case sensitive exact string inequality comparison col_name != "abcd"
LIKE Case insensitive exact string comparison col_name LIKE "ABC"
NOT LIKE Case insensitive exact string inequality comparison col_name NOT LIKE "ABCD"
% Used anywhere in a string to match a sequence of zero or more characters (only col_name LIKE "%AT%"
with LIKE or NOT LIKE) (matches "AT", "ATTIC", "CAT" or even "BATS")
_ Used anywhere in a string to match a single character (only with LIKE or NOT LIKE) col_name LIKE "AN_"
(matches "AND", but not "AN")
IN (…) String exists in a list col_name IN ("A", "B", "C")
NOT IN (…) String does not exist in a list col_name NOT IN ("D", "E", "F")
Q1. Find all the Toy Story movies
SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE Title LIKE "%Toy Story%";
Q2. Find all the movies directed by John Lasseter
SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE Director = "John Lasseter";
Q3. Find all the movies (and director) not directed by John Lasseter
SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE Director != "John Lasseter";
Q4. Find all the WALL-* movies
SELECT * FROM Movies WHERE Title LIKE "%WALL%";
C. Filtering and sorting Query results
Select query with unique results:
SELECT DISTINCT column, another_column, …
FROM mytable
WHERE condition(s);
Select query with ordered results
SELECT column, another_column, …
FROM mytable
WHERE condition(s)
ORDER BY column ASC/DESC;
Select query with limited rows
SELECT column, another_column, …
FROM mytable
WHERE condition(s)
ORDER BY column ASC/DESC
LIMIT num_limit OFFSET num_offset;
Q1. List all directors of Pixar movies (alphabetically), without duplicates
SELECT DISTINCT Director FROM Movies ORDER BY Director;
Q2. List the last four Pixar movies released (ordered from most recent to least)
SELECT * FROM Movies ORDER BY Year DESC LIMIT 4;
Q3. List the first five Pixar movies sorted alphabetically
SELECT * FROM Movies ORDER BY Title ASC LIMIT 5;
Q4. List the next five Pixar movies sorted alphabetically
SELECT * FROM Movies ORDER BY Title ASC LIMIT 5 OFFSET 5;
D. Review Simple SELECT Queries
SELECT query:
SELECT column, another_column, …
FROM mytable
WHERE condition(s)
ORDER BY column ASC/DESC
LIMIT num_limit OFFSET num_offset;
Q1. List all the Canadian cities and their populations
SELECT * FROM North_american_cities WHERE Country LIKE "Canada";
Q2. Order all the cities in the United States by their latitude from north to south
SELECT * FROM North_american_cities WHERE Country = "United States" ORDER BY Latitude DESC;
Q3. List all the cities west of Chicago, ordered from west to east
SELECT * FROM North_american_cities WHERE Longitude < -87.69 ORDER BY Longitude ASC;
Q4. List the two largest cities in Mexico (by population)
SELECT * FROM North_american_cities WHERE Country LIKE "Mexico" ORDER BY Population DESC
LIMIT 2;
Q5. List the third and fourth largest cities (by population) in the United States and their population
SELECT * FROM North_american_cities WHERE Country LIKE "United States" ORDER BY Population
DESC LIMIT 2 OFFSET 2;
E. Multi-table queries with JOINs
Select query with INNER JOIN on multiple tables:
SELECT column, another_table_column, …
FROM mytable
INNER JOIN another_table
ON mytable.id = another_table.id
WHERE condition(s)
ORDER BY column, … ASC/DESC
LIMIT num_limit OFFSET num_offset;
Q1. Find the domestic and international sales for each movie
SELECT title, Domestic_sales,International_sales FROM movies join Boxoffice on movies.id =
Boxoffice.Movie_id
Q2. Show the sales numbers for each movie that did better internationally rather than
domestically.
SELECT title, Domestic_sales,International_sales FROM movies join Boxoffice on movies.id =
Boxoffice.Movie_id where International_sales>Domestic_sales;
Q3. List all the movies by their ratings in descending order
SELECT title FROM movies join Boxoffice on movies.id = Boxoffice.Movie_id order by rating desc;
F. OUTER JOIN
Select query with LEFT/RIGHT/FULL JOINs on multiple tables:
SELECT column, another_column, …
FROM mytable
INNER/LEFT/RIGHT/FULL JOIN another_table
ON mytable.id = another_table.matching_id
WHERE condition(s)
ORDER BY column, … ASC/DESC
LIMIT num_limit OFFSET num_offset;
Q1. Find the list of all buildings that have employees
SELECT distinct Building FROM employees left join Buildings on Buildings.Building_name =
employees.Building where years_employed NOT NULL
Q2. Find the list of all buildings and their capacity
SELECT * FROM Buildings;
Q3. List all buildings and the distinct employee roles in each building (including empty buildings)
SELECT DISTINCT Building_name, Role FROM Buildings LEFT JOIN employees ON building_name =
building;
G. A short note on NULLs
Select query with constraints on NULL values:
SELECT column, another_column, …
FROM mytable
WHERE column IS/IS NOT NULL
AND/OR another_condition
AND/OR …;
Q1. Find the name and role of all employees who have not been assigned to a building.
SELECT * FROM Employees LEFT JOIN Buildings ON Building_name = Building WHERE Building IS
NULL;
Q2. Find the names of the buildings that hold no employees.
SELECT * FROM Buildings LEFT JOIN Employees ON Building_name = Building WHERE Building IS
NULL;
H. Queries with expressions
Select query with expression aliases:
SELECT col_expression AS expr_description, …
FROM mytable;
Example query with expressions:
SELECT particle_speed / 2.0 AS half_particle_speed
FROM physics_data
WHERE ABS(particle_position) * 10.0 > 500;
Q1. List all movies and their combined sales in millions of dollars
SELECT Title, (Domestic_sales + International_sales)/1000000 AS Total_Sales_Millions
FROM Movies LEFT JOIN Boxoffice ON Id=Movie_Id;
Q2. List all movies and their ratings in percent
SELECT Title, Rating*10 as Percent FROM Movies LEFT JOIN Boxoffice ON Id=Movie_Id;
Q3. List all movies that were released on even number years
SELECT Title, Year FROM Movies LEFT JOIN Boxoffice ON Id=Movie_Id WHERE Year % 2 = 0;
Or
SELECT title FROM Movies where Year %2==0
I - Queries with aggregates (Pt. 1)
Select query with aggregate functions over all rows:
SELECT AGG_FUNC(column_or_expression) AS aggregate_description, …
FROM mytable
WHERE constraint_expression;
Grouped aggregate functions
Select query with aggregate functions over groups:
SELECT AGG_FUNC(column_or_expression) AS aggregate_description, …
FROM mytable
WHERE constraint_expression
GROUP BY column;
Q1. Find the longest time that an employee has been at the building
SELECT MAX(Years_employed) FROM Employees;
Q2. For each role, find the average number of years employed by employees in that role
SELECT Role, AVG(Years_Employed) FROM Employees GROUP BY Role;
Q3. Find the total number of employee years worked in each building
SELECT Building, SUM(Years_Employed) FROM Employees GROUP BY Building;
J - Queries with aggregates (Pt. 2)
Select query with HAVING constraint:
SELECT group_by_column, AGG_FUNC(column_expression) AS
aggregate_result_alias, …
FROM mytable
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column
HAVING group_condition;
Q1. Find the number of Artists in the studio (without a HAVING clause)
SELECT Role, COUNT(*) AS Number_of_Artists FROM Employees WHERE Role = "Artist";
Q2. Find the number of Employees of each role in the studio
SELECT Role, COUNT(*)
FROM Employees
GROUP BY Role;
-- Find the total number of years employed by all Engineers
SELECT Role, SUM(Years_Employed)
FROM Employees
GROUP BY Role
HAVING Role = "Engineer";
-- CH12 - Order of execution of a Query
-- Find the number of movies each director has directed
SELECT *, COUNT(Title)
FROM Movies
GROUP BY Director;
-- Find the total domestic and international sales that can be attributed to each director
SELECT Director, sum(Domestic_sales + International_Sales) as Total_Sales
FROM Movies
LEFT JOIN Boxoffice ON Id = Movie_ID
GROUP BY Director;
-- CH13 - Inserting rows
-- Add the studio's new production, Toy Story 4 to the list of movies (you can use any director)
INSERT INTO Movies,
VALUES (4, "Toy Story 4", "John Lasseter", 2017, 123);
-- Toy Story 4 has been released to critical acclaim! It had a rating of 8.7, and made 340 million
domestically and 270 million internationally. Add the record to the BoxOffice table.
INSERT INTO Boxoffice
VALUES (4, 8.7, 340000000, 270000000);
-- CH14 - Updating rows
-- The director for A Bug's Life is incorrect, it was actually directed by John Lasseter
UPDATE Movies
SET Director = "John Lasseter"
WHERE Id = 2;
-- The year that Toy Story 2 was released is incorrect, it was actually released in 1999
UPDATE Movies
SET Year = "1999"
WHERE Id = 3;
-- Both the title and directory for Toy Story 8 is incorrect! The title should be "Toy Story 3" and it was
directed by Lee Unkrich
UPDATE Movies
SET Title = "Toy Story 3", Director = "Lee Unkrich"
WHERE Id = 11;
-- CH15 - Deleting rows
-- This database is getting too big, lets remove all movies that were released before 2005.
DELETE FROM Movies
WHERE Year < 2005;
-- Andrew Stanton has also left the studio, so please remove all movies directed by him.
DELETE FROM Movies
WHERE Director = "Andrew Stanton";
-- CH16 - Creating Tables
-- Create a new table named Database with the following columns:
-- 1. Name A string (text) describing the name of the database
-- 2. Version A number (floating point) of the latest version of this database
-- 3. Download_count An integer count of the number of times this database was downloaded
-- This table has no constraints.
CREATE TABLE Database (
Name TEXT,
Version FLOAT,
Download_Count INTEGER);
-- CH17 - Altering Tables
-- Add a column named Aspect_ratio with a FLOAT data type to store the aspect-ratio each movie was
released in.
ALTER TABLE Movies
ADD COLUMN Aspect_ratio FLOAT DEFAULT 3;
-- Add another column named Language with a TEXT data type to store the language that the movie
was released in. Ensure that the default for this language is English.
ALTER TABLE Movies
ADD COLUMN Language TEXT DEFAULT "English";
-- CH18 - Dropping Tables
-- We've sadly reached the end of our lessons, lets clean up by removing the Movies table
DROP TABLE Movies;
-- And drop the BoxOffice table as well
DROP TABLE BoxOffice;
