> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT) < 1
Abstract— This manuscript presents a review of the literature use the latter in power system because they are subject to
that state observers rightly are applied to the modern power obey certain constrain on control system method such as
systems for estimating their key parameters, when modern observability analysis in a simple way. Thus, a state-observer
electrical power system is in operation using control system
method. Such parameters as node voltage, branch current, would design to estimate the tracking the position from state
frequency system, real and reactive power, and so on, are variables in the time domain of a physical system, only if the
estimated in its steady-state conditions for proper sensors. system representation is observable or it is attaining with
However, due to an increased damage in the electrical meters, observability analysis [3].
absence of sensors, cyberattack to the meters. The measurement The motive to apply state observers in modern power
set would not be duly available and it is a concerned for the electric
system is due to there exist the measurement data that can
utilities.
provide with technologies (e.g., Phasor Measurement Units
These factors have prompted several researchers for developing
a variety of strategies to overcome the problems, not only in PMUs and electrical meters) broadly studied and applied to
conventional power systems, but also in modern power system. In power system, in the last decades under the topics of power
this sense, control system methods can apply to power system only system observability. Such that, optimization techniques had
if the modeled system is observable, otherwise is not feasible the taken to minimize the number of PMUs installed on a
developing. It means the modeled power grid at least to be traditional power grid [4].
estimable or there is a minimal account of sensors providing actual
measurements toward its utility. By doing so, one can design a state
Unfortunately, not only measurement data are provided
observer. Indeed, the investigations have demonstrated one or towards its utility control center of a power grid in the time
more observers had been designed to estimate the tracking of key intervals in continuous way, but also the tracking of internal
parameters in the time domain under a control system method. state from power system is absolutely unknown for utility
Finally, a summary of the key characteristics that describes at control centers due to the information is given around 1.5 or 5
each research and should get a suitable reference for future work minutes. Despite not having the tracking of estimated internal
in control system method applied to modern grid systems.
variables from power system, they can be estimated by
Index Terms—Modern Power system, Measurement set,
observers. In fact, modern power system dominated with
Observability Analysis, State-space, observers. power electronic resources is essential to know the internal
variable’s dynamic performance owing to the rate of change of
I. INTRODUCTION frequency (ROCOF) in modern power system is rather a
ROCOF in classical power system by its low inertia [5].
T RADITIONAL power systems had been known to comprise
power generation system, a transmission system, and a
distribution system. By contrast, a modern power system
It is worth mentioning that control system framework on
traditional power systems have been studied across two
control loops (grid frequency and voltage control loop) in a
should have integrated at least one renewable energy resource decoupled way. In consequence, leading to appears a time
on conventional power grid. The latter connected close to delay between grid frequency and voltage loop control.
energy consumers’ side of the distribution system [1]. Because the deployment technologies of the control systems in
If a power system is observable a state observer would power systems as the integrators, proportional integrators
estimate the tracking of their position from internal state (PIs), and proportional integrator differential (PIDs) were used
variables in the time domain [2]. It means a software with a in power system control. However, it is unpractical in actual
dynamic performance that only requires a minimal account of world applications because the measurements by state
measurement data from an energy system, where in actual variables are not always accessible altogether [6].
practice the measurements are provided by sensors or Therefore, to mend the problems or more observers can
electrical meters. To design a state observer is that the estimate the tracking the position of state variables from a
physical system to be represented in a linear state-space power grid along its functionality in the time domain [7].
equation. Sometimes, almost all tangible systems can be still Figure 1 illustrates how one would estimate the key
modeled in nonlinear equations. However, thanks to there are parameters of a portion from modern power system by using a
many methods (e.g., Euler-LaGrange), thereby one would typical state observer. Notice that, for estimating the power
have to linearize the nonlinear equations and becoming in system’s state variables, firstly this must thoroughly be
linear equations. observable, in other words, the requirements of observability
Although there are manly two kinds of state observer such analysis shall accomplish for a modeled power grid.
as nonlinear and linear observers, but researchers recommend
to
