B.A. (Prog.
) Semester-IV with Mathematics as Major
Category-II
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE (DSC-4): INTRODUCTION TO GRAPH THEORY
CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE
Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice
Introduction to 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass NIL
Graph Theory with
Mathematics
Learning Objectives: The primary objective of this course is to introduce:
• Problem-solving techniques using various concepts of graph theory.
• Various properties like planarity and chromaticity of graphs.
• Several applications of these concepts in solving practical problems.
Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
• Good familiarity with all initial notions of graph theory and related results and
seeing them used for some real-life problems.
• Learning notion of trees and their enormous usefulness in various problems.
• Learning various algorithms and their applicability.
• Studying planar graphs, Euler theorem associated to such graphs and some
useful applications like coloring of graphs.
SYLLABUS OF DSC-4
UNIT-I: Graphs, Types of Graphs and Basic Properties (12 hours)
Graphs and their representation, Pseudographs, Subgraphs, Degree sequence, Euler’s
theorem, Isomorphism of graphs, Paths and circuits, Connected graphs, Euler trails and
circuits, Hamiltonian paths and cycles, Adjacency matrix, Weighted graphs, Travelling
salesman problem, Dijkstra’s algorithm.
UNIT-II: Directed Graphs and Applications, Trees (18 hours)
The Chinese postman problem; Digraphs, Bellman-Ford algorithm, Tournaments, Directed
network, Scheduling problem; Trees and their properties, Spanning trees, Kruskal’s
algorithm, Prim’s algorithm, Acyclic digraphs and Bellman’s algorithm.
UNIT-III: Planar Graphs, Graph Coloring and Network Flows (15 hours)
Planar graphs, Euler’s formula, Kuratowski theorem, Graph coloring, Applications of graph
12
coloring, Circuit testing and facilities design, Flows and cuts, Max flow-min cut theorem,
Matchings, Hall’s theorem.
Essential Reading
1. Goodaire, Edgar G., & Parmenter, Michael M. (2011). Discrete Mathematics with Graph
Theory (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd. Indian Reprint.
Suggestive Readings
• Bondy, J. A. & Murty, U.S.R. (2008), Graph Theory with Applications. Springer.
• Chartrand, Gary, & Zhang, P. (2012). A First Course in Graph Theory. Dover Publications.
• Diestel, R. (1997). Graph Theory (Graduate Texts in Mathematics). Springer Verlag.
• West, Douglas B. (2001). Introduction to graph theory (2nd ed.). Pearson India.
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC CORE COURSE – 4 (Discipline A-4): ABSTRACT ALGEBRA
CREDIT DISTRIBUTION, ELIGIBILITY AND PRE-REQUISITES OF THE COURSE
Course title & Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility Pre-requisite
Code criteria of the course
Lecture Tutorial Practical/ (if any)
Practice
Abstract 4 3 1 0 Class XII pass NIL
Algebra with
Mathematics
Learning Objectives: The primary objective of the course is to introduce:
• Modular arithmetic, fundamental theory of groups, rings, integral domains, and fields.
• Symmetry group of a plane figure, and basic concepts of cyclic groups.
• Cosets of a group and its properties, Lagrange’s theorem, and quotient groups.
Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
• Appreciate ample types of groups present around us which explains our surrounding
better, and classify them as abelian, cyclic and permutation groups.
• Explain the significance of the notion of cosets, normal subgroups and homomorphisms.
• Understand the fundamental concepts of rings, subrings, fields, ideals, and factor rings.
SYLLABUS OF DISCIPLINE A-4
UNIT-I: Introduction to Groups (12 hours)
Modular arithmetic; Definition and examples of groups, Elementary properties of groups,
Order of a group and order of an element of a group; Subgroups and its examples, Subgroup
tests; Center of a group and centralizer of an element of a group.
UNIT-II: Cyclic Groups, Permutation Groups and Lagrange’s Theorem (18 hours)
Cyclic groups and its properties, Generators of a cyclic group; Group of symmetries;
Permutation groups, Cyclic decomposition of permutations and its properties, Even and odd
13
permutations and the alternating group; Cosets and Lagrange’s theorem; Definition and
examples of normal subgroups, Quotient groups; Group homomorphisms and properties.
UNIT-III: Rings, Integral Domains and Fields (15 hours)
Definition, examples and properties of rings, subrings, integral domains, fields, ideals and
factor rings; Characteristic of a ring; Ring homomorphisms and properties.
Essential Reading
1. Gallian, Joseph. A. (2017). Contemporary Abstract Algebra (9th ed.). Cengage Learning
India Private Limited, Delhi. Indian Reprint (2021).
Suggestive Reading
• Beachy, John A., & Blair, William D. (2006). Abstract Algebra (3rd ed.). Waveland Press.
14
