www.ranjan.net.
np
What is Tunnel?
A tunnel is an underground passageway, , dug through
the surrounding soil/earth/rockcompletely enclosed
except for openings for egress, commonly at each end.
A tunnel may be for road traffic, road traffic, canal,
hydroelectric station, sewer etc.
The Delaware Aqueduct in New York USA is the longest
tunnel, of any type, in the world at 137 km (85 mi)
it is very useful where bridge fail to fulfill requirements
like in sea ,in urban area and in mountains.
It is efficient when compared to bridges.
In war time it is much difficult to destroy a tunnel but
destruction of bridge is too easy.
Lots of land and time is saved.
Secret tunnels are built for military purposes.
Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings, are built to
allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely.
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
MAIN PURPOSES
IN ROAD TRAFFICS
IN SEWERS
IN MINING
IN RAIL TRAFFICS
IN HYDROELECTRIC STATIONS ETC.
2024/5/28
2nd Lecture
www.ranjan.net.np
REASONS TO BUILD A TUNNEL
When the lane encounters an obstacle such as a
mountain to avoid bypassing the obstacle
Built sometimes to overcome a water obstacle as
a replacement for building a bridge above it.
Built to connect between military posts so the
movement between them will not be visible for
the enemy
Sometimes built for infrastructure like electricity
cables, water, communication and sewerage to
avoid damage and disruption above ground
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
HISTORY
the first tunneling was done by prehistoric people
seeking to enlarge their caves.
First tunnel in Babylonia was a brick-lined pedestrian
passage some 3,000 feet (900 meters) long was built
about 2180 to 2160 B.C. under the Euphrates River to
connect the royal palace with the temple
the largest tunnel in ancient times was a 4,800-foot-
long, 25-foot-wide, 30-foot-high road tunnel (the
Pausilippo) between Naples and Pozzuoli, executed in
36 B.C.
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
In 1681 gunpowder was first used for blasting the
tunnels
First time the ventilation system for tunnel was
developed in 1927 in Holland tunnel
In 1952 James.S.Robbins comes up with a good idea
and designs the modern tunnel-boring machine
In 1988 Japan's 33-mile-long Seikan Tunnel, the
world's longest and deepest railway tunnel (787 feet
below sea level), connects the islands of Honshu and
Hokkaido
In 1994 after 192 years of planning and six years of
building, the Channel Tunnel runs under the English
Channel
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
TUNNELING METHODS
depends on
ground conditions,
the ground water conditions,
the length and diameter of the tunnel drive,
the depth of the tunnel,
the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation,
the final use and
shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk.
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
Commonly Used methods
1. CUT AND COVER TUNNELING
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
2. Drill and Blast
3. BORED TUNNELING
Done by Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)
It is often used for excavating long tunnels
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
4. Sequential Excavation Method
Also known as the New Austrian Tunneling Method
(NATM).
The excavation location of a proposed tunnel is divided
into segments first.
The segments are then mined sequentially with supports
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
PARTS OF TUNNELS
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
Tunnel linings
These are the permanent or temporary support for
keeping tunnel from collapse and provide safe.
Tunnel linings are grouped into three main forms
some or all of which may be used in the
construction of a tunnel:
1. Temporary ground support
2. Primary lining
3. Secondary lining
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Water
Constructability
Tunnel usage
COMMON TYPES OF LINING USED IN TUNNELS
1. Natural support in
rock
When the tunnel is
being bored
through good
quality rock
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
2. Rock reinforcement
Steel bolts are frequently set in holes drilled into
the rock to assist in supporting the entire roof or
individual rock slabs that tend to fall into a tunnel
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
3. Shotcrete
Pneumatically applied mortar and concrete are
increasingly being used for the support of
underground excavations
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
4. Wire mesh
Wire mesh is used to support small pieces of loose
rock or as reinforcement for shotcrete.
Two types of wire mesh are commonly used in
underground excavations:
1. Chain-link mesh:- commonly used for fencing
2. Weld mesh:- commonly used for reinforcing
shotcrete
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
5. In situ concreting
The process of placing concrete in situ was
incompatible with timber supports.
The first uses of concrete were for tunnels in good
rock and it was only with the introduction of steel
supports that concrete became the norm for a
tunnel lining material.
In-situ forms used for lining tunnels are, with few
exceptions, of the travelling type, constructed of
steel.
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
6. Precast Concrete Segments
•Most commonly used method
•Economical
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
VENTILATION IN TUNNELS
Ventilation is required because of :
1) Dust and gas caused by drilling,
blasting, loading of excavated materials
and Shotcreting
2) Exhaust gas and smoke discharged by
diesel
3) Poison gas made from explosive or
organic solvent
4) Poison gas, flammable gas or oxygen
shortage gas in ground
5) High temperature and high humidity
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
Ventilation during Construction
During construction it is necessary to
ventilate a tunnel for various reasons:
To furnish fresh air for the workers
To remove the dust caused by drilling,
blasting, mucking, diesel engines, and
other operations
To remove obnoxious gases and fumes
produced by explosives
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
Ground Failure
Ground failure broadly includes various types of
ground instability
Such as faulting, landslides, liquefaction, and
tectonic uplift and subsidence.
Each of these hazards maybe potentially
catastrophic to tunnel structures, although the
damages are usually localized.
Design of a tunnel structure against ground
instability problems is often possible, although the
cost may be high.
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
TYPES OF DEFORMATIONS.
1. AXIAL AND CURVATURE
DEFORMATIONS
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
1. OVALING (FOR CIRCULAR TUNNELS) AND
RACKING (FOR RECTANGULAR TUNNELS
SUCH AS CUT-AND-COVER TUNNELS
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
CRACK
DISTRIBUTION
ALONG THE
TUNNEL LINING
DURING
EARTHQUAKE
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
THE PROCESS FOR BORED
TUNNELLING INVOLVES ALL OR SOME
OF THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONS:
Probe drilling (when needed)
Grouting (when needed)
Excavation (or blasting)
Supporting
Transportation of muck
Lining or coating/sealing
Draining
Ventilation
2024/5/28
PROBE DRILLING GROUTING
This type of drilling is done in It is the process of
order to find out suitable providing additional
method for drilling support to drilled mine.
It consist of drilling in sample, It is done by a liquid called
by various method to find most
suitable grout ,consist of water
,cement ,color tint and
It is necessary part of all drilling
operation . sometime fine gravel .
Good surface is achieved .
EXCAVATION SUPPORTING
Excavation is the digging and recording of
artifacts at an archaeological site. After initial mining , tunnel need
It is necessary to know the archaeological supports for further processing .
importance of a site before digging .
For the sake of life a perfect
This is performed by experts in a scientific planning is needed for support.
way.
In ancient time timber and masonry
Many governments grants permission for
tunneling after finding a go certificate in
were the main methods.
excavation. Today support is provided by
injecting final pipe or building it
completely before further tunneling
www.ranjan.net.np
TRANSPORTATION OF MUCK LINING OR COATING
In ancient time transportation
Lining of proper material is
was done by steam engine and
by Manual transport. done by modern methods like
polishing ,painting to prevent
Today it is done by modern wear and tear and corrosion.
methods and process is
automatic . Very necessary part where
corrosive metals are being
TBMs are also come with used.
proper arrangment for the
transport of muck.
DRAINING VENTILATION
Draining is the process to Proper ventilation is required
remove the water or other for safety of workers.
liquid from working site This is done by proper
Very important where water checking of oxygen and other
level is very high. parameters .
Pumps and pipes are used Proper installations for exit of
for this purpose. hazardous gasses coming out
from tunneling .
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION
METHODS:
Classical methods
Cut-and-cover
Drill and blast
Tunnel boring machines (TBMs)
Immersed tunnels
Tunnel jacking
Other methods .
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
CLASSICAL METHODS
Among the classical methods are the
Belgian, English, German, Austrian,
Italian and American systems. These
methods had much in common with early
mining methods and were used until last
half of the 19th century.
Excavation done by hand or simple
drilling equipment.
Supports were predominantly timber, and
transportation of muck was done on cars
on narrow gauge tracks
Progress was typically in multiple stages
The lining would be of brickwork.
These craft-based methods are no longer
applicable.
2024/5/28
2nd Lecture
www.ranjan.net.np
THE ENGLISH METHOD
Crown-bar method- started from a
central top heading which allowed two
timber crown bars to be hoisted into
place, the rear ends supported on a
completed length of lining, the forward
ends propped within the central heading.
Development of the heading then
allowed additional bars to be erected
around the perimeter of the face with
boards between each pair to exclude the
ground. The system is economical in
timber, permits construction of the arch
of the tunnel in full-face excavation, and
is tolerant of a wide variety of ground
conditions, but depends on relatively
low ground pressures.
2024/5/28
2nd Lecture
www.ranjan.net.np
THE AUSTRIAN (CROSS-
BAR) METHOD
required a strongly constructed
central bottom heading upon
which a crown heading was
constructed. The timbering for
full-face excavation was then
heavily braced against the central
headings, with longitudinal poling
boards built on timber bars
carried on each frame of
timbering. As the lining advanced,
so was the timbering propped
against each length to maintain
stability. The method was capable
of withstanding high ground
pressures but had high demand
for timber.
2024/5/28
2nd Lecture
THE GERMAN METHOD
(core-leaving method) provided a series of box headings within
which the successive sections of the side walls of the tunnel were
built from the footing upwards, thus a forerunner of the system of
multiple drifts. The method depends on the central dumpling being
able to resists without excessive movement pressure transmitted
from the side walls, in providing support to the top 'key' heading
prior to completion of the arch and to ensuring stability while the
invert arch is extended in sections.
THE BELGIAN SYSTEM
(underpinning or flying arch method) started from the construction
of a top heading, propped approximately to the level of the springing
of the arch for a horseshoe tunnel. This heading was then extended
to each side to permit construction of the upper part of the arch,
which was extended by under- pinning, working from side headings.
The system was only practicable where rock loads were not heavy.
The first sizeable tunnel in soft ground was the Tronquoy tunnel on
the St Quentin canal in France in 1803, where the method of
construction, based on the use of successive headings to construct
sections of the arch starting from the footing, was a forerunner to
the German system described above.
www.ranjan.net.np
SHIELD TUNNELLING METHOD
This method involves the use of shield machine to
drive the tunnels below the ground.
After completion of a work shaft, the shield machine
is lowered into the shaft and assembled there before
excavation and construction of the tunnels using
precast concrete lining segments of about 1.2 meter
width.
This construction method causes minimal disruption
to traffic and the environment because all the work
takes place below ground and the ground level
environment is unaffected.
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
2024/5/28
2nd Lecture
www.ranjan.net.np
CUT and COVER TUNNELLING
METHOD
This construction method, whereby the site is fully
excavated, the structure built and then covered over,
uses diaphragm walls as temporary retaining walls
within the site area.
Step one :Construction of diaphragm walls, pin piles,
and decking.
Step two :Excavation within the diaphragm walls,
installing struts as work progresses.
Step three :Construction of permanent floor slabs
and walls.
Step four : Fitting out the internal structures,
backfilling, and reinstating the surface structures.
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
2024/5/28
2nd Lecture
www.ranjan.net.np
CUT & COVER METHOD
The principal problem to be solved in
connection with this construction
method is to how to maintain surface
traffic, with the least disturbance during
the construction period. One method is
to restrict traffic to a reduced street
width, another to direct traffic to a
bypassing street.
Another way of supporting the sidewalls
of open trenches is to substitute sheet-
pile walls by concrete curtain walls cast
under bentonite slurry (ICOS method),
and using steel struts. This is especially
a requisite in narrower streets trimmed
with old sensitive buildings with their
foundation plane well above the bottom
level of the pit. This type of trench wall
becomes a requirement for maintenance
of surface traffic due to the anticipation
of vibration effects potentially harmful to
the stability of buildings with
foundations lying on cohesion less soils.
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
DRILL AND BLAST
1.Before the advent of tunnel boring
machines, drilling and blasting was the
only economical way of excavating
long tunnels through hard rock, where
digging is not possible.
2.Even today, the method is still used in
the construction of tunnels.
2024/5/28
2nd Lecture
www.ranjan.net.np
HOW DRILL AND BLAST IS BEING DONE.
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
TBM
Various size Tunnel Boring Machines(TBM)
are used for drilling a vast type of tunnels .
Transportation of muck , supporting and all
other actions are done automatically.
Very useful in boring tunnel where all other
methods fail.
A main method in use in now a days.
2024/5/28
www.ranjan.net.np
FULL FACE SLURRY TBM in South Africa
2024/5/28
2nd Lecture
