C PROGRAMMING COURSE
technical training
INTRODUCTION TO C
• C is a general-purpose programming language
created by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Laboratories in
1972.
• It is a very popular language, despite being old.
• The C programming language is a procedural and
general-purpose language that provides low-level
access to system memory.
• A program written in C must be run through a C
compiler to convert it into an executable that a
computer can run.
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[email protected] HISTORY OF C
• C programming language was developed in 1972 by
Dennis Ritchie at bell laboratories of AT&T
(American Telephone & Telegraph), located in the
U.S.A.
• Initially, C language was developed to be used
in UNIX operating system.
• Dennis Ritchie is known as the founder of the c
language.
• It was developed to overcome the problems of
previous languages such as B, BCPL, etc.
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[email protected] STRUCTURE OF C PROGRAMMING
Documentation section:
Consists of the description of the program.
Preprocessor section:
The preprocessor section contains all the header files used in a program.
Define section:
Includes preprocessor directive, which contains symbolic constants.
E.g.: #define
Global declaration:
The global section comprises of all the global declarations in the program.
Main function:
For every C program, the execution starts from the main() function. It is
mandatory to include a main() function in every C program.
User defined functions:
Includes all user-defined functions (functions the user provides). For
example, color(), sum(), division(), etc.
/** //Documentation Section
* file: age.c
* author: you
* description: program to find our age.
*/
#include <stdio.h> //Preprocessor Section
#define BORN 2000 //Definition Section
int age(int current); //Global Declaration
int main(void) //Main() Function
{
int current = 2021;
printf("Age: %d", age(current));
return 0;
}
int age(int current)
{ //User Defined Function
return current - BORN;
}
INPUT / OUTPUT STATEMENTS
Input and Output statement are used to read and
write the data in C programming.
These are embedded in stdio.h (standard
Input/Output header file).
There are mainly two of Input/Output functions are
used for this purpose.
Unformatted I/O functions
Formatted I/O functions
Formatted I/O : printf()
This is an output function. It is used to display a
text message and to display the mixed type Example 1:
(int, float, char) of data on screen. printf(“Hai students”)
SYNTAX: o/p : Hai students
Example 2:
printf("control strings",&v1,&v2,&v3,................&vn);
a=25
(Or) printf(“A value is %d”,a)
o/p : 25
printf("Message line or text line");
Note: %d is format specifies for integers
Formatted I/O : scanf()
The scanf() function is an input function.
It used to read the mixed type of data from
Example :
keyboard. Y
You can read integer, float and character data by printf("Enter the a b and c values");
using its control codes or format codes. scanf("%d%d%d", &a,&b,&c);
SYNTAX: Note: %d is format specifies for integers
scanf("control strings",&v1,&v2,......&vn);
VARIABLES IN C
• A variable is a name of the memory location.
• It is used to store data.
• Its value can be changed, and it can be reused
many times.
Syntax
type variable_list;
EXAMPLES OF VARIABLES
Example:
• int myInt=4;
• float myReal=2.5;
• char myChar=“a”;
DATA TYPES IN C
A data type specifies the type of data that a
variable can store such as integer, floating,
character, etc.
Basic Data Type Example: Employee Data
(Name, Employee ID, Age, Salary, Address,
Derived Data Type
Phone No, etc.)
Enumerated Name: String
ID: Integer
Void Salary: Float or Double
Bool Type Phone No: String
DATA TYPES IN C
Data Type Modifiers In C
Modifiers are C keywords that modify the
meaning of fundamental data types. It indicates
how much memory will be allocated to a
variable.
long
short
signed
unsigned
BASIC DATA TYPES IN C Data Types Memory Size Range
char 1 byte −128 to 127
signed char 1 byte −128 to 127
The C programming language has five
unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255
short 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767
primitive or primary data types.
signed short 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767
unsigned short 2 byte 0 to 65,535
Keyword Used Data Type int 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767
signed int 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767
int Integer unsigned int 2 byte 0 to 65,535
short int 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767
signed short int 2 byte −32,768 to 32,767
float Floating-point
unsigned short int 2 byte 0 to 65,535
long int 4 byte -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
double Double
signed long int 4 byte -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
char Character unsigned long int 4 byte 0 to 4,294,967,295
float 4 byte 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38
void Void double 8 byte 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308
long double 16 byte 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932
DERIVED DATA TYPES IN C
An array in C is a collection of multiple values of a similar
Derived data types are primary data types that are
data type and is stored in a contiguous memory location.
grouped together.
The pointer data type is used to store the address of another
You can group many elements of similar data types. variable.
These data types are defined by the user. Structure is a data type that can store variables of similar or
The following are the derived data types in C: different data types. The size of the structure is the sum of
Array the storage size required by each variable.
A union is a group of elements with similar or different data
Pointers
types. In a union, the memory location is the same for all the
Structure
elements.
Union
ENUMERATED DATA TYPE IN C
In C programming, an enumeration type
(also called enum) is a data type that #include<stdio.h>
enum week{Mon, Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri, Sat, Sun};
consists of integral constants.
int main()
To define enums, the enum keyword is {
enum week day;
used. day = Wed;
printf("%d",day);
return 0;
}
VOID DATA TYPE IN C
A data type that has no values or operators and is used to represent nothing.
It is used in three kinds of situations:
Function returns as void
Ex: void exit (int status);
Function arguments as void
Ex: int rand(void);
Pointers to void
Ex: void *malloc( size_t size);
BOOLEAN DATA TYPE IN C
In C, Boolean is a data type that contains two types of values, i.e., 0 and 1.
Basically, the bool type value represents two types of behavior, either true or false.
Here, '0' represents false value, while '1' represents true value.
Syntax:
bool variable_name;
Example:
bool x=true;
KEYWORDS IN C
A keyword is a reserved word
You cannot use it as a variable name, constant
name, etc
There are only 32 reserved words (keywords)
in the C language
EXAMPLES OF KEYWORDS
auto break case char const continue default do
double else enum extern float for goto if
int long register return short signed sizeof static
struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while
IDENTIFIERS IN C
Identifier is a name, used identify elements in C Programming.
Created by a programmer to identify various program elements.
Identifiers are the names of variables, arrays, functions,
structure and etc.
C Programming language is case-sensitive.
Example are: firstname, FIRSTNAME, FirstName will be
treated differently.
Programmer can use underscores _ in between identifiers.
e.g.) first_name.
IDENTIFIERS RULES FOR DECLARATION
First character must be a letter or underscore _.
Characters in identifiers are limited up to 31 in ANSI C compiler(it
may vary).
Blankspaces and commas are not allowed within an Identifier.
Identifiers should not be starts with a digit.
Identifier name should not be the keyword.
Identifiers must be short and meaningful.
EXAMPLES OF IDENTIFIERS
OPERATORS IN C
An operator is a symbol that operates on a value or a
variable. For example: + is an operator to perform addition.
C has a wide range of operators to perform various
operations.
Example:
int a = 100 + 50; // 150 (100 + 50)
int b = a + 250; // 400 (150 + 250)
int c = b + b; // 800 (400 + 400)
TYPES OF OPERATORS IN C
UNARY OPERATORS
Unary operators are
used on a single
operand in order to
calculate the new
value of that variable.
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Arithmetic Operators are
operators which are used within
the equation to perform a
number of basic mathematical
calculations.
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
Relational Operators are
used for the purpose of
comparison of two or more
numerical values stored in
an operand.
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Logical Operators are used to compare and connect two or more expressions or variables, such that the value of the
expression is completely dependent on the original expression or value or variable.
BITWISE OPERATORS
Bitwise operators are used for manipulating OPERATOR EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
data at the bit level (binary data) << left shift x=x<<2 Before: 0000 1111 x is 15 (8+4+2+1)
After: 0011 1100 x is 60 (32+16+8+4)
>> right shift x=x>>2 Before: 0000 1111 x is 15 (8+4+2+1)
After: 0000 0011 x is 3 (2+1)
& bit-wise AND x=x&28 0000 1111 & 0001 1010 =0000 1010
15 28 10
| bit-wise OR x=x|28 0000 1111 | 0001 1010 =0001 1111
15 28 31
^ bit-wise XOR x=x^28 0000 1111 ^ 0001 1010 =0001 0101
15 28 21
~ bit inversion x=x~28 Before: 0000 1111 x is 15 (8+4+2+1)
After: 1111 0000 x is -2,147,483,633
ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
Assignment Operators help us to assign the value or result of an expression to a variable and the value on the
right side must be of the same data type as the variable on the left side.
CONDITIONAL OPERATOR
The conditional operator is the one and only
ternary operator in the C programming
language.
It can be used as an alternative for if-else
condition if the 'if else' has only one
statement each.
The conditional operator takes an expression Example:
and executes the first statement if the A=10
expression evaluates to be true, and the B=0
second statement if the expression evaluates B=(A==10) ? 10 : 20
to be false. Output : B=10
SEPCIAL OPERATORS
C Language Offers Some Special Operators for Programmers….
OPERATOR EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
The Comma Operator for(i=0,j=1;i>10:i++,j++) The Comma operator can be used to link the related expressions
together.
While(c<10,c--)
Type cast Operator float s= 12.5; converts a to the specified type.
int a;
a = (int) s;
now a value is 12.
Reference operator or data_type x; It returns the pointer address of the variable. This is called "referencing"
Address Operator ("&") data_type *pt; operator.
pt = &x
Dereference operator ("*") data_type *pt; Used to "dereferencing" the pointer.
or Pointer Operator
Double Pointer operator data_type **pt; Double Pointer is, that double pointer points to another pointer variable
("**") address.
sizeof operator sizeof (data_type) sizeof returns the size of a variable or datatype
COMMENTS IN C
Comments can be used to explain code, and
to make it more readable.
It can also be used to prevent execution
Example:
when testing alternative code.
// This is a comment
Comments can be
printf("Hello World!");
singled-lined
/* The code below will print the words Hello World!
multi-lined to the screen, and it is amazing */
printf("Hello World!");
FORMAT SPECIFIERS IN C
The format specifiers are used in C for input and output purposes.
Using this concept the compiler can understand that what type of data is in a variable
during taking input using the scanf() function and printing using printf() function.
Example:
print(“Value of a is %d”,234)
scanf(“Enter the age %d”,&age)
FORMAT SPECIFIERS IN C
Format Specifier Type %lu Unsigned int or unsigned long
%c Character %lli or %lld Long long
%d Signed integer
%llu Unsigned long long
%e or %E Scientific notation of floats
%o Octal representation
%f Float values
%g or %G Similar as %e or %E %p Pointer
%hi Signed integer (short) %s String
%hu Unsigned Integer (short) %u Unsigned int
%i Unsigned integer
%x or %X Hexadecimal representation
%l or %ld or %li Long
%n Prints nothing
%lf Double
%Lf Long double %% Prints % character
FORMAT SPECIFIERS IN C
Format Specifier Example Output
%8d x=900
%-8d printf("%8d", x); 900
printf("%-8d",x); 900
%08d int x=12;
printf("%08d", x); 00000012
%.2f float x=12.2;
printf("%.2f", x); 12.20
%24s char blogName[] = “aticleworld";
%24.6s printf("%24s", blogName); aticleworld
printf("%24.6s", blogName); aticle
ESCAPE SEQUENCE IN C
Generally, an escape sequence begins with a backslash ‘\’
followed by a character or characters.
The c compiler interprets any character followed by a ‘\’ as an
escape sequence.
Escape sequences are used to format the output text and are
not generally displayed on the screen.
Each escape sequence has its own predefined function.
ESCAPE SEQUENCE IN C Example 1:
printf("You\nare\nlearning\n\'c\' language\n\"Do you k
now C language\"");
Output:
You are learning
'c' language
"Do you know C language“
Example 2:
printf("\n horizontal tab escape sequence tutorial");
printf(" \n 34543 \t 345435 ");
printf(" \n 123 \t 678 ");
Output:
horizontal tab escape sequence tutorial
34543 345435
123 678
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ASCII is abbreviated as the “American Standard Code for Information
Interchange”.
It is a character encoding schema that is used for electronic
communication.
ASCII contains numbers, each character has its own number to represent.
We have 256 character to represent in C (0 to 255) like character (a-z, A-
Z), digits (0-9) and special character like !, @, # etc.
This each ASCII code occupied with 7 bits in the memory.
CONSTANTS IN C
A constant is a value or variable that can't be changed in the program.
List of Constants:
Constant Example
Decimal Constant 10, 20, 450 etc.
Real or Floating-point Constant 10.3, 20.2, 450.6 etc.
Octal Constant 021, 033, 046 etc.
Hexadecimal Constant 0x2a, 0x7b, 0xaa etc.
Character Constant 'a', 'b', 'x' etc.
String Constant "c", "c program", "c in javatpoint" etc.
CONSTANTS IN C
Two way to define constants:
const keyword
#define preprocessor (Macro)
LITERALS IN C
Literals are data used for representing fixed values.
They can be used directly in the code.
For example: 1, 2.5, 'c' etc.
Types of literals:
Integer literal
Float literal
Character literal
String literal
Backslash Character Literals (Escape Sequences)
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LITERALS IN C Character literal:
A character literal is created by enclosing a
Integer literal: single character inside single quotation
An integer is a numeric literal(associated with marks.
numbers) without any fractional or exponential part. Ex: 'a', 'm', 'F', '2', '}' etc.
1. Decimal Numer (base 10) Ex: 0, -9, 22 etc String literal:
2. Octal Number (base 8) Ex: 021, 077, 033 etc A string literal is a sequence of characters
3. Hexadecimal Number (base 16) Ex: 0x7f, 0x2a, etc enclosed in double-quote marks.
Float literal: Ex: "study", "tonight", "c programming", etc.
A floating-point literal is a numeric literal that has Backslash Character Literals (Escape Sequences):
either a fractional form or an exponent form. Sometimes, it is necessary to use characters
Ex: 100.50 0.000127 -0.77E-5 that cannot be typed or has special meaning in
C programming.
Ex: \n, \t, etc.
PROGRAMMING ERRORS IN C
Errors are the problems or the faults that occur in
the program, which makes the behavior of the
program abnormal, and experienced developers can
also make these faults.
Programming errors are also known as the bugs or
faults, and the process of removing these bugs is
known as debugging.
These errors are detected either during the time of
compilation or execution.
Thus, the errors must be removed from the program
for the successful execution of the program.
PROGRAMMING ERRORS IN C
Syntax error:
Syntax errors are also known as the compilation errors as Logical error:
they occurred at the compilation time. The logical error is an error that leads to an
Ex: if(.) // syntax error undesired output. These errors produce the incorrect
Run-time error: output, but they are error-free, known as logical
Sometimes the errors exist during the execution-time even errors.
after the successful compilation known as run-time errors. Semantic error:
Ex: int b=2/0; // run time error Semantic errors are the errors that occurred when
Linker error: the statements are not understandable by the
Linker errors are mainly generated when the executable file compiler.
of the program is not created. This can be happened either Ex: int b = "javatpoint"; // semantic error
due to the wrong function prototyping or usage of the
wrong header file.
Ex: int Main() { } // linkage error
Next Class…………………….
STATIC KEYWORD IN C
Static is a keyword used in C programming language. Syntax:
It can be used with both variables and functions. Static Variable:
Static keyword can be used in the following situations:
static data_type variable_name;
Static global variable
Static Function:
Static function
static void func()
Static local variable
Static member variables {
Static method printf("Hello javaTpoint");
