MISCONCEPTION

ALERT! velocity 135

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asto but of that Mechanics
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How basic to STORE quickly variety lts
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 2. Changing direction - When a driver makes a left, right, or U-turn, he accelerates even thouah
he maintains the speed of the car. Earth also accelerates as it revolves around the sun eve
though it does so at constant speed. The reason for this is that Earth constantly changes it
direction.
3.
Changing speed and direction - When adriver steps on the brake or the gas pedal while turning
left or right, or making a U-turn, the car accelerates.
Graphs are another way to describe motion. The first and fourth quadrants of the Cartesian
coordinate system are used to graph motion because the second and third quadrants represent
negative time. The positive x-axis represents time, while the y-axis represents
velocity. Three states of motion are considered: (1) a body at rest, (2) a body in displacement or
and (3) a body in uniformly accelerated motion. uniform motion.
tion
medium.
ental motion
(Philosophiae laws
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Indeals Isaac What
are regardless 1687,
the The with Newton are
oncepts last Newton's for
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of part of interaction formulated
forces
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rtia,pertains of
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of
Motion
the
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of second state laws
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 SCIENTIST OF THE TIME
Isaac Newton was born on January 4,
Trinity College,thisUniversity of 1643 in sthorpe, England. He entered
in 1661, VWool
at its peak. In
Cambridge
period, he began his when the Scientific Revolution was
extendedthese ideas work about the motion of point objects and
to objects beyond Earth.
The Great Plague in T665 sent him back
home. where he continued his research.
In 1687, Newton compiled his thoughts about motion in his book
also credited with output in the field of optics and Principia. He was
ochievements, Newton is said to be one
of
modern physics. Considering all his Isaac Newton
March 31, 1727 in London from
the greatest physicists. Newton died on (1643-1727)
digestion problem.

Iohannes Kepler compiled data from Tycho Brabe's work. Brahe had the most precise mea
surements of the planets motion, which were recorded from observation. From these data, Kepler
formulated his laws of planetary motion, which are considered empirical because they were derived
from raw data, and not from any theory.
Thirty years later, Newton provided rational basis for Kepler's laws of planetary motion by
using hisown formulations. Newton's laws of motion are thus considered axioms because they are
self-evident and are needed to form or support a theory. For instance, his verification of Kepler's
laws of planetary motion was based from his three laws of motion.

Law of Inertia
Inertia refers to the tendency of an object to resist change in its state of motion. The law of
inertia states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in
or
motion with constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. An unbalanced force
zero, the
net force is the total force applied to an object. If the forces acting on an object are equal to
Torces acting on the object is said to be balanced.
of motion
Some of the applications of Newton's first law headrest air bag
include the following situations:
injuries during
Headrests are placed in cars to avoid necklurches forward. sedt belt
wherein the car suddenly
Tear-end collisions,
without headrest, the body would
T the passenger is sitting head at rest. This can cause a
Inove with the car leaving the
Moreover, during head-on collisions, the car
alal neck injury. body continuously moves forward.
Suddenly stops, while the
prevent a person from moving forward Figure 7-10. Headrest, air bag, and
Air bags and seat belts or the windshield. seat belt lessen the injuries during a
dnd hitting the dashboard vehicular collision.
Law of Acceleration
Abox is placed on top of the table. According to the law of inertia, if force is applied on the box
and it does not move, then the applied force is countered by friction that has the same magnitude
as the applied force. Thus, the net force acting on an object is zero because the applied force and the
frictional force canceled each other.
However, if theapplied force is large enough to surpass the frictional force, the object would
move. Assuming that the frictional force acting on the box is 50 N, and if the applied force is 75 N,
there would be unbalanced force of 25 N, which would cause the box to move.
FN
box qpplied force

rough table F Figure 7-12. As force is applied to the boX,

other forces are acting on it: friction due to
rough surface (F), the gravitational force (Fl.
FG and the normal force (F») given by the
surtoce.

| 140 Science in Today's World-Physical Science

 In addition, the
mass of the
are movingat the same constant object
speed.also affects itsto the law of inertia,
According a bicycle
they andtoatruck
will tend keep
movingatthat Speed. But since the truck
acceleration.
Suppose

capacitytoresist change in its state of motion.has larger mass, it has more inertia and has a larger
thanorthat
ofthebicycle. Taking these into consideration, Thus, it isformulated
Newton more difficult
his tosecond lawitsofspeed
change motion the
law of acceleration, which states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net
forceactingonthe object, and is inversely
proportional tothe mass of the object. In equation form,
net

Fet =ma

where Fnet iS the net force, n is the mass, anda is the acceleration. The SI unit of force is kg· m/s'
or newton (N).

Sample Problems
1. A constant net force of 200 N is applied to accelerate a cart in a frictionless surtace from rest
toa velocity of 40 m/sin 10 s. What is the mass of the cart?
Given: F, = 200 N V;=0m/s
t=10 s V=40 m/s
Find: m =?
Solution:
F.
net

t
200 N
40 m/s -0 m/s m=
a= 4m/s
10 s
a=4 m/s m=50kg
the racket's strings
L A0.05-kg tennis ball approaches a racket at 25 m/s. Ifit is in contact with
between the ball and
for 0.005 s, then rebounds at 25 m/s, what is the average contact force
the racket? Ignore air resistance.
V=25 m/s
Given: m=0.05 kg
t=0.005 s -25 m/s

Find: Fe=?
Solution: F, =ma
25 m/s-(-25 m/s)
0.005 s E =0.05 kg (10000 m/s)
25 m/s + 25 m/s E,
net
=500 N
0.005 s
a=10000 m/s
Chapter 7 Mechanics > 141 ||
3. A3000-kg car pulled a 1000-kg crate along a
straight highway. A driving force of 9000 N
accelerates the car and the crate at 1.5 m/s'. Assuming that one-third of the total
acting on the crate and two-thirds on the car, determine thetotal friction and
of the tension at the rope. the fmagni
rictiotnudeis
Given: n, =3000kg
Mcrate =1000kg

Fupplid crate9000 N
=1.5 m/s
car and

Find: F, =?
Solution: Apply Newton's second law, treating the car and the crate
as one body.
Fnet ma

applied t F=ma
applet
9000 N+ F, =(3000kg +1000 kg)1.5 m/s
=6000N9000 N Fc
F,=-3000 N Free-body diagram for the ca
and the crate as one body
Now, apply Newton's second law only for the crate: FN
Fhet =ma
1
T+F ma 1/3 F,

T+(-300 N)=1000kg(1.5 m/s')

T=2500 N F
Free-body diagram for
4. A 300-kg elevator has passengers with an unknown mass. From rest, the crate only
the elevator accelerates upward at 1.2 m/s'. The cable supporting the
elevator exerts an upward force of 8000 N. What is the màximum
mass of the passengers that the elevator can carry?
Given: melevator = 300 kg T= 8000 N a= 1.2 m/s
Find: mpassengers =?
Solution:
Fet =ma
T+Welevator t W
passengers ma

8000 N+ 300 kg-9.8 m/s)+ mpasengers -9.8 m/s')=(300 kg+mpaseneer)1.2 m/s

mpassengers9.8 m/s´ -1.2 m/s´=360 N-8000 N+2940 N
-4700 N
Mpassengers -11.0 m/s
= 427.27 kg
Physical S
LawoffInteraction
What will happen if a girl pushes a wall
skates? Would she move away from the wall? whileIf wearing roller
for her motion? so, what accounts
This situation depicts
interaction. It
Newton's third law of motion or the
law of states that for every
and opposite reaction. A action, there is an equal
single force always has its pair. Since
an innteraction involves at least two
that will apply force; the other objects, there must be one
objectthat
force applied. The second object will then object will experience the
fforce to the first object. apply the same amount
These two forces acting in opposite
irections are an action-reaction pair. Will they
other? No. This is because the two forces act on cancel out each
Newton's law of interaction can be written as, different bodies. Figure 7-13. Pushing a wall is an action.
FAB =FRA
Moving away from the wall is the reaction.

where Fag is the action force of object Aapplied to object B

F is the reaction force of object B while
applied to object A. The MISCONCEPTION ALERT!
negative sign indicates the opposing directions of thetwo forces.
In the previous situation wherein the girl pushes a Action and reaction forces have
wall the same magnitudes but act in
(action)while wearing roller skates, the wall also pushes her back different directions. However,
(reaction). This explains why she moves away from the wall. If these twwo forces do not cancel
she does not; move away, this means that the force each other because they act on
applied on two different bodies.
the wall did not cancel the force given by the wall.
Instead, there
Was sufficient frictional force acting between the floor and her
footwear.
Some of the applications of Newton's third law of motion incude the
1. A
following:
fireman needs to holda fire hose tightly because it tends to fly
from the hose. backward as water surges out
L. Abird flies by pushing air downward. The air also
pushes back, keeping the bird upward.
J. In free fall., an obiect is pulled down by
Earth. ln response, Earth is also pulled upward
by the object. However, the motion of Earth cannot be seen
because its mass is larger than the
free-falling object, which has little effect on Earth's acceleration.