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ACIDS:
➢ These are the substances which have sour taste.
➢ They turn blue litmus solution red.
➢ They give H+ ions in aqueous solution.
➢ The term ‘acid’ has been derived from the Latin word, acidus, which means
sour.
Strong Acids: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
Weak Acids: CH3COOH, Oxalic acid, Lactic acid
Concentrated Acid: Having more amount of acid + less amount of water
Dilute Acid: Having more amount of water + less amount of acid
BASES:
➢ These are the substances which are bitter in taste and soapy in touch.
➢ They turn red litmus solution blue.
➢ They give OH− ions in aqueous solution.
Strong Bases: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2
Weak Bases: NH4OH
Alkalis: These are bases which are soluble in water [NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2].
SALTS:
These are the compounds formed from reaction of acid and base.

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Example: NaCl, KCl.

INDICATORS:
These are the substances which change their colour/smell in different types of
substances.
TYPES OF INDICATORS
Natural indicators Synthetic indicators Olfactory indicators
— Found in nature — These are chemical — These substances
in plants. substances. have different odour
in acid and bases.
— Litmus, red — Methyl orange,
cabbage leaves phenolphthalein
extract, flowers
of hydrangea
plant, turmeric

S. Indicator Smell/Colour in Smell/Colour in

No. acidic solution basic solution
1. Litmus Red Blue

2. Red cabbage leaf extract Red Green

Natural 3. Flower of hydrangea Blue Pink

Indicator plant
4. No change Red
Turmeric

1. Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink

Synthetic
Indicator 2. Methyl orange Red Yellow
1. Onion Characteristic smell No smell
Olfactory
2. Vanilla essence Retains smell No smell
Indicator
3. Clove oil Retains smell Loses smell

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

Reaction of Metals with
Acids Bases
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
E.g., 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2 E.g., 2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2 ↑
(Sodium zincate)
➢ Hydrogen gas released can be tested by bringing burning candle near gas
bubbles, it burst with pop sound.
Reaction of Metal Carbonates/Metal Hydrogen Carbonates with
Acids Bases
Acid + Metal Carbonate/→ Salt + CO2 + H2O Base + Metal Carbonate/
Metal Hydrogen Carbonate Metal Hydrogen Carbonate
E.g., 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O → No Reaction
HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + CO2 + H2O
➢ CO2 can be tested by passing it through lime water.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(Lime water turns milky.)
➢ When excess CO2 is passed,
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O → Ca(HCO)3
(Milkiness disappears.)
Reaction of Acids and Bases With Each Other
Acid + Base → Salt + H2O
Neutralisation Reaction: Reaction of acid with base is called as neutralization
reaction.
E.g., HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
IF:
Strong Acid + Weak Base → Acidic salt + H2O
Weak Acid + Strong Base → Basic salt + H2O
Strong Acid + Strong Base → Neutral salt + H2O
Weak Acid + Weak Base → Neutral salt + H2O

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Reaction of Metallic Oxides with Acids

Metallic oxides are basic in nature.
E.g., CaO, MgO are basic oxides.
Metallic Oxide + Acid → Salt +
H2OCaO + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O

Reaction of Non-metallic Oxides with Bases

Non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.
Non-metallic Oxide + Base → Salt + H2O
CO2 + Ca(OH) 2 → CaCO3 + H2O

What do all Acids and Bases have in common

➢ All acids have H+ ions in common.
➢ Acids produce H+ ions in solution which are responsible for their acidic
properties.
➢ All bases have OH− (hydroxyl ions) in common.
Acids → H+ ions
All
Bases → OH− ions

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Acid or Base in Water Solution

➢ Acids produce H+ ions in presence of water.
➢ H+ ions cannot exist alone; they exist as H 3O+ (hydronium ions).
H+ + H2 O → H3 O+
HCl + H2 O → H3 O+ + Cl−
Bases when dissolved in water gives OH− ions.

NaOH ⎯H⎯
2O
→ Na+ + OH-
Mg(O) ⎯H⎯
2O
→ Mg2+ + 2OH-
➢ Bases soluble in water are called alkali.
➢ While diluting acids, it is recommended that the acid should be added to water
and not water to acid because the process of dissolving an acid or a base in
water is highly exothermic.

If water is added to acid, the heat generated may cause the mixture to splash out
and cause burns and the glass container may also break due to excessive local
heating.
Adding water to acid may

Cause mixture to splash out Break the glass container

Mixing an acid or a base with H2O results in decrease of concentration of ions
(H3O+/OH−) per unit volume. Such a process is called as dilution.

Strength of Acid and Base

Strength of acid or base can be estimated using universal indicator.

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Universal indicator: it is a mixture of several indicators. It shows different colours

atdifferent concentrations of H+ ions in the solution.
pH Scale: A scale for measuring H+ ion concentration in a solution. p in pH stands for
‘potenz’ a German word which means power.
pH = 7 → neutral solution
pH less than 7 → acidic solution
pH more than 7 → basic solution

On diluting an acid: pH increases ↑

On diluting a base: pH decreases ↓

Importance of pH in everyday life

1) Plants and animals are pH sensi- • Our body works within the pH range of 7-7.8.
tive • When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is
called acid rain.

2) pH of the soil • Plants require a specific pH range for their

healthy growth.

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3) pH in our digestive system • Our stomach produces HCl acid which helps in
digestion.
• During indigestion, stomach produces more
acid and cause pain and
irritation.
• To get rid of this pain, people uses antacid (mild
base) like milk of
magnesia [Mg(OH)2] to neutralize excess acid.
4) pH change as cause of tooth • Tooth decay starts when pH of mouth is lower
decay than 5.5.
• Tooth enamel made up of calcium phosphate
(hardest substance in
body) does not dissolve in water but corrodes
when pH is lower than
5.5 due to acids produced by degradation of
food particles by bacteria.
• Using toothpaste (generally basic) tooth decay
can be prevented.
5) Self defence by animals and (a) Bee sting leaves an acid which cause pain and
plants through chemical warfare irritation. Use of a
mild base like baking soda on stung area
gives relief.
(b) Stinging hair of nettle leaves inject methanoic
acid causing burning
pain. Rubbing with leaf of dock plant give
relief.

pH of Salts:
(i) Strong Acid + Strong Base → Neutral Salt: pH = 7
(ii) Salt of strong acid + Weak base → Acidic salt: pH < 7
(iii)Salt of strong base + Weak acid → Basic salt: pH > 7

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Chemicals from Common Salt (NaCl)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Sodium Bleaching Baking Washing Plaster of
Hydroxide Powder Soda Soda Paris
(NaOH) (CaOCl2) (NaHCO3) (Na2CO3.10H2O) (CaSO4.½H2O)
1) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): When electricity is passed through an aqueous
solution of NaCl (brine), it decomposes to form NaOH. (Chlor-alkali process)
2NaCl + 2H2O → 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
At anode: Cl2 gas
at cathode: H2 gas
Near cathode: NaOH solution is formed.
Uses:
H2: Fuels, margarine
Cl2: Water treatment, PVC, CFC’s
HCl: Cleaning steels, medicines
NaOH: Degreasing metals, soaps and paper making
Cl2 + NaOH → Bleach: Household bleaches, bleaching fabrics
2) Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2): It is produced by the action of chlorine on dry
slaked lime.
Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
Uses:
(a) Bleaching cotton and linen in textile industry.
(b) Bleaching wood pulp in paper factories.
(c) Oxidizing agent in chemical industries.
(d) Disinfecting drinking water.
3) Baking Soda (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate) (NaHCO3):
NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3→ NH4Cl + NaHCO3
Baking soda
➢ It is mild non-corrosive base.
➢ When it is heated during cooking:

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2NaHCO3 ⎯⎯
→ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO 2
Uses:
(a) For making baking powder (mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid). When
baking powder is heated or mixed with water, CO2 is produced which causes
bread and cake to rise making them soft and spongy.
(b) An ingredient in antacid.
(c) Used in soda acids, fire extinguishers.
4) Washing Soda (Na2CO3.10H2O): Recrystallization of sodium carbonate gives
washing soda. It is a basic salt.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3.10H2O
Uses:
(a) In glass, soap and paper industry.
(b) Manufacture of borax.
(c) Cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
(d) For removing permanent hardness of water.
5) Plaster of Paris (Calcium sulphate hemihydrates) (CaSO4.½H2O) : On heating
gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) at 373K, it loses water molecules and becomes Plaster of
Paris (POP).
It is a white powder and on mixing with water it changes to gypsum.
CaSO4.½H2O + 1½H2O → CaSO4.2H2O
Uses:
(a) Doctors use POP for supporting fractured bones.
(b) For making toys, material for decoration.
(c) For making surfaces smooth.
Water of Crystallization: It is a fixed number of water molecules present in one
formula unit of a salt.
E.g., CuSO4.5H2O has 5 water molecules.
Na2CO3.10H2O has 10 water molecules.
CaSO4.2H2O has 2 water molecules.

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QUESTIONS
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
1) Name the acid present in ant sting.

2) What happens when egg shell is added to nitric acid?

3) Name a salt which does not contain water of crystallization.

4) Name two constituents of baking powder.

5) What is the pH of gastric juices released during digestion?

6) Which solution is used to dissolve gold?

7) How will you test a gas which is liberated when HCl acid reacts with an
activemetal?
8) Why does flow of acid rain water into a river make the survival of aquatic life
in theriver difficult?
9) When conc. acid is added to water, whether the process is exothermic or
endothermic?
10) Which by-product of chlor-alkali process is used for manufacturing
bleachingpowder?

SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

1) Why does bleaching powder smell strongly of chlorine and does not
dissolvecompletely in water?

2) Hold one moist and one dry strip of blue litmus paper over dry HCl acid gas.
Whichstrip will turn red and why?
3) What is Plaster of Paris? How is it obtained from gypsum?

4) What is the role of toothpastes in preventing cavities?

5) Explain why sour substances are effective in cleaning copper vessels?

6) A white powder is added while baking breads and cakes to make them soft
and fluffy. What is the name of the powder? What are its main ingredients?

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7) How washing soda is prepared from baking soda?

8) Though the compounds such as glucose and alcohol have hydrogen atoms in
theirmolecule, yet they are not categorized as acids. Why?
9) What is the reaction called when an acid reacts with base to produce salt
and water? Give example also.
10) Why pickles and curd are not stored in copper and brass utensils?

SHORT TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)

1) On passing excess CO2 through lime water, it first turns milky and then
becomes colourless. Explain why? Write chemical equations.

2) How are bases different from alkalis? Are all bases’ alkalis?

3) While constructing a house, a builder selects marble flooring and marble

top for kitchen where vinegar and juices of lemon, tamarind etc. are more
often used forcooking. Will you agree to this selection and why?
4) Indicate with the help of a diagram the variation of pH with change in
concentrationof H+ (aq) and OH− (aq) ions.
5) Write the name and formulae of three hydrated salts.

6) What happens when calcium carbonate is made to react with hydrochloric

acid? Give the equation of reaction.
7) Why metallic oxides are called basic oxides and non-metallic oxides are
called acidic oxides?
8) What is pH scale? What is pH value of salt formed by a

(a) weak acid and strong base?

(b) strong acid and strong base?

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)

1) What is water of crystallization? Write the common name and chemical

formula of a commercially important compound which has ten water
molecules. How is this compound obtained? Write chemical equations also.
List any two uses of thiscompound.

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2) Identify the compound X on the basis of the reactions given below. Also,
write the name and chemical formulae of A, B and C.

+ Zn A + H2 (g)
X + HCl B + H2O
+ CH3COOH C + H2O
3) An element P does not react with dil. H2SO4. If forms an oxide PO which
turns redlitmus into blue. Will you call P as a metal or a non-metal ? Give
reason.

Hints to Long Answer Type Questions

1. Washing soda (Na2CO3.10H2O)

Na2CO3 (s) + 10H2O (l) → Na2CO3.10H2O (s)
2. 2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2
(X) (A)

NaOH + HCl → NaCl +

H2O(B)

NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa +

H2O(C)

3. ‘P’ is a metal.

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