SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Norbaizura Abu Bakar
AP1114
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
PAD RAFT STRIP
FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOUNDATION
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
- PAD FOUNDATION -
PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING
PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING
Used when surface soils are sufficiently strong and
stiff to support loads.
Used to support an individual point such structural
column with the column sitting in the middle of the
pad foundation.
For the pad foundation system the structural load is
literally spread out over a broad area under the
building.
For the good strength soil, pad foundation most
suitable used to reduce cost & ease of construction
PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING
Shape : circular, square or rectangular.
The size of pad foundation is determined
from the loads on it and the bearing capacity
of the subsoil.
The thickness of the concrete is either at
least equals to the projection of the pad each
side of the pad foundation or minimum
150mm thick.
Most often used in small to medium size
structure with moderate to good soil
condition.
PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING
CROSS-SECTION OF PAD FOUNDATION
PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING
Method of Construction
Excavate pit for pad foundation.
Erect temporary timber planking and strutting to
support the sides of the pit from falling in.
Pour concrete for blinding concrete and wait until it
hardened.
Construct formwork to receive bases.
Erect and fix the reinforcement bar.
PAD FOUNDATION/PAD FOOTING
Method of Construction
Pour concrete into formwork to form bases.
After the concrete bases are hardened, construct
formwork to receive column stump.
Filling to excavation with material arising from
excavation.
Then, hardcore is spread over the site within the
external walls of the building to such thickness as
required to raise the finished surface of the site
concrete.
Laid dpm, vertical dpm and dpc.
Construct a ground beam.
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
- STRIP FOUNDATION -
STRIP FOUNDATION
STRIP FOUNDATION
Consists of continuous strip usually of concrete formed
centrally under load bearing walls which support heavy
load.
Normally used for load bearing wall or for rows of column
are space so close that pad foundation would nearly touch
each other.
The width of the foundation depends on the bearing
capacity of the subsoil and the load on foundation
soil bearing capacity, width of foundation
STRIP FOUNDATION
The minimum thickness of concrete is 150mm or projection
of the strip each side of the wall, whichever is greater.
The practical minimum depth is usually 450mm and the
practical minimum width is 450mm (to provide working
space)
STRIP FOUNDATION
Two types of strip foundations
Narrow Strip (Trench Fill) Foundation
Wide Strip Foundation
STRIP FOUNDATION
Narrow Strip (Trench Fill) Foundation
Used for normal soil such as clay and normal loads may
require a depth of up to 0.9m.
It is usual to excavate foundation trenches and fill them
with concrete up to a ground level.
Wide Strip Foundation
Where the loads on the foundations are considerable in
relation to the bearing capacity of the subsoil.
Reinforcement is required to prevent cracking.
STRIP FOUNDATION
Wide Strip Foundation Narrow Strip (Trench Fill)
Foundation
STRIP FOUNDATION
STRIP FOUNDATION
Method of Construction
Excavate trench for strip foundation.
Erect temporary timber planking and strutting to
support the sides of the trench from falling in.
Pour concrete for blinding concrete and wait
until it hardened.
Construct formwork to receive bases.
Erect reinforcement (if required)
STRIP FOUNDATION
Method of Construction
Pour concrete into formwork to receive bases.
After the concrete bases are hardened, construct
brickwall as a load bearing wall.
Filling to excavation with material arising from
excavation.
Then, hardcore is spread over the site within the
external walls of the building to such thickness as
required to raise the finished surface of the site
concrete.
Laid dpm, vertical dpm and dpc.
Pour concrete to form a ground slab.
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
- RAFT FOUNDATION -
RAFT FOUNDATION
RAFT FOUNDATION
large combined thick slabs designed to seat and
support the whole or a large part of a structure.
Designed to transmit the load of the building to the
subsoil below the raft and spread the loads over a
larger area.
Used for buildings on compressible ground such as
very soft clays with low bearing capacity where strip
foundations would not provide a stable foundation.
Used to distribute heavy column and wall loads
across the entire building area.
RAFT FOUNDATION
Types of raft foundations
Flat raft/Thicken Slab
Wide Beam/Wide Toe Raft
Beam and Slab Raft
Cellular Raft
RAFT FOUNDATION
Flat Raft/Thicken Slab
Applicable used for the building that less than
double storey.
A solid slab of concrete reinforced in both directions.
Light solid slab rafts are used for the small load
bearing wall type of building such as houses.
For large and more heavily loaded buildings, this
type of raft is often economic only up to a thickness
of about 300mm thick.
When loads are heavy, reinforcement is required at
top and bottom of raft foundation.
RAFT FOUNDATION
Flat Raft/Thicken Slab
CROSS SECTION OF FLAT RAFT OR THICKEN SLAB
RAFT FOUNDATION
Wide Beam Slab/Wide Toe Raft
Where the ground has poor compressibility the wide
toe raft is recommended
The stiffening edge beam being designed as a toe to
support the outer skin of brickwork, so that the raft
is not visible.
The raft is strengthened with a reinforced concrete
edge beam under external walls and is thickened
under internal load bearing walls.
RAFT FOUNDATION
Wide Beam Slab/Wide Toe Raft
CROSS SECTION OF WIDE BEAM SLAB/ WIDE TOE RAFT
RAFT FOUNDATION
Beam and Slab Raft
Alternative to the solid slab raft and used where
poor soils are encountered.
Suitable used for storage tank base, fuel depots.
The beams are used to distribute the column loads
over the area of the raft, which usually results in a
reduction of the slab thickness.
Down stand beams will give a saving on excavation
costs whereas upstand beam create a usable void
below the ground floor if suspended slab is used.
RAFT FOUNDATION
Beam and Slab Raft
RAFT FOUNDATION
Cellular Raft
Can be used where reasonable bearing capacity
subsoil can only be found at depths where beam
and slab technique become uneconomic.
The construction is similar to reinforced concrete
basements except that internal walls are used to
spread the load over the raft and divide the void
into cells walls allowing the voids to be utilized for
the housing of services, store rooms or general
accommodation.
RAFT FOUNDATION
Cellular Raft
CROSS SECTION OF CELLULAR RAFT
RAFT FOUNDATION
Method of Construction
Clear the ground of topsoil and trees roots to a
depth of at least 150mm.
Then, hardcore is spread over the site and the
pieces rammed into the ground using either a
heavy roller.
Lay the thick polythene sheeting to form the
dpm.
Construct formwork to receive raft foundation.
Pour concrete for blinding concrete and wait
until it hardened.
RAFT FOUNDATION
Method of Construction
Erect the mesh reinforcement at the top and
bottom of raft foundation as necessary.
Pour concrete into formwork.
Finish off the concrete, after tamping, with
the wooden float to get a reasonable flat
surface.
DO YOU KNOW????
WHY DOES THE
TOWER OF PISA
LEAN??
WHY DOES THE TOWER OF PISA LEAN??
Age of bldg = nearly 840 years
Height = 55.86 m Year of construction = 1173
Construction period = 200 years
Used raft foundation
3m foundation, set in weak &
unstable subsoil - soft soil composed
of mud, sand and clay
The tower was moving at a rate of
around 1.2 millimeters (0.05 inches) a
year.
Total leaned = 5 degrees to southwest
LEANING TOWER OF PISA
QUESTION 1
Sketch a cross section and annotate in detail the pad foundation.
QUESTION 2
Sketch and annotate in detail the following types of foundation;
i) Thicken Slab
ii) Wide Strip
iii)Beam and slab raft
QUESTION 3
Explain five (5) factors to be considered in the selection of the type
of foundation for a building.
