Supplemental Material For:

Review of Low-Cost 3D Bioprinters: State of The Market and Observed Future Trends

Anh Tonga, Quang Long Phama, Paul Abatemarcoa, Austin Mathewb, Dhruv Guptaa, Siddharth

Iyera, and Roman Voronov a,b,†

a
The Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of

Technology Newark College of Engineering, Newark, NJ, USA.

b
Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark College

of Engineering, Newark, NJ, USA.

†
Corresponding author:

Prof. Roman Voronov, The Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering,

New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark College of Engineering, 161 Warren Street,

Newark, NJ 07102, USA. Email: [email protected]

CONTENTS: 3 Tables and 3 Figures

Supplemental Tables

Table S1. Technical feature comparison of the low-cost bioprinters, clustered by the manufacturer. Note: RT = Room Temperature.
Color-code: ✓ = Microextrusion-based Bioprinters; = Droplet-based Bioprinters; = Light-based Bioprinters.
XYZ
WxDxH XYZ Build On- No. of
Positional Sterile Print Bed Print Head Inspection Control
Company Model Name Dimension Volume Enclosure* Board Printing Technology Print Photocuring Calibration
Accuracy Environment Temp. Control Temp. Control Camera Software
(cm) (cm) Display Heads
(µm)
Modular heads:
Interactive –
29 x 19 x Yes – Mechanical, Precision:
3D Cultures Tissue Scribe 10 x 12 x 8 Open 1 No No RT – 60 °C RT – 70 °C No Open Source Adjustable
36 Non touch Thermoplastic 100 x 100 x 44
Nozzle Height
extrusions
Pneumatic extrusion
10 x 10 x 10
(0.5-85 Psi)
Advanced BIOBOT™ 30 x 52 x Rotary ɸ 19 x & Included –
Open No (Turret dispensing print 5 No No No No No Automated
Solutions, Inc. BASIC 55 10 height Repeatability: TSIM® (1 year)
head with revolving
10 x 10 x 10
motion)
Optional
Yes
Mechanical
Modular heads: Optional 50 x 50 x 10 &
Yes – extruder:
33 x 54 x Mechanical, 365 / 405 / & Optional Optional Included –
Engine SR 20 x 20 x 20 Open Tablet 3 No 0 °C – 270 °C; Automated
56 Thermoplastic, Electro- 450 nm tool Repeatability: RT – 200 °C 200x USB Gib System
included Thermoplastic
melt printing extrusions head 25 x 25 x 5 Microscope
extruder: 150 °C
tool head
– 450 °C
Hyrel3D
Optional
Yes
Mechanical
Modular heads: Optional 12 x 12 x 10 &
Yes – extruder:
33 x 48 x Mechanical, 365 / 405 / & Optional Optional Included –
Engine HR 10 x 10 x 10 Open Tablet 4 No 0 °C – 270 °C; Automated
51 Thermoplastic, Electro- 450 nm tool Repeatability: RT – 200 °C 200x USB Gib System
included Thermoplastic
melt printing extrusions head 12 x 12 x 5 Microscope
extruder:
tool head
150 °C – 450 °C

Footprint: Yes – OpenSource –

Lulzbot LulzBot Bio 16 x 16 x 8.9 Open Mechanical extrusion 1 No 10 x 10 x 5 No RT – 120 °C No No Interactive
46 x 41 Touch Cura LulzBot

Pneumatic extrusion (3- RT – 160 °C Included –

31 x 25 x 365 & 405 Precision:
Allevi 1 9 x 13 x 6 Open No 100 psi with ±1 psi 1 No No / No Bioprint Automated
25 nm 7.5 x 7.5 x 1
variance) RT – 255 °C Essential

405 nm Extruder 1:
Pneumatic extrusion (3- Included –
31 x 31 x / Precision: RT – 160 °C;
Allevi Allevi 2 9x9x9 Open No 120 psi with ±1 psi 2 No No No Bioprint Automated
31 365 nm 5x5x1 Extruder 2:
variance) Essential
optional RT – 70 °C

Pneumatic extrusion (3- RT – 160 °C Included –

47 x 39 x 365 & 405 Precision:
Allevi 3 9 x 13 x 6 Open No 120 psi with ±0.1 psi 3 No RT – 60 °C / No Bioprint Automated
36 nm 1x1x1
variance) RT – 255 °C Essential
Optional
Mechanical
extruder:
Modular heads: 2x2x2 Optional No
Optional -20 °C – 100 °C Included –
46 x 44 x Mechanical, & -20 °C – 100 °C /
Regemat 3D BIO V1 15 x 16 x 11 Open No 4 365, 385, 405 No or REGEMAT3D Automated
59 Thermoplastic Repeatability: or Add on
nm tool head RT – 50ºC; Designer
extrusions 8.4 x 8.4 x 0.4 RT to 100ºC optional
Thermoplastic
extruder:
RT – 250 °C
 Optional
Mechanical
Modular heads:
extruder: No
Mechanical single or 2x2x2 Optional
Optional -20 °C – 100 °C / Included –
64 x 50 x coaxial syringe & -20 °C – 100 °C
Regemat 3D REG4LIFE 12 x 12 x10 Open No 7 365, 385, 405 No or Add on REGEMAT3D Automated
54 extrusion, Dual Repeatability: or
nm tool head RT – 50ºC; optional Designer
Thermoplastic 8.4 x 8.4 x 0.4 RT to 100ºC
Thermoplastic
Extrusion
extruder:
RT – 250 °C
Yes –
Yes – Mechanical, Thermoplastic
Dr. INVIVO 4D – 51 x 51 x Z Precision: UV Lamp 254 Included –
10 x 10 x 8 Closed Touch Thermoplastic 2 No No extruder: Yes Automated
Standard 66 10 nm & H14 NewCreatorK
screen extrusions RT – 250 °C
HEPA Filter
Mechanical
365 nm Yes – extruder:
Yes – Mechanical,
Dr. INVIVO 4D – 51 x 51 x / Z Precision: UV Lamp 254 -4 °C to 60 °C; Included –
10 x 10 x 8 Closed Touch Thermoplastic 2 -4 °C – 60 °C Yes Automated
Upgrade 66 405 nm 10 nm & H14 Thermoplastic NewCreatorK
screen extrusions
optional HEPA Filter extruder:
ROKIT RT – 250 °C
HEALTHCARE Mechanical
Extruder:
-4 °C to 60 °C;
Mechanical, 365 nm Yes – -4 °C – 60 °C Mechanical
Yes –
Dr. INVIVO 4D – 51 x 51 x Thermoplastic, Hot- / Z Precision: UV Lamp 254 & extrusion: Included –
10 x 10 x 8 Closed Touch 3 Yes Automated
Premium 66 melting pneumatic (up 405 nm 10 nm & H14 Integrated RT – 250 °C; NewCreatorK
screen
to 145 psi) Extrusions optional HEPA Filter thermometer Hot-melting
pneumatic
extruder:
RT – 350 °C
Modular heads: Optional
Pneumatic extrusion 4 °C – 60 °C
Optional Optional
34 x 34 x Yes – (0-145 psi), Repeatability: / Optional
AXO A1 13 x 9 x 6 Open 1 365 / 405 nm No HD Camera Included Automated
35 Non touch Mechanical extrusion, 1x1x1 Rotary collector 3 °C – 265 °C
tool head tool head
Melt/Solution for
Electrowriting, Inkjet Electrospinning
Modular heads: Optional
Yes -
Pneumatic extrusion 4 °C – 60 °C
Optional HEPA Filter & Optional
41 x 37 x Yes – (0-145 psi), Repeatability: / Optional
AXO A2 13 x 9 x 6 Closed 2 365 / 405 nm Prefilter with 0.2 HD Camera Included Automated
45 Non touch Mechanical extrusion, 1x1x1 Rotary collector 3 °C – 265 °C
tool head Micron tool head
Melt/Solution for
Membranes
Electrowriting, Inkjet Electrospinning
Axolotl Modular heads:
Optional
Biosystems Pneumatic extrusion Yes -
4 °C – 60 °C
(0-145 psi), Optional HEPA Filter & Optional
56 x 40 x Yes – Repeatability: / Optional
AXO A3 13 x 9 x 8 Closed Mechanical extrusion, 3 365 / 405 nm Prefilter with 0.2 HD Camera Included Automated
43 Non touch 1x1x1 Rotary collector 3 °C – 265 °C
Melt Electrowriting, tool head Micron tool head
for
Solution Membranes
Electrospinning
Electrosprinning, Inkjet
Modular heads:
Optional
Pneumatic extrusion Yes -
4 °C – 60 °C
(0-145 psi), Optional HEPA Filter & Optional
69 x 40 x Yes – Repeatability: / Optional
AXO A6 13 x 9 x 8 Closed Mechanical extrusion, 6 365 / 405 nm Prefilter with 0.2 HD Camera Included Automated
43 Non touch 1x1x1 Rotary collector 3 °C – 265 °C
Melt Electrowriting, tool head Micron tool head
for
Solution Membranes
Electrospinning
Electrosprinning, Inkjet
Yes –
FELIX – 43 x 39 x Included – Automated bed
FELIXprinters 13 x 21 x 12 Closed Touch Mechanical extrusion 2 365 nm 10 x 10 x 10 No 0 °C – 50 °C 0 °C – 50 °C Yes
BIOprinter 55 Simplify 3D levelling
screen

Modular heads: 10 x 10 x 10 Automated –

Optional Included –
Brinter® – 3D 55 x 75 x Pneumatic extrusion & Optional Optional Optional Exchange
Brinter® 30 x 30 x 10 Closed No 4 365, 405, 450 Yes Kiri:Moto’s
BioPrinter 64 (0 – 87 psi), Mechanical Repeatability: 265 nm module RT – 80 °C 2 °C – 250 °C modules
nm tool head Slicer
extrusion, Inkjet 10 x 10 x 10 automatically
 365 nm
Pneumatic extrusion
37 x 33 x Yes – / Included –
INKREDIBLETM 13 x 8 x 10 Open (0.7-58 psi with ±0.6 2 10 x 10 x 2.5 No No No No Interactive
38 Non touch 405 nm HeartOS
psi variance)
optional
365 nm
Pneumatic extrusion Yes –
37 x 33 x Yes – / Included –
INKREDIBLE+TM 13 x 8 x 10 Closed (0.7-58 psi with ±0.6 2 10 x 10 x 2.5 H13 HEPA RT – 130 °C No Interactive
CELLINK 43 Non touch 405 nm RT – 65 °C HeartOS
psi variance) Filter
optional
Modular heads:
365 & 405
Pneumatic extrusion (0 Yes - Interactive &
Yes – nm Optional
48 x 44 x – 100 psi), Mechanical UV Lamp 275 Optional Included – Automated –
BIO X TM
13 x 9 x 7 Closed Touch 3 / 2.5 x 2.5 x 1 4 °C – 60 °C HD camera
37 extrusion, nm – Dual H14 4 °C – 250 °C HeartOS Surface Probe for
screen Optional tool head
Thermoplastic HEPA Filter auto-bed leveling
UV tool head
extrusion, Inkjet
6.4 x 4 x 5
(Metal
Yes – Digital micromirror
24 x 43 x platform) Optional Included –
CELLINK Lumen XTM Closed Touch device-based 3D 1 405 nm 50 x 50 x 5 No No No Automated
41 4 x 2.5 x 5 RT – 37 °C HeartOS
screen Bioprinting
(Glass
platform)
Yes –
Compatible: Touch Digital micromirror
36 x 45 x
Allegro 3D STEMAKER™ 6, 12, or 24 Closed screen & device-based 3D 1 405 nm 10 x 10 x 10 No RT – 60 °C No No Included Automated
44
well plates Built-in Bioprinting
PC
Build area: 1 print Included –
Automated –
FUJIFILM 67 x 58 x 21 x 26 head Repeatability: The Dimatix
DMP-2805 Closed No Inkjet – Piezo DOD No No RT – 60 °C RT – 70 °C Yes using reference
Dimatix 42 / with 16 25 x 25 x 25 Materials Printer
marks
21 x 31.5 nozzles (DMP)
30 x 30 x 30 Optional
Optional Heated
Footprint: Build area: PC Modular heads: & Optional RT – 50 °C
jetlab® 4 Closed 1 No vacuum platen: Yes Included Semiautomated
63 x 57 16 x 12 included Inkjet – Piezo DOD Repeatability: HEPA filter /
RT – 100 °C
20 x 20 x 20 RT – 240 °C
MicroFab
30 x 30 x 30 Optional
Optional Heated
Footprint: Build area: PC Modular heads: & Optional RT – 50 °C
jetlab® 4xl Closed 4 No vacuum platen: Yes Included Semiautomated
63 x 57 21 x 26 included Inkjet – Piezo DOD Repeatability: HEPA filter /
RT – 100 °C
20 x 20 x 20 RT – 240 °C
Table S2. Technical feature comparison of the high-end bioprinters, clustered by manufacturer. Note: N/A = data not available; RT =
Room Temperature; BSC = Biosafety Cabinet.
Color-code: ✓ = Microextrusion-based Bioprinters; = Droplet-based Bioprinters; = Light-based Bioprinters;
= Microfluidic-based Bioprinters.
WxDxH XYZ Build No. of XYZ
On-Board Sterile Print Bed Print Head Inspection
Company Model Name Dimension Volume Enclosure* Printing Technology Print Photocuring Positional Calibration
Display Environment Temp. Control Temp. Control Camera
(cm) (cm) Heads Accuracy (µm)
Modular heads:
Optional
Pneumatic (0.15 – 100
365, 405, 450, Yes – Manual and
Yes – psi), Yes –
85 x 40 x 485, 520 nm UV Lamp 275 nm – Optional Automatic
CELLINK Bio X6TM 13 x 9 x 9 Closed Touch Mechanical, 6 1x1x1 4 °C to 65 °C HD camera tool
50 & Dual H14 HEPA 4 °C – 250 °C (Ultrasonic
screen Electromagnetic, head
custom Filter based)
Thermoplastic Extrusions,
wavelengths
Inkjet
Modular heads:
Modular heads: Automated –
Pneumatic (0 – 145 psi), 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5
Exchangeable 4 °C – 80 °C; laser positioning
77 x 72 x Mechanical, Melt &
R-GEN 100 13 x 9 x 6.5 Closed No 5 365 & 405 nm No workzones: 5 °C Pneumatic melt Yes and Substrate
76 Extrusions, Repeatability:
to 80 °C dispenser: Height
Electrospinning-Writing, 5x5x5
RT – 240 °C Calibration
RegenHU Inkjet
Modular heads: Modular heads: Automated –
0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5
Pneumatic, Mechanical, Exchangeable 4 °C – 80 °C; laser positioning
137 x 124 x &
R-GEN 200 13 x 9 x 6.5 Closed Yes Melt Extrusions, 5 365 & 405 nm Yes – workzones: 5 °C Pneumatic melt Yes and Substrate
240 Repeatability:
Electrospinning-Writing, Class II BSC to 80 °C dispenser: Height
5x5x5
Inkjet RT – 240 °C Calibration
Modular heads:
Modular head:
Advance 94 x 75 x Yes – Pneumatic, Mechanical Optional Automated –
BioAssemblyBot 31 x 25 x 18 Closed 8 365, 385 & 400 10 x 10 x 10 HEPA filter 10 °C – 60 °C Yes
Solution 134 Touch Pad Extrusion with 6 axis -4 °C – 150 °C Needle Tip
nm
Robot arm
Modular heads: Modular heads: No –
3D Bioplotter 85 x 62 x Optional Optional Automatic –
26 x 22 x 7 Open No Pneumatic extrusion, 2 365, 385, 395, 1x1x1 But has Particle No
Series- Starter 77 -10 °C – 80 °C 30 °C – 250 °C Needle Tip
Inkjet 405, 445 nm Filters
Modular heads: Modular heads: Yes – Automatic –
3D Bioplotter 98 x 62 x Optional: Optional
EnvisionTEC 20 x 22 x 14 Open No Pneumatic extrusion, 3 365, 385, 395, 1x1x1 Particle & Sterile No Needle Tip & Z
Series- Developer 77 -10 °C – 80 °C 0 – 500 °C
3D Inkjet 405, 445 nm Filters sensor
Automatic –
3D Bioplotter Modular heads: Modular heads: Yes –
98 x 62 x Optional Needle Tip & Z
Series- 20 x 22 x 14 Open No Pneumatic extrusion, 5 365, 385, 395, 1x1x1 Particle & Sterile -10 °C – 80 °C Yes
77 0 – 500 °C sensor, Semi-
Manufacturer Inkjet 405, 445 nm Filters
Automatic
Manual &
3D
FABION 2 60 x 78 x Pneumatic & Spheroid Automatic – laser
Bioprinting 9 x 9 x 10 Open No 3 365 nm 5x5x5 No 25 °C – 40 °C 4 °C – 25 °C Yes
bioprinter 190 extrusions positioning
Solutions
system
Modular heads but not
reconfigurable:
Pneumatic, Thermoplastic Thermoplastic Yes
63 x 152 x 15.2 x 15.2 x 365,385 & 405
nRugged Closed No Extrusions, Pick-n-place 4 10 x 10 x 5 Optional 25 °C – 150 °C extruder: & Automated
61 15.2 nm
for electronic circuits, 25 °C – 450 °C Customizable
nMill

Optional
nScripp
Pneumatic
Modular heads: extruder:
Optional
Pneumatic, Thermoplastic -10 °C – 70 °C Yes
137 x 84 x 22.2 x 15.2 x 10 °C – 50 °C
BAT Closed No Extrusions, Pick-n-place 5 365,385 & 405 nm 10 x 10 x 5 Optional or & Automated
196 15.2 or
for electronic circuits, 25 °C – 90 °C; Customizable
25 °C – 150 °C
nMill Thermoplastic
extruder:
25 °C – 450 °C;
 5 x 5 vacuum
chuck
Aspect 56 x 47 x 1 for up to
RX1 Or Open No Microfluidic Extrusion N/A 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 No N/A N/A Yes Automated
Biosystem 47 6 fluids
bigger substrate
optional
Yes –
Compatible: Excitation
Yes Microfluidic 1 for up to Inverted
70 x 57 x 3.5/5 cm Petri- objective: 370 –
Fluicell AB Biopixlar® Closed & hydrodynamic confined three 2x2x2 No No Optional Microscope for Automated
80 dish; 6-well 410 nm; 473 – 491
gamepad flow – with Robot Arm materials fluorescence &
plates nm; 580 – 598 nm
bright-field
Modular heads: Integrated
135 × 89 × 6-well & 12- Integrated Yes –
Poietis NGB-R Closed Pneumatic extrusion & 3 365 & 405 nm 10 x 10 x 10 Optional 30 – 50 °C microscope Automated
233 well plates PC Class II BSC
Inkjet with robot arm optional
1.3 x 1.3 x 1.3
hold up to 3
PC & No –
DigiLab CellJet N/A standard 96 Open Inkjet – Solenoid Valve 8 N/A No No No Automatic
included Repeatability: But has plate cover
well plates)
10 x 10 x 10
Yes –
Dual HEPA Filter –
48 x 56 x Standard multi- Auto cleaning
Inventia Rastrum Closed No Inkjet – Solenoid Valve 8 N/A 20 x 20 x 20 No No No Automatic
49 well plates function with
ethanol & Milli-Q
water
20 x 20 x 20 Optional
Yes –
Footprint: Build area: PC Modular heads: & Optional Heated vacuum Optional
jetlab® 4xl-A Closed 4 No Horizontal & Automated
63 x 57 21 x 26 included Inkjet – Piezo DOD Repeatability: HEPA filter platen: -195 °C – 300 °C
vertical cameras
5x5x5 RT – 100 °C
20 x 20 x 20 Optional Automated
Yes –
Footprint: Build area: PC Modular heads: & Optional Heated vacuum Optional &
jetlab® 4xl-B Closed 4 No Horizontal &
63 x 57 21 x 26 included Inkjet – Piezo DOD Repeatability: HEPA filter platen: -195 °C – 300 °C Integrated ultra
vertical cameras
5x5x5 RT – 100 °C balance
MicroFab
15 x 15 x 15
or
Footprint: Build area: 4x4x4 Optional Automated
Yes –
112 x 71 30 x 30 PC Modular heads: & Optional Heated vacuum Optional &
jetlab® II Closed 4 No Horizontal &
or or included Inkjet – Piezo DOD Repeatability: HEPA filter platen: -195 °C – 300 °C Integrated ultra
vertical cameras
120 x 75 40 x 40 5x5x5 RT – 100 °C balance
or
2x2x2
Autodrop
Pipettes: No;
25 x 25 x 25
Modular heads: Micro dispenser:
Autodrop Compact 56 x 55 x PC &
21 x 21 x 11 Closed Inkjet – Piezo DOD, 2 365-405 nm No No nozzle Yes Automatic
– AD-P-7000 77 included Repeatability:
Solenoid Valve tip and/or hose &
10 x 10 x 10
storage bin up to
100 or 160 °C
Autodrop
Pipettes: No;
20 x 20 x 20
Modular heads: Micro dispenser:
Autodrop Gantry 80 x 80 x PC &
microdrop 30 x 30 x 10 Closed Inkjet – Piezo DOD, 4 365-405 nm No No nozzle Yes Automatic
II 80 included Repeatability:
Solenoid Valve tip and/or hose &
5x5x5
storage bin up to
100 or 160 °C
Resolution: Autodrop
1 x 1 x 1; Pipettes: No;
Modular heads: Positioning Micro dispenser:
Autodrop Gantry – 110 x 85 x PC
36 x 60 x 10 Closed Inkjet – Piezo DOD, 8 365-405 nm accuracy: No No nozzle Yes Automatic
AD-P-9000 190 included
Solenoid Valve 10 x 10 x 10; tip and/or hose &
Repeatability: storage bin up to
3x3x3 100 or 160 °C
Table S3. Modular Print Heads Overview for low-cost 3D bioprinters. Note: RT = Room Temperature; not all Hydrel 3D’s modular is
suitable to be listed in the table.
Microdroplet/Microline Hot- Curing
Number of Pneumatic Extruder Mechanical Extruder Camera
Model Extruder Filament Melt Melting Light
Company Available Tool
Name Extruder Electrowriting Pneumatic Tool
Modules Cooled Ambient Heated Cooled Ambient Heated Cooled Ambient Heated Head
Extruder Head
(< RT) (RT) (> RT) (< RT) (RT) (> RT) (< RT) (RT) (> RT)
Dr.
ROKIT
INVIVO 3 ✓ ✓ ✓
HEALTHCARE.
4D
Tissue ✓
3D Cultures 4 ✓
Scribe 3 options
BIO V1 / ✓ ✓
Regemat 3D 7 ✓ ✓ ✓
REG4LIFE 2 options 2 options
CELLINK BIO X 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
AXO 3D
✓
Axolotl Biosystems Bioprinter 7 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
2 options
Series
Brinter® – ✓
✓
Brinter® 3D 9 ✓ 2 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
2 options
BioPrinter options
jetlab® ✓
MicroFab 8
series 8 options
Engine ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Hyrel 3D 39 ✓ ✓ ✓
SR/HR 13 options 8 options 7 options 8 options
Supplemental Figures

Figure S1. Photographs of commercially available low-cost microextrusion-based 3D bioprinters.

Listed by manufacturer: (A.i) 3D Cultures, Philadelphia, PA, US; (A.ii) Advanced Solutions, Inc.,

Louisville, KY, US; (A.iii-iv) Hyrel 3D, Norcross, GA, US; (A.v) LulzBot, Fargo, ND, US; (B.i-

iii) Allevi, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, US; (B.iv-v) Regemat 3D, Granada, Spain; (C.i) ROKIT

HEALTHCARE Inc., Seoul, South Korea; ; (C.ii-v) Axolotl Biosystems Ltd., Istanbul, Turkey;

(D.i) Brinter®, Turku, Finland; (D.ii) FELIXprinters, Ijssel stein, The Netherlands; and (D.iii-v);

CELLINK, Gothenberg, Sweden. Images are adapted from the public domain websites of the

manufacturers.
Figure S2. Photographs of commercially available low-cost piezoelectric droplet-based

bioprinters. (a) Materials Printer (DMP)-2850, FUJIFILM Dimatix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, US;

(b&c) jetlab® 4 and jetlab® 4xl inkjet workstations, MicroFab Technologies, Inc., Plano, TX, US.

Images from the public domain websites of the manufacturers.

Figure S3. Photographs of commercially available low-cost DMD-based 3D bioprinters. (a)

Lumen XTM, CELLINK, Gothenberg, Sweden; (b) STEMAKER™ Model D 3D Bioprinter,

Allegro 3D, San Diego, CA, US. Images are adapted from the public domain websites of the

manufacturers.