ST.JAMES ACADEMY BHARATHIYAR SALAI,TRICHY-01 PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Session 2024-2025 TOPIC: To study the earth's magnetic field using A compass needle - Bar magnet by plotting Magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer NAME: A.Princia Angel CLASS: XII-A REG.NO:CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this project is Completed Under my guidance and supervision by A.PRINCIA ANGEL Roll.No: of class XII ST.JAMES ACADEMY CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL, TRICHY Within the simulated time as prescribed by the CBSE DATE PRINCIPAL Signature of Signature of Internal examiner External examinerACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my physics mam I. JACULIN SUGANYA who gave me this opportunity to do this project on the topic Which helped me in doing a lot of research and i came to know about many new informations. Secondly, | would like to thank my schoolST.JAMES ACADEMY, CBSE for letting me use the school laboratory and other requirements I| need for this project ~A.Princia AngelBar magnet-compass: A magnetic field is invisible, but it can be detected using a magnetic compass. A compass contains a small bar magnet on a pivot so that it can rotate. The compass needle points in the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field or the magnetic field of the magnet. Magnetic fields can be mapped out using small plotting compasses: * Place the plotting compass near the magnet on a piece of paper. * Mark the direction of the compass needle points. * Move the plotting compass to many different positions in the magnetic field, marking the needle direction each time. * Join the points to show the field lines. + The needle of a plotting compass points to the south pole of the magnet. THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD: The behaviour of a compass shows that the earth has a magnetic field. Scientists believe that this field is produced by convection currents in the Earth's core, which is made from iron and nickel. When a plotting compass is placed in the Earth’s magnetic field, the north pole of the compass will ine up with the Earth’s magnetic field lines and point to the magnetic south. DRAWING A MAGNETIC FIELDThe diagram shows the magnetic field around a bar magnet. The diagram shows these key features: + The magnetic field lines never cross each other. + The closer the lines, the stronger the magnetic field. * The lines have arrowheads to show the direction of force exerted by a magnetic north pole. * The arrowheads point from the North Pole of the magnet to the South Pole. TANGENT GALVANOMETER Earth’s magnetic field also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from the earth's interior to where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the sun. Its magnitude at the Earth’s surface ranges from 25 to 65 micro teslas 90.23 to 0.65 gauss). Roughly speaking it is the field of magnetic dipole currently tilted at an angle of about 10 degrees with respect to Earth’s rotational axis as if these were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the centre of the Earth.Unlike a bar magnet, however Earth’s magnetic field changes over time because it is generated by a geodynamic. The North and South magnetic poles wander widely, but sufficiently slowly for ordinary compasses to remain useful for navigation. However at irregular intervals averaging several hundred, thousand years, the Earth’s field reverses and the North and South magnetic poles relatively abruptly switch places. These reversals of the geomagnetic poles leave a record in rocks that are of value to paleomagnetists in calculating geomagnetic fields in the past. Such information in turn is helpful in studying the motions of continents and ocean floors in the process of plate tectonics. The magnetosphere is the region above the ionosphere and extends several tens of thousands of kilometres into space, protecting the earth from the charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere including the ozone layer one stripping mechanism is for gas to be caught in bubbles of magnetic field which are ripped off by solar winds.The intensity of the field is often measured in gauss (G), but is generally reported in nanoteslas (nT), with 1G = 100,000nT. A nanotesla is also referred to as a gamma (y). The tesla is the SI unit of the magnetic field, B. The field ranges between approximately 25000 and 65000 nT (0.25- 0.656). vertical cil har mag radins of eo = amber of eres v kesety leveling ees pa Rh 81 aol ayy twin exPROCEDURE: Fix a sheet of white paper on a drawing board using some adhesive material. Place a bar magnet in the centre of it. Sprinkle some iron fillings uniformly around the bar magnet. Now tap the board gently. Observe the pattern in which the iron fillings arrange themselves. Use a magnetic compass to determine the direction of field lines, 2. APPARATUS: Accumulator, rheostat, ammeter, commutator, tangent galvanometer. PRINCIPLE AND FORMULAE: * The reduction factor of tangent galvanometer is K= | / tan 8 where | is the current flowing through tangent galvanometer which produces the deflection 8. + The horizontal intensity of earth’s magnetic field at a place By = [lenk/2r, where n is the number of turns of coil, [i= 4m x 10” N A? is the permeability of free space, K is the reduction factor of the tangent galvanometer and r is the radius of the coil of the tangent galvanometer.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Le When a bar magnet is suspended in two magnetic fields B and B,, it comes to rest making and angle @ with the direction of B».PROCEDURE: The circuit is made as shown in the diagram. The plane of the coil is made vertical by adjusting the levelling screws. The plane of the coil is made parallel to (90-90) in the compass box. The whole tangent galvanometer is rotated to read (0-0) at the ends of the aluminium pointer. Now the plane of the coil is in the magnetic meridian. The commutator keys are put. The rheostat should be adjusted for deflection in the tangent galvanometer between 10 and 60. For a current |, the deflections of the pointer @1 and 82 are noted. The commutator is reversed. The deflections of the pointer 83 and 64 are noted. The average of the four readings is the deflection 0. From the theory of tangent galvanometer, | = K tan 6. By varying the current the experiment is repeated. Using a string the circumference of the coil is measured. Hence its radius is found. Let n be the number of turns of the coil. The horizontal intensity at the place is given by B, = penk/2r.OBSERVATION: SL.NO| Ammeter| Deflection in Tangent | Mean | K=I/tan 8 Reading galvanometer (A) @: | 2 | Os | Os | Os wl fw in fe Mean K = * The reduction factor of TH = Number of turns of the coil =) * Circumference of the coil (S) | = 2nr= Radius of the coilr =S/2n = Horizontal intensity at the place B, = wonK/2r = 2nnk x 107 /r For different values of current |, deflections are noted and values are calculated. Knowing K, n and r the value of horizontal intensity B, can be calculated. RESULT: 1. The reduction factor of Tangent Galvanometer, K = 2. Horizontal intensity at the place, B=CONCLUSION: Experiment in tangent galvanometer gives the reduction factor of galvanometer and horizontal intensity of Earth’s magnetic field BIBLIOGRAPHY: www.slideshare.net cdac.olabs.edu.in