World Nuclear

Performance
Report 2023
Title: World Nuclear Performance Report 2023
Produced by: World Nuclear Association
Published: July 2023
Report No. 2023/001

Cover image: Fuqing 5&6, FQNPC

World Nuclear Association is grateful to the

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
for access to its Power Reactor Information
System (PRIS) database, used in the
preparation of this report.

Country Pages data correct as of 31 December 2022.

© 2023 World Nuclear Association.

Registered in England and Wales,
company number 01215741

This report reflects the views

of industry experts but does not
necessarily represent those
of the World Nuclear Association’s
individual member organizations.
Contents
Preface3

1. Nuclear Industry Performance 4

2. Case Studies
Commissioning Fuqing 5&6 14
Darlington Nuclear Refurbishment Project update 16
Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant Steam Supply 18

3. Country Pages 20

4. Nuclear Reactor Global Status 57

5. Director General’s Concluding Remarks 58

Background Information 59

Abbreviations60

Geographical Categories 60

Further Reading 60

1
Preface
Globally, the world's nuclear reactors generated more than 2500 terawatt hours
(TWh) of electricity for the sixth year running. Nuclear generation supplies
around one-quarter of the world's clean electricity, second only to hydropower.
However, with output totalling 2545 TWh, generation in 2022 was just over 100
TWh lower than in 2021.

Three events in Europe contributed much to this reduction. First, a programme

of welding repairs, as well as other outages, reduced generation by 81 TWh
in France. Second, the closure of three of Germany’s remaining six reactors
at the end of 2021 deprived that country of a source of reliable low-carbon Sama Bilbao y León
generation and prolonged its continuing use of fossil fuels. Third, the war Director General
in Ukraine resulted in the shutting down of the six units at the Zaporizhzhia World Nuclear Association
nuclear power plant.

In combination, these three events resulted in a reduction of electricity output

in France, Germany and Ukraine of 134 TWh, compared to 2021. Looking
forward, nuclear generation is expected to recover in France over the next two
years as reactors return to service. However, the shutdown of the last three
reactors in Germany in April 2023 and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine will
continue to impact overall nuclear generation in Europe.

In contrast to Europe, nuclear electricity generation in Asia increased by 37

TWh last year. Over the last ten years nuclear generation in Asia has more than
doubled and has now overtaken nuclear generation in West & Central Europe.
With three-quarters of the reactors that are under construction in the world in
Asia, this is a positive trend that is set to continue.

Elsewhere, in Africa, North America and South America, nuclear generation last
year was little changed from in 2021.

At the same time, nuclear generation should be increasing much more rapidly
if we are to achieve global goals of decarbonization and provide reliable and
secure access to clean energy to everyone, everywhere.

Realizing this will require us to maximize the operation of our existing nuclear
power plants, as well as increasing the rate of construction of new reactors.

This edition of World Nuclear Performance Report breaks down the amount of
generation by the ages of nuclear reactors in each country. With some reactor
operators now targeting 80 years of operation, there is plenty of scope for
many reactors in operation today to be contributing to meeting net-zero goals
in 2050.

Six new reactors were connected to the grid in 2022: two reactors in China,
and one each in Finland, Pakistan, South Korea and the United Arab Emirates.
Construction started on eight reactors: five in China, two in Egypt and one in
Turkey. These additions are welcome, but a far faster rate of construction and
commissioning will be needed, at least a tripling of nuclear capacity worldwide,
to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

3
 1 Nuclear Industry
Performance
Global highlights
Nuclear reactors generated a total of 2545 TWh in 2022, including an estimated 59 TWh output for Ukraine. This is down
108 TWh from 2653 TWh in 2021. Excluding Ukraine, nuclear generation was 2487 TWh in 2022, down 85.4 TWh on the
equivalent total in 2021.

Figure 1. Nuclear electricity production

3000
 West & Central Europe
 South America
2500
 North America
Nuclear generation (TWh)

 East Europe & Russia

2000
 Asia
 Africa
1500

1000

500

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
Source: World Nuclear Association and IAEA Power Reactor Information Service (PRIS)

In 2022 nuclear generation increased by 37 TWh in Asia. There were minor decreases in South America and in Africa,
but output was still within typical levels for these regions over recent years. Closure of Palisades contributed to the 6
TWh decline in output in North America. Output declined by 22 TWh in East Europe and Russia, a reduction similar to
the estimated fall in generation in Ukraine. Generation declined by 112 TWh in West and Central Europe; this reduction
can be attributed to the 34 TWh reduction in output in Germany, as reactors closed down, and the 81 TWh reduction in
output in France, due to a high number of reactor outages.

Figure 2. Regional generation

1000
 West & Central Europe
 South America
800  North America
Nuclear generation (TWh)

 East Europe & Russia

 Asia
600
 Africa

400

200

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

4
In 2022 the end of year capacity of operable nuclear power plants was 394 GWe, up 5 GWe on 2021. The total capacity
of reactors that produced electricity in 2022 was 363 GWe, down 7 GWe from 2021. In most years, a small number of
operable reactors do not generate electricity, for example if they are undergoing extended outages. In recent years the
figure has been higher, as reactors in Japan await approval to restart following the Fukushima Daiichi accident in 2011.

Figure 3. Nuclear generation operable capacity (net)

450
 Not operating  Operating
400

350
Nuclear capacity (GWe)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

The total number of operable reactors Table 1. Operable nuclear power reactors at year-end 2022 (change from 2021)
at year-end 2022 was 437, up one
Africa Asia East North South West & Total
from 2021. Just over 70% of all Europe America America Central
operable reactors are pressurized & Russia Europe
water reactors (PWRs), with all but
BWR 20 33 8 61
two of the 36 reactors that have
started up between 2018 and 2022 FNR 2 2
being PWRs. GCR 8 (-3) 8 (-3)
HTGR 1 1
LWGR 11 11
PHWR 23 19 3 2 47
PWR 2 104 (+5) 40 61 (-1) 2 98 307 (+4)
Total 2 148 53 113 5 116 (-3) 437 (+1)

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

5
 Operational performance
In 2022 the global average capacity factor was 80.5%, down from 82.3% in
2021, but still continuing the trend of high global capacity factors seen since
2000. Capacity factors in this section are based on the performance of those
reactors that report electricity generation in any one calendar year.

Figure 4. Global average capacity factor

100

80
Capacity factor (%)

60

40

20

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

In 2022, capacity factors for different reactor types were broadly consistent with
those achieved in the previous five years. On average, BWR reactors achieve
the highest capacity factors consistently.

Figure 5. Capacity factor by reactor type

100
 2017-2021
 2022
80
Capacity factor (%)

60

40

20

0
BWR FNR GCR LWGR PHWR PWR
Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

6
Capacity factors in 2022 for reactors in most geographical regions were also
broadly consistent with the average achieved in the previous five years, with
North America maintaining the highest average capacity factors. Capacity
factors for Africa are determined by the performance of the sole nuclear power
plant operating there, South Africa's Koeberg.

Figure 6. Capacity factor by region

100
 2017- 2021
 2022
80
Capacity factor (%)

60

40

20

0
Africa Asia East Europe North South West &
& Russia America America Central
Europe
Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

There is no overall age-related decline in nuclear reactor performance, although

there is some variation, with lower average capacity factors for those reactors
between 25 and 35 years of operation and higher than average capacity factors
for those reactors exceeding 45 years of operation.

Figure 7. Mean capacity factor 2018-2022 by age of reactor

100

80
Capacity factor (%)

60

40

20

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53
Age of reactor (years)
Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

7
 The spread of capacity factors in 2022 is broadly similar to the average of the previous five years. Just over two-thirds of
reactors have a capacity factor greater than 85%.

Figure 8. Percentage of units by capacity factor

25
 2017- 2021
 2022

20
Percentage of units

15

10

0
0-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 >95
Capacity factor (%)
Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

There has been a steady improvement in average capacity factors in each decade since the 1970s. The high capacity
factors achieved in the 2010s have continued from 2020 onwards.

Figure 9. Long-term trends in capacity factors

100

90  >90%
 80-90%
80
 70-80%
70  60-70%
 50-60%
Capacity factor %

60
 40-50%
50  0-40%

40

30

20

10

0
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020 2021 2022
Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

8
New construction
In 2022 construction began on eight large PWRs. Five reactors commenced construction in China, two at the El Dabaa
site in Egypt and one, the fourth unit at Akkuyu, in Turkey.

Table 2. Reactor construction starts in 2022

Location Model Process Design net capacity (MWe) Construction start date

Tianwan 8 China VVER V-491 PWR 1100 25 February 2022

Xudabao 4 China VVER V-491 PWR 1100 19 May 2022
Sanmen 3 China CAP1000 PWR 1163 28 June 2022
Haiyang 3 China CAP1000 PWR 1161 7 July 2022
El Dabaa 1 Egypt VVER V-529 PWR 1100 20 July 2022
Akkuyu 4 Turkey VVER V-509 PWR 1114 21 July 2022
Lufang 5 China HPR1000 PWR 1100 8 September 2022
El Dabaa 2 Egypt VVER V-529 PWR 1100 20 November 2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

With eight construction starts in 2022, and six reactor connections to the grid, the total number of units under
construction at the end of 2022 was 60, two more than at the end of 2021.

Table 3. Units under construction year-end 2022

BWR FBR PHWR PWR Total

Argentina 1 1
Bangladesh 2 2
Belarus 1 1
Brazil 1 1
China 2 20 22
Egypt 2 2
France 1 1
India 1 3 4 8
Iran 1 1
Japan 2 2
Russia 1 2 3
Slovakia 2 2
South Korea 3 3
Turkey 4 4
Ukraine 2 2
United Arab Emirates 1 1
United Kingdom 2 2
United States of America 2 2
Total 2 4 3 51 60

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

9
 Six reactors were connected to the grid for the first time in 2022. This included Olkiluoto 3 in Finland, where construction
of the first-of-a-kind EPR began in 2005. Much shorter construction times were achieved for the other five reactors, with
construction of the Karachi 3 HPR1000 (Hualong One), in Pakistan, taking just 69 months.

Table 4. Reactor grid connections in 2022

Location Design Net Model Reactor Construction Start First Grid

Capacity (MWe) Type Connection

Olkiluoto 3 Finland 1600 EPR PWR 12 August 2005 12 March 2022

Shin Hanul 1 South Korea 1340 APR-1400 PWR 10 July 2012 9 June 2022
Barakah 3 United Arab Emirates 1310 APR-1400 PWR 24 September 2014 8 October 2022
Hongyanhe 6 China 1061 ACPR-1000 PWR 24 July 2015 2 May 2022
Fuqing 6 China 1075 Hualong One PWR 22 December 2015 1 January 2022
Karachi 3 Pakistan 1014 HPR1000 PWR 31 May 2016 4 March 2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

The shortest construction times were achieved with the construction of PWRs in China and the Chinese-designed
HPR1000 reactor at Karachi, Pakistan. This continues recent trends, where series build and the retention of skills through
ongoing new build programmes have helped contribute to more rapid construction times. In contrast, the first-of-a-kind
construction at Olkiluoto 3 took an exceptional 199 months.

Figure 10. Construction times of new units grid-connected in 2022

Fuqing 6 72 months

Karachi 3 69 months

Olkiluoto 3 199 months

Hongyanhe 6 81 months

Shin Hanul 1 119 months

Barakah 3 96 months

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

10
Despite the large variation in reactor construction times, the median construction time for reactors grid-connected in
2022 was little changed from that in 2021, being one month longer, at 89 months.

Figure 11. Median construction times for reactors since 1981

132
120 117
120

108 103
Median construction time (months)

96 92
88 89
84 84
84 81
76 74
72 66
60 58 58

48

36

24

12

0
1981-1985

1986-1990

1991-1995

1996-2000

2001-2005

2006-2010

2011-2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022
Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Most reactors under construction today started construction in the last ten years. The small number that have taken
longer are either pilot plants, first-of-a-kind (FOAK) reactors, or projects where construction was suspended before being
restarted. Construction on Khmelnitski 3&4, Ukraine, started in 1986 and 1987, respectively, but there has been no active
progress since construction was halted in 1990. Mochovce 4, in Slovakia, started construction in 1987, as did Mochovce
3, its sister unit. Mochovce 3 was grid-connected in January 2023.

11
 Figure 12. Operational status of reactors with construction starts since 1983 as of 1 January 2023

18
 Under construction  Operable  Permanent shutdown
16

14

12
Number of reactors

10

0
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Reactor construction start date
Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Figure 13 shows total global electricity generation from nuclear power plants by age in each year since 1970. The ages
of the reactors generating electricity in each year are indicated by the colours representing those ages in each bar.

The rapid expansion of nuclear generation in the 1970s and '80s is shown by the continued presence of the redder hues
in the chart, indicating reactors in their first decade of operation. With the slowing of the pace of new reactor start-ups in
the 1990s, the amount of red in each year's bar reduces. With increased construction and subsequent commissioning of
reactors in recent years the amount of electricity generated by younger reactors has started to increase again, shown by
the increasing amount of red in the bars over the last decade.

Figure 13. Total global nuclear electricity generation by age of reactor

3000 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
2500 18
24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

2000 36
42
48
1500 54

1000

500

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

12
Five reactors were permanently shut down in 2022. The operation of the last three reactors in Germany, which were due
to close in 2022 was extended, but all three plants finally closed in April 2023.

Table 5. Shutdown reactors in 2022

In 2022 the five reactors that were permanently shut down had a combined capacity of 3271 MWe.

Reactor Name Location Reference Unit Power (MWe) First Grid Connection Permanent Shutdown

Hunterston B2 UK 495 31 March 1977 7 January 2022

Palisades USA 805 31 December 1971 20 May 2022
Hinkley Point B2 UK 480 5 February 1976 6 July 2022
Hinkley Point B1 UK 485 1976-10-30 1 August 2022
Doel 3 Belgium 1006 1982-06-23 23 September 2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

With the start-up of six reactors and permanent shutdown of five, more reactors started operation than ceased
operation for the first time in four years.

Figure 14. Reactor first grid connection and shutdown 1954-2022

40
 Grid connection
Number of reactors added and shutdown

 Permanent shutdown
30

20

10

-10

-20
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

13
 2 Case Studies
Commissioning Fuqing 5&6

Fuqing 5&6 (Image: FQNPC)

The Fuqing nuclear power plant, owned and operated by Fujian Fuqing
Nuclear Power Company (FQNPC) consists of six GW-scale nuclear power
units that have started up sequentially since August 2014. Units 1-4 are derived
from the French M310 design and designated as M310+, and units 5&6 are
CNNC’s demonstration Hualong One units

The Hualong One have a number of similarities to units 1-4 at the Fuqing plant.
Both designs are conventional three loop PWRs, with similar conventional
island designs. At the same time, as a third-generation reactor design, the
Hualong One employs passive as well as active safety systems to enhance
defence-in-depth. Passive systems include containment heat removal,
secondary side residual heat removal, and reactor cavity water injection.

The number of core fuel assemblies in the Hualong One is 177, increased from
157 in the M310+. The average linear power density is reduced while the rated
power of the core is increased, which not only increases the power generation
capacity of the nuclear power plant (1075 MWe net, compared with 1000 MWe)
but also improves the safety margin of nuclear power operation.

The Hualong One technology has been developed by China National Nuclear
Corporation (CNNC) on the basis of more than 30 years of experience in nuclear
power research, design, manufacturing, construction and operation. As well
as combining active and passive severe accident prevention and mitigation
measures, the design incorporates feedback and improvements resulting from
the March 2011 accident at the Fukushima Daiichi plant in Japan.

The first Hualong One – Fuqing 5 – was connected to the grid on 27 November
2020, setting a record construction time of 66.7 months for a first-of-a-kind third-
generation nuclear power plant design. Fuqing 6 entered commercial operation
on 25 March 2022, marking the full completion of the demonstration project.

14
 Interviewee: Jia Yuqiang
Plant Manager of Fuqing 5&6, CNNC Fujian Fuqing Nuclear Power Company

Have there been any specific challenges during How will the experience gained in the construction
the commissioning process? of these domestic demonstration plants benefit
As the demonstration plant of the Hualong One, the the construction of HPR1000 units in overseas
commissioning of Fuqing 5&6 presented not only a heavy projects in Pakistan and beyond?
workload due to the first application of a large number Construction contractors can visit the Fuqing units to
of new technologies but also posed many challenges, get a deep understanding of the design’s technical
including first-of-a-kind unit tests and new design characteristics and construction and operation
verification. experience. They can also receive on-the-job training in
the relevant project management discipline.
The first unit test is a new commissioning test carried
out only on the first unit of a new nuclear power reactor The project management team have summarized the
type. The first reactor test of Hualong One consists of construction experience of domestic demonstration
five tests in total. Fuqing Unit 5 organically combined projects and issued the HPR1000 Standardization
the front end and back end of the whole project Technical Manual and HPR1000 Standardization
through special test organization and management, Management Manual, which can be used as a reference
commissioning, construction and installation, integrated for overseas construction contractors of such units.
design office, sand table deduction in advance, and so
on, so as to find and solve problems in the first place, For overseas units under construction, experienced
such as the rapid cooling and secondary side passive project management personnel from domestic
heat exchange capacity verification test, the use on-site demonstration projects can be employed to provide
simulator resources to verify test schemes and risk plans onsite support services. Domestic demonstration projects
in advance, and check test results in advance. All the first can also provide remote services such as project
unit tests were successful at the first attempt. management consultation and technical support for
overseas construction contractors of HPR1000 units.
The new design concept of combined active and passive
safety for the Hualong One creates challenges for the Staff at overseas units under construction can
project integrity, the applicability of the commissioning also establish cooperative relations with domestic
scheme, and compliance of the commissioning results demonstration plant staff to carry out activities such as
of the first unit. The commissioning team established a engineering construction experience feedback, mutual
problem-oriented coordination mechanism and improved visits of key personnel, overseas onsite observation
problem-solving efficiency through risk management, joint and guidance, and benchmarking of the engineering
headquarters, and other management innovations. construction system.

At the same time, commissioning experience feedback for The Fujian Fuqing Nuclear Power Company is preparing
the previous unit at the site allowed for careful planning for the establishment of an HPR1000 owners group,
to be carried out. For example, differentiation analysis which can share information on HPR1000 construction,
was carried out according to the design characteristics operation and maintenance, technical management,
of Hualong One. This led to more than 60 differential personnel training and other areas with all HPR1000
adjustments of commissioning items and nearly 100 owners to jointly improve HPR1000 construction and
differential adjustments of acceptance standards operation performance.
compared with the M310+.

Improvements were continuously carried out; for example,

during the commissioning of Fuqing 5, more than 20
verification and commissioning items were supplemented
to ensure the comprehensive and high-quality completion
of unit commissioning tasks.

15
 Darlington Nuclear Refurbishment Project update

U3 Returned to Service – staff on the Turbine floor photo (Image: OPG)

The four CANDU 850 reactors at the Darlington nuclear power plant Reactor details
meet about 20% of Ontario’s electricity needs and have been in
operation since the early 1990s. In 2016 OPG commenced a 10-year Location Bowmanville, Ontario,
refurbishment project of all four units, beginning with unit 2, that Canada
would extend the operating lifetimes of the reactors by 30 years. Reactor type Pressurized heavy
Work on units 2&3 has been completed, while refurbishment of units water reactor (PHWR)
1&4 continues.
Owner Ontario Power
Beginning in 2007, OPG conducted thorough station equipment Generation
assessments followed by extensive programme planning and
Operator Ontario Power
preparation. This upfront investment of time and attention to detail
Generation
resulted in an integrated 10-year long execution schedule (all four
units will be returned to service before the end of 2026) and a Net capacity 4 x 878 MWe
committed total budget of C$12.8 billion.
Unit 1 construction/ 1 April 1982 /
In October 2016, OPG’s team of project partners, industry experts, grid connection 14 November 1992
energy professionals, and skilled tradespeople shut down unit 2, Unit 2 construction/ 1 September 1981 /
the first of four Darlington reactors scheduled for refurbishment, grid connection 9 October 1990
and reconnected it to the power grid in June 2020 – an execution
duration of 44 months. In addition to enabling unit 2 to operate for Unit 3 construction/ 1 September 1984 /
grid connection 14 February 1993
another 30 years, more than 4000 lessons learned were captured
from the full evolution of the refurbishment of the reactor and Unit 4 construction/ 1 July 1985 /
associated unit systems. grid connection 14 June 1993

Unit 3 refurbishment execution began in September 2020,

incorporating the unit 2 lessons learned. Then in February 2022,
execution commenced on unit 1 – the first time two units overlapped
in execution during the refurbishment project.

Unit 3 was reconnected to the Ontario electricity grid on 17 July 2023

– after 34 months, 169 days ahead of OPG's commitment. On 19
July, unit 4, the final of the four Darlington reactors to be refurbished,
was taken offline to begin its refurbishment outage.

16
 Interviewee: Subo Sinnathamby
Senior Vice President, Nuclear Refurbishment

Four years later, has the project proceeded as Did the COVID-19 pandemic have any impact on
expected? the project and, if so, how were any challenges
The project has progressed better than expected. managed?
Executing a long-term mega construction project within The Darlington refurbishment project was not immune
an operating commercial nuclear station has required to challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic.
continued focus on safety and quality by the team to The health and safety of all workers on OPG sites has
successfully drive the project forward. At more than and remains a top priority for us. The implementation
halfway through the project execution phase (60% of social distancing guidelines, enhanced disinfection
complete at the time of writing), it is the “OneTeam” and sanitizing of all work areas and enforcing screening
culture within the OPG leaders and employees, our vendor protocols not only minimized the spread of the virus in our
partners and the tradespersons, focused on completing stations, but it also highlighted to our employees, workers,
quality work that has kept this project ahead of schedule, and community, OPG’s commitment to maintaining a safe
with a far safer working environment than the average workplace.
commercial construction site in Ontario.
Delaying the start of the unit 3 refurbishment by four
A detailed schedule, effective implementation of lessons months after the successful return-to-service of unit 2
from the unit 2 refurbishment, along with strong risk was a carefully thought-out decision to ensure we had the
mitigation plans, has allowed the team to overcome appropriate measures to protect both the operational and
major challenges, including discovery and first of a kind project staff in this unprecedented environment. The time
execution. taken to put these measures in placed ensured there were
no COVID-19 outbreaks on the project or schedule impact
In our 2019 case study, OPG identified many during execution.
lessons learned from the execution of the unit
2 project. Has it been possible to apply these New SMRs are planned to be built at Darlington.
lessons learned in practice to the refurbishment of Congratulations. With the refurbishment project
subsequent units? extending the operation of the existing Darlington
As a learning organization, the Darlington refurbishment units well beyond the potential start-up of the
project team continuously gathers information throughout SMR, are there any benefits or challenges with
planning, tooling proofing, operation and maintenance, constructing and operating a new reactor at an
worker training, material management, work series existing operating plant site?
execution and ultimately return-to-service evolutions. OPG’s track record in successfully operating nuclear
The information is assessed, lessons learned identified generating stations and executing mega projects has
and then incorporated into the schedule of subsequent paved the way for building new SMRs at the Darlington
refurbishments. From the execution of unit 2, the team site. OPG has partnered with GE Hitachi, SNC
captured 4000 lessons learned to enhance the quality of Lavalin and Aecon to complete planning, design, and
work, safety to workers, and improve cost and schedule construction of four BWRX-300 SMRs on land adjacent to
performance on subsequent units. the existing Darlington station. Working with these three
companies, OPG is leveraging decades of nuclear energy
Effective implementation of these lessons learned through and large project experience, including lessons learned
new execution strategies and innovation have resulted in from the Darlington refurbishment project and OPG’s
greater than 20% performance improvement from unit 2 to operating experience, to build and operate SMRs.
unit 3 on safety, quality, and schedule. One key innovation
for unit 3 based on lessons learned was modification of
tooling to enable the pressure tubes and calandria tubes
to be removed together, versus in series in unit 2, resulting
in savings of 30 days and enhanced worker safety on
each of the unit 3, 1 and 4 schedules.

17
 Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant Steam Supply

The TNPP steam energy supply project (Image: CNNC Jiangsu Nuclear Power Station)

Tianwan nuclear power plant (TNPP) is located in Lianyun district, Lianyungang

city, Jiangsu province. The plant is planned to consist of eight PWRs, with a total
installed capacity of 9.1 GWe. Total investment is expected to be around CNY
150 billion ($21 billion).

At present, units 1-6 are in operation and units 7&8 are under construction. After
these last two units are completed, annual electricity output will exceed 70 TWh,
and the plant will have the largest installed operational capacity of any nuclear
plant in the world.

In the TNPP steam energy supply project, steam (670 t/h, 270 °C, 6.0 MPa)
in the secondary circuit of units 3&4 will be used as the heat source to heat
the demineralized water provided by seawater desalinating equipment. The
resulting steam at 248 °C and 1.8 MPa will then be provided at a rated flow rate
of 600 t/h to users in the petrochemical engineering industry.

For this project, four sets of steam conversion equipment are used. Each set
includes one superheater, one evaporator, one primary stage preheater, one
secondary stage preheater, as well as a deaerator, primary feedwater pump,
and secondary feedwater pump. Each set of steam conversion equipment
has a designed capacity that covers 33% of the demand, but the four sets
will run in a normal mode of 25% each. The steam conversion equipment can
accommodate a wide range of operating conditions and can operate flexibly.

18
 Interviewee: Zhang Xianggui
Deputy Plant Manager of Units 3&4, CNNC Jiangsu Nuclear Power Station

What advantages are there to the industrial users of steam from

Tianwan, compared to using other sources?
In comparison with conventional fossil energy, nuclear energy is highly reliable,
clean and low-carbon. From its design parameters, the TNPP industrial steam
energy supply project can provide the petrochemical industry of Lianyungang
city with 4.8 million tonnes every year. This could reduce coal use by 0.4 million
tonnes per year, equivalent to a reduction in emissions of 1.07 million tonnes of
CO2, 184 tonnes SO2 and 263 tonnes of NOx.

What is the potential in China outside of Tianwan?

On 22 September 2020 President Xi Jinping promised in the United Nations
75th Session that our country would try its best to reach peak carbon dioxide
emissions by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Consistent with
this ‘carbon peak & carbon neutrality’ goal, nuclear energy, as a clean and
efficient provider of baseload electricity, has been playing an important role
in the national energy system. Development of nuclear energy will provide a
foundation for the Chinese transition to a clean and low-carbon energy system.

At present, the nuclear heating projects of Shandong Haiyang and Zhejiang

Qinshan have demonstrated good operational performance and social
benefits. Fuqing and Sanmen are also planning to carry out modifications to
supply industrial steam from nuclear energy.

The Tianwan steam supply project, as the first large-scale national project of
industrial steam supplied by nuclear energy, will be ready to supply steam at
the end of 2023. As well as demonstrate a green, efficient and harmonious use
of nuclear energy, it is hoped that industrial steam supply from nuclear energy
will become will be widely used in the future.

How are the operations of the industrial site affected by outages at

the nuclear plant?
In the design of the Tianwan steam energy supply project, the operations at the
industrial site during outages of the nuclear plant were taken into account. Four
sets of steam conversion equipment are used for this project, and each one
can be supplied with heating steam from both units 3 and 4. During normal
operation, units 3 and 4 each provide the steam conversion equipment with
50% heating steam. With one unit offline, the other unit would provide 100%
heating steam to the steam conversion equipment, guaranteeing a reliable
steam supply to the users.

Supply is also maintained in the event that one set of steam conversion
equipment needs to be repaired, as the other three sets can each transition to
33% of demand.

19
 3 Country Pages
Chapter 3's Country Pages present summaries of recent developments and
performance data for countries with reactors in operation, and updates on
those new entrant countries with their first nuclear reactors under construction.

The information for the numbers of operable reactors and reactors under
construction is correct as of 31 December 2022. A global update of reactor
construction starts, grid connections and shutdowns to 31 July 2023 are listed
in Chapter 4.

The Lifetime CO2 Avoided data is calculated on the basis of the emissions of
CO2 that would have been released had the electricity supplied by nuclear
generation in each country to 31 December 2022 had been generated by
coal-fired power plants instead. The values for emissions avoided since 2016
compared to fossil fuels list emissions avoidance compared to electricity
generation from both coal-fired or gas-fired plant.

As in Chapter 2, capacity factors are calculated based only on those reactors

that generated electricity in each calendar year.

The electricity generation charts show total electricity generation for each year
and subdivide this into electricity generation by reactors of different ages,
based on the date of first grid connection.

20
Argentina
Argentina has two nuclear power plants: Atucha, about refurbishment. Work on a second dry storage facility at the
100 km northwest of Buenos Aires; and Embalse, about site is expected to commence in 2023.
100 km south of Córdoba. The Atucha plant comprises
two Siemens-designed pressurized heavy water reactors Atucha 2, which started up in 2014, has been offline since
(PHWRs), unique to Argentina; and Embalse, a single October 2022, when a routine inspection revealed that one
Candu 6 PHWR unit from Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd of the four internal supports of the reactor had become
(AECL). detached. Repairs began in June 2023 and were expected
to take two months to complete.
A 30-month refurbishment project at Atucha 1, Latin
America’s first nuclear power reactor, is due to commence Construction of the CAREM25 prototype SMR – also
in 2024 – when the unit’s current operating licence expires. at the Atucha site – began in early 2014 but has been
This would allow Atucha 1 to operate for a further two suspended several times. In October 2022 the country’s
decades. National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) said that civil
construction works on the reactor were expected to be
In August 2022 construction was completed on a dry finished by 2024, with initial criticality by the end of 2027.
fuel storage facility at the plant, which will store the used
fuel assemblies from Atucha 1 in preparation for its

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation2
Reactors of Generation
100 10

3 80 8

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

60 6
1641 MWe 5.4 %
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40 4

Construction Avoided1

20 2

1 227
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022

 Coal  Gas
25 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

12 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
10 18
24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

8 36
42
48
6 54

0
1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

21
 Armenia
Armenia has one nuclear power plant at Metsamor, 30 km In March 2023, a further lifetime extension of ten years
west of the capital Yerevan, consisting of two VVER units. was announced – which would allow the unit to operate
Unit 1 was connected to the grid in 1976, followed by unit until 2036. Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan met
2 in 1980. Both units were taken offline in 1988 due to with Rosatom Director General Alexei Likhachev in May
safety concerns following a major earthquake in the region 2023 to discuss the lifetime extension work, which it was
earlier that year. Unit 2 was restarted in 1995 in the face of hoped would begin by the end of 2023. Construction of
severe energy shortages. new Russian-designed nuclear power units in Armenia
was also discussed during the meeting.
Following modernization of the unit’s emergency cooling
system, engine room, turbines and steam generators,
as well as annealing of the pressure vessel, its operating
lifetime was extended to 2026.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 2.5

1 80 2.0

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

60 1.5
416 MWe 31 %
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40 1.0

Construction Avoided

20 0.5

0 55
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1987

1991

1995

1999

2003

2007

2011

2015

2019

2023

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

5 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
18
4
24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
3 42
48
54

0
1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

22
Bangladesh
Two VVER-1200s are under construction in Bangladesh at The same month, due to sanctions imposed on
Rooppur, on the east bank of the Padma River, about 160 Russia, the Russian government issued a mandate to
km northwest of Dhaka. Bangladesh’s government to repay the loans provided
for the construction of the plant in Russian rubles instead
Construction of unit 1 began in November 2017, followed of US dollars. In April 2023 the Bangladesh government
by unit 2 in July 2018. The reactors are designated opted to settle a $318 million pending repayment in
as V-523, which are based on the V-392M reactors at Chinese yuan as international sanctions against Russian
Novovoronezh II in Russia. Once complete, the two-unit banks made payments in rubles impractical.
plant is expected to provide about 9% of the country’s
electricity.

In October 2022 the government announced that the

construction of Rooppur was running approximately one
year behind schedule due to issues stemming from the
COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

Operable Nuclear Share

Reactors of Generation

0 MWe 0%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2

Construction Avoided

2 0

2160 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal

Work to install Rooppur 1's core barrel was completed in May 2023 (Image: Rosatom)

23
 Belarus
Belarus has two VVER-1200 reactors, located at
Ostrovets, about 120 km northwest of Minsk. These
reactors were the first VVER-1200s to be built outside of
Russia. Unit 1 was connected to the grid in November
2020 and unit 2 in May 2023.

Before the startup of the reactors, Belarus’s electricity

demand was met almost entirely by gas-fired generation,
with most of the gas imported from Russia. When both units
are fully commissioned, the plant should produce about
18.5 TWh of electricity each year, representing just under
half of Belarus’s total electricity requirements, and reducing
annual demand for gas by 4.5 billion cubic metres.

In February 2023 the government announced plans to

create an organization for radioactive waste management,
which would implement a system of long-term storage
and disposal of radioactive waste.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 5

1 80 4

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

60 3
1110 MWe 11.9 %
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40 2

Construction Avoided

20 1

1 8
0 0
2021 2022 2020 2021 2022
 Coal  Gas
1110 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

6 0
6
Reactor age (years)

5 12
18
24
4 30
36
TWh

3 42
48
54
2

0
2020 2021 2022
Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

24
Belgium
Belgium has two nuclear power plants: Doel, a four-unit plant 2023 the government asked Engie to investigate whether
located 15 km northwest of Antwerp; and Tihange, a three- Doel 1&2 and Tihange 1 could operate beyond their 2025
unit plant located about 25 km west-southwest of Liège. shutdown dates, so that they could be held in reserve for
the winter months of 2025-2027.
Doel 3 was shut down as planned in September 2022.
There had been calls to extend the reactor’s operation, but In February 2023 RECUMO, a facility to recycle
operator Engie cited legal and logistical obstacles as an radioactive residues from the production of medical
issue. Despite the government asking Engie to investigate radioisotopes, began construction in Mol. The facility is
extending the operating lifetime of Tihange 2 in July 2022, scheduled to begin operation in 2026 and will process
the unit was also permanently shut down at the end of the current residues and those resulting from isotope
January 2023 after 40 years of operation. production until 2038.

Events in Ukraine in early 2022 prompted a rapid

reassessment of the country’s policy to phase out nuclear
energy by 2025, which had been reaffirmed in 2020
following the election of a new coalition government.
Following the decision in March 2022 to extend the
operation of Doel 4 and Tihange 3 to 2035, in February

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 40

35
6 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

30

60 25
4934 MWe 46.4 %
20
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40 15

Construction Avoided
10
20
5
0 1366
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

60 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
50 18
24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

40 36
42
48
30 54

20

10

0
1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

25
 Brazil
Brazil has one nuclear power plant at Angra, 200 km west In December 2022 Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil
of Rio de Janeiro. The plant has two operating reactors (INB) signed a contract with Rosatom for the supply of
with a combined capacity of 1884 MWe and a third unit 330 tonnes of uranium in the form of natural uranium
under construction. hexafluoride to the Angra plant from 2023 to 2027. In May
2023, three contracts were signed with Westinghouse to
Following many years of delay, construction of Angra 3 cover the supply of advanced 16x16 fuel assemblies for
began in 2010 but has been suspended several times. Angra 1 reloads and to develop a project for the protective
Construction recommenced in November 2022 but was grid component of the fuel assembly, as well as INB
once again stopped in April 2023 following orders from the supplying staff to move fuel in the USA.
municipal government of Angra dos Reis.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 14

12
2 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

10

60
1884 MWe 2.5 % 8
%

6
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
4
20
2
1 266
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023

 Coal  Gas
1340 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

16 0
6
Reactor age (years)

14 12
18
24
12
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
10
42
48
8 54

0
1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

26
Bulgaria
Bulgaria has one nuclear power plant, Kozloduy, located In January 2023 the energy minister set out an energy
on the Danube River about 110 km north of Sofia. It has strategy that includes plans for two new reactors at
two operating VVER-1000 reactors, with a combined Kozloduy and two at Belene. The strategy outlines the
capacity of 2006 MWe. Four VVER-440 units were shut continued use of coal until 2030 before reducing its use to
down in the 2000s as a condition of the country joining the zero by 2038.
European Union.
The same month, the National Assembly voted by 112
Events in Ukraine in early 2022 resulted in Bulgaria looking to 45, with 39 abstentions, in favour of a draft decision
to secure an alternative to Russian-supplied nuclear fuel. asking ministers to negotiate with the US government for a
Following a vote, in December 2022 the government new AP1000 unit at Kozloduy.
signed a 10-year deal with Westinghouse to supply fuel for
Kozloduy 5 and an agreement with Framatome to supply
fuel for Kozloduy 6 between 2025-2034.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 14

12
2 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

10

60
2006 MWe 32.6 % 8
%

6
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
4
20
2
0 515
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

20 0
6
18
Reactor age (years)

12
18
16
24

14 30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
12 42
48
10 54

0
1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

27
 Canada
Nineteen reactors operate at four plants in southeast In 2015 Ontario Power Generation (OPG) decided on a
Canada, 18 of which are in Ontario and one in New full refurbishment programme for the Darlington plant to
Brunswick. enable 30-year lifetime extensions for the four reactors.
Unit 2 was taken offline in October 2016 and restarted in
The Bruce nuclear power plant comprises eight units June 2020. Unit 3 was taken offline for refurbishment in
commissioned between 1977 and 1987. In 2015 it was September 2020, followed by unit 1 in February 2022. It is
decided that six of the units would be refurbished to anticipated that unit 3 will resume operation by late 2023.
extend their operation to 2064. Refurbishment of unit 4 is planned to commence in July
2023, with work on all four units on track for completion
In May 2023 the first refurbished Bruce unit, unit 6,
by 2026.
reached the major milestone of ‘substantial completion’,
with refuelling work under way. In March 2023 the In January 2023 OPG, GE Hitachi, SNC-Lavalin and Aecon
refurbishment of unit 3 began, with the reactor scheduled announced a six-year alliance to develop, engineer and
to come back online in 2026. construct a BWRX-300 at Darlington.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 90
80
19 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

70
60
60
13,624 MWe 12.9 % 50
%

40
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided 30

20 20
10
0 2883
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1971
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

120 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
100 18
24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

80 36
42
48
60 54

40

20

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

28
China, mainland
Mainland China has 55 operable reactors with a total generated heat from the Haiyang plant. The project is
capacity of 53 GWe, primarily at sites along its southeast planned to be put into operation before the end of 2023
coastline. It also has 23 reactors under construction as of and would provide up to 9.7 million gigajoules, enough to
June 2023, totaling 24 GWe meet the needs of one million residents.

In January 2023 the first Hualong One reactor in China, The country’s first industrial heating project from a nuclear
unit 3 at Fangchenggang, was connected to the grid. The power plant was completed in December 2022. The
unit began construction in December 2015. Zhejiang Haiyan Nuclear Energy Heating Demonstration
Project uses residual thermal power from the Qinshan
Four CAP1000 reactors have commenced construction: plant in winter to supply 288,000 gigajoules of heat to
Sanmen 3&4 in June 2022 and March 2023; and Haiyang public facilities, residential communities and industrial
3&4 in July 2022 and April 2023, respectively. parks in Haiyan County.
A 1100 MWe Hualong One reactor started construction at In November 2022 CNNC began construction of China’s
Lufeng 5 in September 2022. first nuclear generation-supported pumped hydro storage
project, with power from the Zhangzhou plant.
In February 2023 construction began on a 23 km-long
heating pipe network that would transport nuclear-

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 350

300
54 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

250

60
52,181 MWe 5% 200
%

150
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
100
20
50
21 2680
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018

2022

 Coal  Gas
22,084 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

450 0
6
400
Reactor age (years)

12
18
350 24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

300 36
42
250 48
54
200

150

100

50

0
1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

29
 Taiwan, China
Taiwan has two operable nuclear power reactors with a Although this amendment was later removed following a
combined capacity of 1874 MWe located at Maanshan, on referendum held in November 2018, the government said
the southern coast of the island. The reactors’ operating no nuclear plants would receive licence extensions. In
licences expire on 27 July 2024 and 17 May 2025, July 2021 Taipower announced the closure of unit 1 at the
respectively. Kuosheng plant, followed by unit 2 in March 2023.

Taiwan's Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was elected The government aims for an energy mix of 20% from
to government in January 2016 with a policy of creating renewable sources, 50% from liquefied natural gas and
a "nuclear-free homeland" by 2025. Under this policy, the 30% from coal.
island’s six power reactors that were then operable would
be decommissioned as their 40-year operating licences
expire. Shortly after taking office, the government passed
an amendment to the Electricity Act, bringing its phase-out
policy into law.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 30

3 80
25

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2) 20

60
2859 MWe 9.1 %
15
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40

Construction Avoided 10

20
5
0 948
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1990

1994

1998

2002

2006

2010

2014

2018

2022

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

45 0
6
40
Reactor age (years)

12
18
35 24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

30 36
42
25 48
54
20

15

10

0
1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

30
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic has six operable reactors: two VVER- The country is also planning the construction of its first
1000 units at Temelin, 100 km south of Prague; and four SMR, with Temelin a potential site. In February 2023 CEZ
VVER-440 units at Dukovany, 30 km west of Brno. identified the coal-fired power plants at Dětmarovice and
Tušimice as the preferred locations for a second and third
The government’s long-term energy strategy, adopted in SMR, with CEZ hoping to get the sites up and running by
2015, forecasts the need to increase the share of nuclear the second half of the 2030s. The country has committed
power in the country’s energy mix to 50-55% by 2050. to phasing out coal power generation by 2033.
In February 2023 Czech utility CEZ announced that it
planned to invest around $100 million into Dukovany 4 to In March 2023 CEZ signed an agreement with
extend the unit's operational lifetime to 60 years, to 2047. Westinghouse for the supply of VVER-440 fuel assemblies
to Dukovany from 2024. This followed a similar agreement
In November 2022 three vendors – EDF, Westinghouse made in April 2022 for Westinghouse and Framatome to
and Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power – submitted initial supply Temelin.
bids to build a new reactor at Dukovany. Final bids are
expected by September 2023.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 25

6 80 20

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

60 15
3934 MWe 36.7 %
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40 10

Construction Avoided

20 5

0 595
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

35 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
30
18
24
25 30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
42
20
48
54
15

10

0
1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

31
 Egypt
Three VVER-1200 units are currently under construction in
Egypt at El Dabaa, on the North Mediterranean coast, 140
km west of Alexandria. A fourth unit is also planned, with
significant desalination capacity.

In November 2015 an intergovernmental agreement

was signed with Russia to build and operate the four
reactors, including fuel supply, used fuel, training and
development of regulatory infrastructure. In April 2019
the Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA) received
a site approval permit for the El Dabaa site from the
Egyptian Nuclear Regulation and Radiological Authority
(ENRRA).

Construction of El Dabaa 1 commenced in July 2022,

followed by unit 2 in November 2022 and unit 3 at the
beginning of May 2023.

Operable Nuclear Share

Reactors of Generation

0 MWe 0%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2

Construction Avoided

2 0

2388 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal

Start of construction of unit 2 at El Dabaa (Image: Rosatom)

32
Finland
Finland has two nuclear power plants: Loviisa, a two- A contract for Rusatom Overseas to supply a VVER-1200
unit VVER-440 plant, located 80 km east of Helsinki; and reactor at Hanhikivi on the coast of Bothnian Bay, near
Olkiluoto, about 220 km northwest of the capital, with twin Pyhäjoki, had been signed by the Fennovoima consortium
BWR units and an EPR. in December 2013. Following Russia’s invasion of
Ukraine, Fennovoima announced in May 2022 that it was
Construction of Olkiluoto 3 – Europe’s first EPR – terminating the contract. This was later ruled unlawful by
commenced in May 2005 . First criticality was eventually the Dispute Review Board (DRB) and Fennovoima has
achieved in December 2021, with first power in March since initiated international arbitration proceedings.
2022. Following an extended test phase – during which
damage to the impellers of all four of the feedwater
pumps had to be repaired – regular electricity production
commenced in mid-April 2023.

In February 2023 the Finnish government approved

Fortum’s operating lifetime extension request for an
additional 20-year term, which would extend the operation
of Loviisa 1&2 until the end of 2050. The units started up in
1977 and 1980, respectively.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 20
18
5 80 16

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

14
60 12
4394 MWe 35 %
10
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40 8

Construction Avoided
6
20 4
2
0 709
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

30 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
25 18
24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

20 36
42
48
15 54

10

0
1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

33
 France
France has 56 operable reactors with a total capacity primary circuit at Civaux 1 revealed corrosion near the
of 61,400 MWe at a variety of coastal and inland sites welds on pipes of the safety injection system. Similar
throughout the country. An EPR is under construction at faults were soon discovered at other units, requiring the
the Flamanville plant in Normandy on the northwest coast. need for checks across much of the country’s nuclear
fleet. Due to the resulting outages, in February 2023 EDF
In January 2023 the government approved a draft bill that posted a record annual loss of €17.9 billion ($19.0 billion)
included the removal of the objective to reduce the nuclear for 2022.
share of France's electricity production to 50% by 2035.
In July 2022 France's nuclear safety regulator, the Autorité
In March 2023 France’s Parliament formally approved the de Sûreté Nucléaire, approved of EDF’s inspection and
government’s nuclear investment plan to construct six EPR- repair strategy for all of its reactors for the years 2023-2025.
2 units at three sites at an estimated cost of €52 billion.

The full renationalization of EDF was completed in June

2023. The utility’s finances have recently been adversely
impacted by generic stress corrosion issues at several
nuclear plants. The problem was first discovered in
December 2021, when maintenance checks on the

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 350

300
56 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

250

60
61,370 MWe 62.6 % 200
%

150
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
100
20
50
1 11,848
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020

 Coal  Gas
1630 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

500 0
6
450
Reactor age (years)

12
18
400
24

350 30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
300 42
48
250 54

200

150

100

50

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

34
Germany
Germany has no nuclear power after closing its final three
reactors – Neckarwestheim 2, Isar 2 and Emsland – in
April 2023.

The three reactors had been due to close at the end of

2022, but the Russia-Ukraine war prompted a reappraisal
of this plan. Following a 'stress test' conducted by the
country’s power grid transmission operators, in October
2022 it was decided that the reactors were to continue
operating until mid-April 2023.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 70

60
3 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

50

60
4055 MWe 5.8 % 40
%

30
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
20
20
10
0 4193
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1971
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

180 0
6
160
Reactor age (years)

12
18
140 24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

120 36
42
100 48
54
80

60

40

20

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

35
 Hungary
Four VVER-440 reactors operate at the Paks nuclear In August 2022 the Hungarian Atomic Energy Authority
power plant, 100 km south of Budapest, with a combined (HAEA) issued a construction licence for two VVER-1200
capacity of 1916 MWe. The plant generates around half of units at Paks II, to be built by Rosatom.
the electricity produced in Hungary, but supplies around a
third of electricity demand as the country relies heavily on In April 2023 the government announced its intention
imported electricity. to proceed with the construction of Paks II despite the
conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the European
All four units started up in the 1980s, and would have Union’s sanctions against Russia. Although details were
originally reached the end of their service lifetimes not made public, it was announced that an amendment to
between 2012 and 2017 but received 20-year licence the construction and financing of the Paks II project was
extensions. In December 2022 the Hungarian parliament agreed with Rosatom. The following month, the European
approved plans to extend the operating lifetime of the four Commission approved the amended contract.
units for an additional 20 years. The legislation received
overwhelming support with 170 votes in favour, eight
against, and one abstention. This decision allows the state
to prepare for operating the Paks plant into the 2050s.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 14

12
4 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

10

60
1916 MWe 47 % 8
%

6
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
4
20
2
0 413
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

18 0
6
16
Reactor age (years)

12
18
14 24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

12 36
42
10 48
54
8

0
1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

36
India
India has 22 reactors at seven nuclear power plants Kakrapar is an indigenously-designed plant in India's
located both inland and along the coast. The majority of Gujarat state with three operating reactors and one
reactors are indigenously-designed pressurized heavy under construction. Unit 3 – India’s first PHWR-700 – was
water reactors (PHWRs). connected to the grid in January 2021 but has still not
reached commercial operation (as of June 2023). Units
In April 2023 the government announced plans to increase 3&4 began construction in 2010 and 2011, respectively.
nuclear capacity from 6780 MWe to 22,480 MWe by 2031,
with nuclear accounting for nearly 9% of India's electricity Two further PHWR-700 units are under construction at
by 2047. Rajasthan 7&8 and in May 2023 a ‘supplementary joint
venture agreement’ was signed between NTPC – the
Two VVER-1000 reactors at the Kudankulam nuclear country's largest power company – and Nuclear Power
power plant, located in Tamil Nadu, began commercial Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) for the development of
operation in 2013 and 2017, respectively. Four additional six PHWR-700 units: two at Chutka in Madhya Pradesh
VVER-1000 units are under construction at the site: units and four at Mahi Banswara in Rajasthan.
3&4 began construction in 2017; unit 5 in June 2021; and
unit 6 in December 2021. All four units are expected to be
completed by 2027.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 35

30
22 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

25

60
7182 MWe 3.1 % 20
%

15
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
10
20
5
8 586
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1973
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
2008
2013
2018
2023

 Coal  Gas
6028 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

45 0
6
40
Reactor age (years)

12
18
35 24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

30 36
42
25 48
54
20

15

10

0
1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

37
 Iran
A single VVER-1000 unit is in operation in Iran on the In February 2023 France, Germany, the UK and the
Persian Gulf coast at the Bushehr site, about 180 km USA called on Iran to comply with all its international
southwest of Shiraz. obligations under its Comprehensive Safeguards
Agreement. The following month, Iran agreed to enhance
Construction commenced on a second VVER-1000 at its cooperation with the IAEA, including the reinstallation of
Bushehr in 2019 and is expected to start up in 2024. A monitoring cameras at enrichment sites.
further VVER-1000 was due two years later, but construction
has not yet started. In August 2022 work commenced
on the country's first nuclear-powered desalination plant,
located at Bushehr, with a capacity of 70,000 m3/day.

Since 2002 Iran has been the subject of IAEA inquiries

concerning its possible development of nuclear weapons.
In December 2022 the United Nations reported that no
progress had been made on the implementation of the
2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), with
Iran still enriching "worrying quantities" of uranium.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 6

1 80
5

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2) 4

60
915 MWe 1.7 %
3
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40

Construction Avoided 2

20
1
1 42
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022

 Coal  Gas
974 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

7 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
6
18
24
5 30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
42
4
48
54
3

0
2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

38
Japan
Following the March 2011 tsunami and subsequent In December 2022 the government adopted a policy
accident at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, all reactors in maximizing the use of existing reactors by restarting
Japan have had to get regulatory approval to restart. Only as many of them as possible, whilst also developing
ten (9500 MWe) of the country’s 33 operable reactors advanced reactors to replace those that are shut down.
have since restarted as of June 2023.

In September 2022, the Ministry of Economy, Trade &

Industry (METI) outlined plans to maintain the 60-year
cap on reactor operating lifetimes. However, the years
when reactors remained idled – in the wake of the 2011
Fukushima accident – would not be included in the
calculation. In February 2023 the cabinet approved a new
policy enabling nuclear reactors to operate beyond the 60-
year limit, with lifetime extensions approved once every ten
years after a reactor has attained 30 years of operation.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 60

33 80
50

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

40
60
31,679 MWe 6.1 %
30
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40

Construction Avoided 20

20
10
2 6194
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020

 Coal  Gas
2653 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

350 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
300
18
24
250 30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
42
200
48
54
150

100

50

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

39
 Mexico
Mexico has two operable nuclear reactors located on
the east coast of the country, 290 km east of the capital,
Mexico City. Laguna Verde 1 began commercial operation
in 1990 and unit 2 in 1995.

In July 2020 the Mexico energy ministry approved a 30-

year extension of the operating licence for Laguna Verde
1. This would allow the reactor to operate until 2050. In
August 2022 Laguna Verde 2 was granted an extension to
its operating licence, to April 2055.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 12

2 80
10

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2) 8

60
1552 MWe 4.5 %
6
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40

Construction Avoided 4

20
2
0 235
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
2011
2014
2017
2020
2023

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

14 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
12
18
24
10 30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
42
8
48
54
6

0
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

40
Netherlands
A single 485 MWe PWR is operating at Borssele, about 70 Plans to extend the operating lifetime of the Borssele
km southwest of Rotterdam. plant beyond its 2033 licence expiration were first
considered in December 2022, with technical studies
Interest in nuclear has been rekindled following the carried out by the Authority for Nuclear Safety and
government’s announcement in May 2018 of a draft law Radiation Protection. The same month, the government
for phasing out coal-fired generation by 2030. earmarked the Borssele site as the most suitable location
for the construction of two new reactors. However, it said
In April 2023 the government announced its draft
that a final decision on the location would not be made
Climate Fund for 2024, which includes €320 million for
before the end of 2024. Preliminary plans suggest that
the development of nuclear energy. Of this funding, €10
the reactors would have a capacity of 1000-1650 MWe,
million would go towards studies over the period 2023-
providing 9-13% of the country’s electricity, and could be
2025 regarding the operating lifetime extension of the
completed by around 2035.
Borssele plant; €117 million has been allocated for studies
on the construction of two new reactors; €65 million would
go towards investment in nuclear skills; and €65 million
would be used to support the development of SMRs.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 3.5

3.0
1 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

2.5

60
482 MWe 3.3 % 2.0
%

1.5
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
1.0
20
0.5
0 139
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1971
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

4.5 0
6
4
Reactor age (years)

12
18
3.5 24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

3 36
42
2.5 48
54
2

1.5

0.5

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

41
 Pakistan
Pakistan has six operating nuclear power reactors February 2023 that it had signed the final contracts for the
supplied by China at two sites: Chashma, inland 210 km construction of a HPR1000/Hualong One PWR at unit 5
southwest of Islamabad; and Karachi, on the coast about of Chashma. The reactor will be built by China National
100 km southwest of Hyderabad. Nuclear Corporation, which will also supply 85% of the
estimated $3.7 billion required for the construction.
The four units at Chashma are CNP300 models, based
on the Qinshan 1 reactor in China. The first reactor came Karachi hosts two Chinese-designed HPR1000 units.
online in 2000 and the fourth unit in 2017. When the first unit was connected to the grid in March
2021, it almost doubled Pakistan’s nuclear generating
A construction agreement for an additional unit at capacity. The second unit was connected to the grid a
Chashma was first signed in November 2010. Following year later in March 2022 and commercial operation was in
an environmental assessment in 2020, the Pakistan April that year.
Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) announced in

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 20

6 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

15

60
3262 MWe 16.2 %
10
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40

Construction Avoided
5
20

0 108
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1972
1977
1982
1987
1992
1997
2002
2007
2012
2017
2022

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

25 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
18
20
24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
15 42
48
54

10

0
1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

42
Romania
Two CANDU-6 PHWRs operate at the Cernavoda plant, negotiating and granting engineering, procurement
150 km east of Bucharest. In addition to electricity, the and construction contracts, assessing, preparing and
plant provides district heating to the adjacent town of scheduling the activities to be carried out and obtaining
Cernavoda. all the authorizations necessary to start the project. The
third phase, scheduled for 2027 to 2029, starts with the
Cernavoda was originally planned to be a five-unit plant. shutdown of unit 1 and includes all the work required on it
In December 2022 the Romanian government adopted and its recommissioning. The work would allow the reactor
a draft law covering a state support agreement with to operate for an additional 30 years, to 2060.
Societatea Nationala Nuclearelectrica (SNN) subsidiary
EnergoNuclear relating to the estimated €7 billion ($7.4 In December 2022 RoPower and NuScale Power signed a
billion) project to complete Cernavoda 3&4. contract for the front-end engineering and design work for
a VOYGR-6 SMR plant at Doicești in Romania's Muntenia
A three-phase project to upgrade unit 1 began in 2017. region. In May 2023 the USA, along with multinational
The second phase, due to last from February 2022 to public-private partners from Japan, South Korea and the
2026, covers the provision of the financial resources, United Arab Emirates, announced funding for the project.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 9
8
2 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

7
6
60
1300 MWe 19.4 % 5
%

4
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided 3

20 2
1
0 175
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1997

2002

2007

2012

2017

2022

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

12 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
10 18
24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

8 36
42
48
6 54

0
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

43
 Russia
There are 37 operable reactors in Russia, with the majority Russia is also proceeding with the development of the
in the west of the country. An additional three reactors third-generation LK-60 nuclear-powered icebreakers under
are under construction: two VVER-1200 units at the Project 22220 for use in the Western Arctic year-round
Kursk power plant, and a demonstration lead-cooled fast and in the eastern Arctic in summer and autumn. The first
reactor, BREST-OD-300, in Seversk. three icebreakers in the fleet – Arktika, Sibir and Ural – are
already operating in Russia’s northern sea route. There
As of June 2023, a total of 19 VVER reactors were under are currently two icebreakers – Yakutia and Chukotka –
construction outside of Russia in Turkey (4), Iran (1), India under construction and in February 2023 an agreement
(4), Slovakia (1), Bangladesh (2), China (4) and Egypt (3). was signed between Baltic Shipyard and Atomflot for the
construction of two more nuclear-powered icebreakers.
Domestic progress has also been made with the second
generation of floating nuclear power plants, known as
Optimized Floating Power Units (OFPUs), which use two
RITM-200M reactors derived from those for the latest
icebreakers. In early September 2022 Atomenergomash
signified the start of construction of the first four OFPUs
through a keel laying ceremony.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 180
160
37 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

140
120
60
27,727 MWe 19.6 % 100
%

80
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided 60

20 40
20
3 4667
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1972
1977
1982
1987
1992
1997
2002
2007
2012
2017
2022

 Coal  Gas
2700 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

250 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
18
200
24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
150 42
48
54

100

50

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

44
Slovakia
Slovakia has two nuclear power plants with VVER- 1600 MWe unit, with Czech utility CEZ as the 49% joint
440/V-213 reactors: two at Bohunice V2, 140 km northeast venture partner, with the remaining share held by state-
of Bratislava, and three at Mochovce, 100 km east of owned Javys. The formal joint venture JESS (Jadrová
Bratislava, with unit 4 at that site under construction. Two Energetická Spoločnosť Slovenska, Slovakia Nuclear
VVER-440/V-230 units at Bohinice V1 were shut down in Energy Company) agreement was signed the following
2006 and 2008 as a condition of Slovakia’s membership year. Although in March 2022 CEZ said the project was
of the EU. effectively stalled, in February 2023 JESS applied to
Slovakia’s Nuclear Regulatory Authority for a siting permit
After reaching first criticality in October 2022, Mochovce 3 for Bohunice 5.
was connected to the grid at the end of January 2023.
In June 2023 Slovenské Elektrárne signed a
At the Bohunice plant, decommissioning of the two V1 memorandum of understanding with France's Framatome
reactors started in 2012, and the reactors were fully on the development of European nuclear fuel for VVER-
dismantled by the end of July 2022. Plans for a new 440 reactors.
reactor, unit 5, were first announced in 2008 for a 1000-

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 14

12
4 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

10

60
1868 MWe 59.2 % 8
%

6
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
4
20
2
1 430
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022

 Coal  Gas
440 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

18 0
6
16
Reactor age (years)

12
18
14 24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

12 36
42
10 48
54
8

0
1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

45
 Slovenia
Slovenia has a single reactor operating at Krško, about
40 km northeast of Zagreb. It is a two-loop Westinghouse
PWR with a net capacity of 688 MWe.

The plant’s operating company Nuklearna Elektrarna

Krško (NEK) is jointly owned by Slovenian state-owned
company Gen-Energija and Croatian state-owned
company Hrvatska Elektroprivreda (HEP).

A decision-in-principle on a further unit at Krško – referred

to as JEK 2 – was expected to be made in August 2023,
with a decision on its construction in 2027.

In January 2023, the Ministry of the Environment

approved a 20-year extension of Krško's operating
lifetime. In April 2023 a used fuel dry storage facility was
commissioned at Krško.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 6

1 80
5

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2) 4

60
688 MWe 42.8 %
3
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40

Construction Avoided 2

20
1
0 162
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

7 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
6
18
24
5 30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
42
4
48
54
3

0
1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

46
South Africa
South Africa has a single nuclear power plant at Koeberg, South Africa faces capacity challenges with the refuelling
30 km north of Cape Town. The plant’s two reactors, and the replacement of three steam generators at
connected to the grid in 1984 and 1985, have a combined Koeberg 1, the first of which was removed in March 2023,
capacity of 1854 MWe. after the unit entered a refuelling and maintenance outage
in December 2022. Unit 1 was expected to remain out of
In July 2022 Eskom submitted the safety case to extend service until June 2023. The steam generators of unit 2 are
the plant's operating lifetime by 20 years beyond its also planned to be replaced in the later part of 2023. With
current licence term of 40 years, to 2045. Koeberg 1 being offline, along with the extended outage
of three units at the Kusile coal-fired power station, South
In February 2023 South African President Cyril
Africa's power system was severely constrained in mid-
Ramaphosa declared a national 'state of disaster' to
2023, with the prospect of a high risk of load-shedding
tackle the electricity crisis in the country. The declaration
during the winter months of June, July and August.
enabled the government to take practical measures to
address the economic damage caused by debilitating
electricity shortages.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 12

2 80
10

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

8
60
1854 MWe 4.9 %
6
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40

Construction Avoided 4

20
2
0 356
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1985

1989

1993

1997

2001

2005

2009

2013

2017

2021

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

16 0
6
Reactor age (years)

14 12
18
24
12
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
10
42
48
8 54

0
1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

47
 South Korea
There are 25 reactors operating in South Korea, providing In December 2022 commercial operation of Shin Hanul
more than a quarter of the country's electricity. 1 began, with unit 2 anticipated to be operational by
September 2023. In February 2023 MOTIE announced that
In March 2022 a new President, Yoon Suk-yeol, was it was working to obtain the relevant approvals to enable
elected on a platform that rejected his predecessor’s Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power (KHNP) to restart preliminary
policy of phasing out of nuclear energy. In August 2022 the construction on Shin Hanul 3&4 in September 2023.
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) released an
updated draft to the long-term energy plan, calling for an Hanbit 4 returned to service in December 2022 having
increase in nuclear capacity from 24.7 GWe in 2022 to 31.7 been taken offline for a “planned preventive maintenance”
GWe in 2036. The plan includes the construction of six new outage in May 2017. During the outage 'voids' were
reactors by 2033, along with operating lifetime extensions discovered in its containment building requiring repair.
for existing reactors. In November 2022 the 10th framework The five-year outage was also used to replace steam
plan envisaged nuclear energy increasing to 32.4% of total generators. Hanbit 3 was offline for similar repairs from
generation by 2030. 2018-2020.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 140

120
25 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

100

60
24,489 MWe 30.4 % 80
%

60
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
40
20
20
3 3228
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022

 Coal  Gas
4020 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

180 0
6
160
Reactor age (years)

12
18
140 24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

120 36
42
100 48
54
80

60

40

20

0
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

48
Spain
Spain has seven operable nuclear reactors at five sites
across the country, all of which started up in the 1980s.
With a combined capacity of 7123 MWe, the units
generate over 20% of the country’s electricity.

Until 2011 it was planned that operation of Spain’s

reactors would end in the 2020s as operating lifetimes
would be limited to 40 years. That restriction has since
been removed and the reactors currently in operation are
now expected to close by 2035.

In July 2022 the first container holding used fuel from the
Garoña plant was placed in the onsite interim dry storage
facility.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 50

7 80 40

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

60 30
7123 MWe 20.3 %
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40 20

Construction Avoided

20 10

0 1738
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

70 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
60
18
24
50 30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
42
40
48
54
30

20

10

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

49
 Sweden
There are six reactors operating in three locations In December 2022 Fortum and Kärnfull announced that
in Sweden: Ringhals, 50 km south of Gothenburg; they were exploring the development of SMRs in the
Oskarshamm, 220 km south of Stockholm; and Forsmark, country. In January 2023 Vattenfall announced that it was
120 km north of Stockholm. considering the option of installing SMR-based capacity at
the Ringhals nuclear power plant.
In October 2022 a pro-nuclear centre-right coalition
government took office. During its first month in power, the In April 2023 Ringhals 4 restarted after being offline for
government called on Vattenfall to investigate the possible eight months due to damage to the pressure vessel that
restart of Ringhals 1&2 and to prepare for the construction occurred during routine maintenance.
of new reactors. In January 2023 the government
announced that it was preparing legislation that would
scrap both the country’s limit of ten reactors and the
requirement to only build new nuclear reactors at locations
where they already exist. The proposed legislation is
expected to be in place by March 2024.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 60

6 80
50

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2) 40

60
6937 MWe 29.4 %
30
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40

Construction Avoided 20

20
10
0 2157
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

80 0
6
Reactor age (years)

70 12
18
24
60
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
50
42
48
40 54

30

20

10

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

50
Switzerland
Switzerland has two reactors at Beznau, 30 km southwest
of Zurich, one at Gösgen, 40 km southwest of Zurich and
one at Leibstadt, 35 km northwest of Zurich. Together they
generate up to 40% of the country’s electricity. The country
has a policy of gradual withdrawal of nuclear power: no
new reactors are to be built, but existing reactors may
remain in operation as long as the regulator considers
them safe.

In September 2022 following a 14-year site selection

process, Switzerland's national radioactive waste disposal
cooperative Nagra proposed Nördlich Lägern in northern
Switzerland as the site of a deep geological repository.
The repository for low-level and intermediate-level waste
is planned to be in operation by 2050, with the high-level
waste facility planned to be operational ten years later.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 25

4 80 20

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

60 15
2973 MWe 36.4 %
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40 10

Construction Avoided

20 5

0 835
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021

 Coal  Gas
0 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

30 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
25 18
24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

20 36
42
48
15 54

10

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

51
 Turkey
The Akkuyu nuclear plant, under construction on Turkey’s
southern coast, 120 km southwest of Mersin, will comprise
four 1114 MWe VVER-1200 reactors. The reactors are
expected to come online between 2024 and 2028.

In November 2022 it was announced that the Turkish

government had commenced studies into the potential
construction of a third nuclear power plant.

In January 2023 KEPCO submitted a proposal for the

construction of four APR-1400 reactors at an undisclosed
site in the northern part of the country. This followed reports
of discussions in late 2022 between KEPCO and the
Turkish government on the development of four APR-1400
reactors at Sinop. In March 2023 state generation company
EUAS established a nuclear-focused subsidiary known as
TUNAS, tasked with “founding” the Sinop project. TUNAS
plans to commence excavations at the site in 2023.

Operable Nuclear Share

Reactors of Generation

0 MWe 0%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2

Construction Avoided

4 0

4456 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal

Unit 3 under construction (Image: Akkuyu NPP)

52
Ukraine
All 15 reactors in Ukraine are VVER units. Rovno and In October 2022 Russian President Vladimir Putin issued
Khmelnitski are located in the west of the country, and a decree to transfer the Zaporizhzhia plant to Russian
South Ukraine and Zaporizhzhia in the south. control. Ukraine's Ministry of Foreign Affairs described the
statement as an "illegal attempt" to transfer operational
In February 2022 Russia launched a military offensive control of the plant.
against Ukraine. The war has had an impact on energy
systems across Ukraine, including nuclear facilities. Since January 2023 teams of nuclear safety and security
Generation from nuclear has dropped significantly during experts from the IAEA have been stationed at Ukraine’s
the war, with all six units at Zaporizhzhia – which has been nuclear power plants and the Chernobyl site.
occupied by Russian military forces – being offline since
September 2022. However, with overall electricity demand
reduced, the share of electricity supplied by nuclear has
remained at just over half.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 70

60
15 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

50

60
13,107 MWe TBC % 40
%

30
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
20
20
10
2 2298
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021

 Coal  Gas
2070 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

100 0
6
90
Reactor age (years)

12
18
80
24

70 30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

36
60 42
48
50 54

40

30

20

10

0
1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

53
 United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates has three operable nuclear
power reactors at its Barakah nuclear power plant, located
230 km west of Abu Dhabi. It is the first nuclear power
plant in the Middle East.

Barakah 1 produced first power in August 2020, followed

by unit 2 in September 2021 and unit 3 in October 2022.

Construction of the fourth unit at the site began in

September 2015. In June 2023 Barakah 4 initiated the
final operational readiness testing and is expected to start
operation later in 2023. Once all four units are operational,
the plant will supply 25% of the UAE’s electricity.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 16

14
3 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

12

60 10
4011 MWe 6.8 %
8
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40 6

Construction Avoided
4
20
2
1 25
0 0
2020 2021 2022 2020 2021 2022
 Coal  Gas
1310 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

25 0
6
Reactor age (years)

12
20 18
24
30
15 36
TWh

42
48
10 54

0
2020 2021 2022
Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

54
United Kingdom
The UK has nine operable reactors at seven sites; eight In November 2022 the government announced that the
are advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGRs), with one UK would invest $679 million ($815 million) and become
pressurized water reactor (PWR) at Sizewell. The AGRs a 50% partner with EDF in Nuclear New Build Generation
are due to be retired by the end of the decade. Two EPR (SZC) Ltd (NNB SZC), which aims to install and operate
units are under construction at Hinkley Point. two EPR units at Sizewell C. It said the investment allowed
for China General Nuclear’s exit from the project. NNB
In April 2022 the Office for Nuclear Regulation began the SZC signed an early framework agreement in December
generic design assessment (GDA) process for the 470 2022 with Framatome covering initial engineering and
MWe Rolls-Royce SMR design. In November 2022 Rolls- procurement activities.
Royce announced that it had identified four potential sites
– Sellafield, Trawsfynydd, Wylfa and Oldbury – to deploy In March 2023, the government announced the launch of
Rolls-Royce SMR plants, along with three possible sites ‘Great British Nuclear’, aimed at providing up to a quarter
to host its first factory for producing SMR components – of UK electricity generation by 2050 from nuclear, as well
Sunderland, Redcar and Deeside. as a competition for SMR funding.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 60

9 80
50

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

40
60
5883 MWe 14.2 %
30
%

Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40

Construction Avoided 20

20
10
2 2369
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020

 Coal  Gas
3260 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

90 0
6
80
Reactor age (years)

12
18
70 24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

60 36
42
50 48
54
40

30

20

10

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

55
 United States of America
The USA has 93 operable reactors with a combined In California, Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) had
capacity of 95,800 MWe, the largest nuclear fleet of any been planning to shut down the two Diablo Canyon units
single country. in 2024 and 2025. In August 2022 California Governor
Gavin Newsom proposed to keep the plant operational
Vogtle 3, an AP1000, was connected to the grid in April for an additional five to ten years, extending up to $1.4
2023 and reached full power the following month. An billion in loans to keep the two units online. Later that
additional AP1000, unit 4, is expected to commence month, the California Assembly passed a bill enabling the
operation early in 2024. plant to remain operational for up to five years longer than
originally planned. In March 2023 the Nuclear Regulatory
The Inflation Reduction Act was signed into law in
Commission approved PG&E’s request to operate the two
August 2022. The Act provides support for existing and
units beyond 2024 and 2025 on the condition that PG&E
new nuclear development through investment and tax
submits licence renewal applications by the end of 2023.
incentives for both large, existing nuclear plants and
newer, advanced reactors, as well as high-assay low
enriched uranium (HALEU) and hydrogen production.

Operable Nuclear Share Average nuclear capacity factor Emissions avoided cf. fossil fuels generation
Reactors of Generation
100 700

600
92 80

Million tonnes CO2 (MtCO2)

500

60
94,718 MWe 18.2 % 400
%

300
Reactors Under Lifetime CO2 40
Construction Avoided
200
20
100
1 24,016
0 0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
1971
1975
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023

 Coal  Gas
1117 MWe MtCO2 cf. coal Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

Nuclear electricity production

900 0
6
800
Reactor age (years)

12
18
700 24
30
Electricity supplied (TWh)

600 36
42
500 48
54
400

300

200

100

0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022

Source: World Nuclear Association, IAEA PRIS

56
 4 Nuclear Reactor Global Status
31 July 2023

Grid Connections 1 January - 31 July 2023

Location Model Net Capacity Grid Connection
(MWe)

Fangchenggang 3 China Hualong One 1105 10 January 2023

Mochovce 3 Slovakia VVER V-213 440 31 January 2023

Vogtle 3 USA AP1000 1117 1 April 2023

Ostrovets 2 Belarus VVER V-491 1110 13 May 2023

Construction Starts 1 January - 31 July 2023

Location Model Net Capacity Construction
(MWe) Start

Sanmen 4 China CAP1000 1163 22 March 2023

Haiyang 4 China CAP1000 1161 22 April 2023

El Dabaa 3 Egypt VVER-1200/V-529 1100 3 May 2023

Permanent Shutdowns 1 January - 31 July 2023

Location Model Process Net Capacity Permanent
(MWe) Shutdown

Tihange 2 Belgium W (3-loop) PWR 1008 31 January 2023

Taiwan,
Kuosheng 2 BWR-6 BWR 985 15 March 2023
China

Emsland Germany Konvoi PWR 1335 15 April 2023

Isar 2 Germany Konvoi PWR 1410 15 April 2023

Neckarwestheim 2 Germany Konvoi PWR 1310 15 April 2023

57
 5 Director General’s Concluding
Remarks
The turmoil in energy markets, which had begun even But if the nuclear industry is to compete effectively for its
before the current conflict in Ukraine sent fossil fuel prices place in a future energy mix, then those companies need
sky-high, has brought the issue of energy security to the to work together to make the case for nuclear energy
fore, alongside the increasingly urgent requirements for globally. We need to develop our industry self-awareness,
rapid decarbonization to tackle climate change effectively, and scan the horizon together, looking for challenges and
and the global sustainable development goal of providing opportunities and developing joint strategies to make the
access to affordable and clean energy for all. most of both. Put simply, we will either succeed together,
or fail separately.
An increasing number of governments are recognising
the value of nuclear generation to address all of these One place where the industry must come together is the
challenges. COP28 climate change conference that will take place
later this year in Dubai. There are very loud and assertive
The European Nuclear Alliance of 14 EU member states voices at climate change conferences. The only way
have reaffirmed that nuclear technologies and renewable for the nuclear industry to be heard is if we present a
energies are complementary in achieving the EU's climate cohesive vision of the important role that nuclear energy
and energy security objectives and must, as such, be an should play in a net-zero, clean energy future.
integral part of the European energy transition.
This is why World Nuclear Association is committed
In Asia, the South Korean government has reversed the to bringing our member companies together from all
phase-out policy of the previous administration, and corners of the world, so collectively we can make the
released an updated draft to the long-term energy plan, case for nuclear energy. Because I believe that if we work
calling for an increase in nuclear capacity. in Japan the together, the global nuclear industry can make a reality
government has adopted a policy maximising the use of of the nuclear energy promise to decarbonize the entire
existing reactors and developing advanced reactors. economy in a cost-effective, secure and equitable manner.

In Africa, construction continues on the four reactors at

Egypt's El Dabaa plant. When they enter service Egypt will
become the second African country to operate a nuclear
power plant. Other countries in Africa are intending to
deploy nuclear energy, with Uganda, Nigera and Ghana
already planning construction.

In North America, work to extend the operation of

Canada's Candu reactors is progressing well, and plans
are afoot for construction of several SMRs. In the USA, the Sama Bilbao y León, Director General
start-up of the AP1000 units at Vogtle is underway, and World Nuclear Association
investments and tax incentives included in the Inflation July 2023
Reduction Act will reinforce the nation's commitment to
maximize the use of its existing nuclear power plants, and
encourage deployment of new nuclear technology.

But unless we can turn policies into action government

commitments will remain as just good intentions. What
can the industry do to ensure that it can grow and deliver
at scale and speed?

In comparison to many other sectors, the nuclear industry

comprises many relatively small companies. And,
understandably, those companies working within the
same sectors of nuclear energy are in fierce competition
with each other.

58
Background Information
Acknowledgement
World Nuclear Association is grateful to the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) for access to its Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) database,
used in the preparation of this report.

Ukraine
At the time of writing, performance data for reactors in Ukraine have not been
provided to the IAEA PRIS database.

Estimates for output from Ukraine reactors is based on other data sources,
such as overall electricity output from nuclear power plants in Ukraine
published by the International Energy Agency, using Ukrainian electricity
transmission system operator (UKRENERGO) data, for the period 1 January
2022 to 27 October 2022.

Other data assumptions

Data has not been published for Kakrapar 3, a 630 MWe PHWR-type reactor
in India, which has been grid connected, but remains in a trial operation state.
Electricity output data provided by the Indian government suggests that the
plant produced less than 1 TWh in 2022. For the purposes of this report no
electricity production is assigned to the reactor.

Data has not been provided for the Shidaowan HTR-PM reactor in China. No
electricity output has been estimated for this reactor.

Reactor Statuses
The IAEA PRIS reactor database has a status type - Suspended Operation -
differentiated from its Operating status. This status has been assigned to 23
reactors in Japan, which have not restarted since their outage after the 2011
accident at Fukushima Daiichi. It has also been assigned to four reactors in
India: Madras 1, Rajasthan 1, Tarapur 1 and Tarapur 2.

World Nuclear Association uses the Operable status for reactors categorised
by IAEA as Suspended Operation or Operable., with the exception of Rajasthan
1, which we consider to be in Permanent Shutdown status.

Definition of Capacity Factor

Capacity factors are calculated as the percentage obtained by dividing a
reactor’s actual electricity output by the output expected if the reactor operated
constantly at 100% of its net capacity. When calculating capacity factors,
those reactors that do not generate any electricity during the calendar year are
not included. For reactors that start-up or shut down during a calendar year
the capacity factor for that year is calculated based on the electricity output
that would have been generated were they to operate at 100% output for the
fraction of the year in which they were in an operable status.

59
 Abbreviations
AGR Advanced gas-cooled reactor JCPOA Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
BWR Boiling water reactor LWGR Light water-cooled graphite-moderated reactor
CO2 Carbon dioxide MoU Memorandum of understanding
COVID-19 Disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 MWe Megawatt (one million watts of electric power)
coronavirus PHWR Pressurized heavy water reactor
EU European Union PRIS Power Reactor Information System database
FNR Fast neutron reactor (IAEA)
FOAK First-of-a-kind PWR Pressurized water reactor
g gram SMR Small modular reactor
GCR Gas-cooled reactor TWh Terawatt hour (one trillion watt hours of electricity)
GWe Gigawatt (one billion watts of electric power) VVER Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reaktor (a PWR)
HTGR High temperature gas-cooled reactor WNN World Nuclear News
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

Geographical Categories
Africa North America
South Africa, Egypt Canada, Mexico, USA

Asia South America

Armenia, Bangladesh, China mainland and Taiwan, Argentina, Brazil
India, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, South Korea,
Turkey, United Arab Emirates West & Central Europe
Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany,
East Europe & Russia Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania,
Belarus, Russia, Ukraine Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK

Further Reading
World Nuclear Association Information Library World Nuclear News
https://world-nuclear.org/information-library.aspx https://world-nuclear-news.org

World Nuclear Association Reactor Database International Atomic Energy Agency Power Reactor
https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/ Information System
facts-and-figures/reactor-database.aspx https://www.iaea.org/PRIS/home.aspx

World Nuclear Association is the industry organization that represents the global nuclear industry. Its mission is to promote a
wider understanding of nuclear energy among key international influencers by producing authoritative information, developing
common industry positions, and contributing to the energy debate, as well as to pave the way for expanding nuclear business.

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World Nuclear Performance Report 2023

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