physics projEct

Electromagnetic Induction

BY
Shivrajsinh j vansiya
12th SCIENCE
 SHREE RADHAGOVIND VIDYAMANDIR,NINAT
(CBSE AFFILIATED EMGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL:4301850)

PHYSICS PROJECT

TOPIC : - Electromagnetic induction

PRESENTED BY : - Vansiya Shivrajsinh J.
GUIDED BY : - Dinesh Satote
STD. : - 12th Science

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 INDEX

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 SHREE RADHAGOVIND VIDYAMANDIR,
NINAT

CERTIFICATE
This to certify that Mr.Shivrajsinh J. Vansiya of Class 12 has
successfully completed the biology project
Entitled
Electromagnetic Induction
Himself using guidance.The process of the project has been
continuously reported and has been in
Knowledge consistently.

______________ _________________ __________

Internal examiner’s External examiner’s Principal’s
Signature Signature Signature

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMEMT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude towards
our biology teacher Mr.Dinesh Satote for her
guidance,support and encouragement throughout the
duration of the project. Without her motivation and help
the successful completion of this project would not have
been possible. I owe my thanks to principal Mr.Nilesh Jhala

for providing laboratory facilities.

Vansiya Shivrajsinh J.
12th Science

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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

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INTRODUCTION :
 Electromagnetic Induction is a current produced
because of voltage production (electromotive force)
due to a changing magnetic field. This either
happens when a conductor is placed in a moving
magnetic field (when using an AC power source) or
when a conductor is constantly moving in a
stationary magnetic field.
 Electromagnetic induction has found many
applications, including electrical components such
as inductors and transformers, and devices such
as electric motors and generators
 Electromagnetic induction was discovered
by Michael Faraday, published in 1831. It was
discovered independently by Joseph Henry in 1832.

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HISTORY :
 In Faraday's first experimental demonstration
(August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an
arrangement similar to a modern toroidal
transformer) Based on his understanding of
electromagnets, he expected that, when current
started to flow in one wire, a sort of wave would
travel through the ring and cause some electrical
effect on the opposite side. He plugged one wire
into a galvanometer, and watched it as he
connected the other wire to a battery. He saw a
transient current, which he called a "wave of
electricity", when he connected the wire to the
battery and another when he disconnected it. This
induction was due to the change in magnetic flux
that occurred when the battery was connected and
disconnected. Within two months, Faraday found
several other manifestations of electromagnetic
induction. For example, he saw transient currents
when he quickly slid a bar magnet in and out of a
coil of wires, and he generated a steady (DC)
current by rotating a copper disk near the bar
magnet with a sliding electrical lead ("Faraday’s
disk").
 Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using
a concept he called lines of force. However,
scientists at the time widely rejected his theoretical
ideas, mainly because they were not formulated
mathematically. An exception was James Clerk
Maxwell, who used Faraday's ideas as the basis of
his quantitative electromagnetic theory. In Maxwell's

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 model, the time varying aspect of electromagnetic
induction is expressed as a differential equation,
which Oliver Heaviside referred to as Faraday's law
even though it is slightly different from Faraday's
original formulation and does not describe motional
emf. Heaviside's version is the form recognized
today in the group of equations known as Maxwell’s
equation.
 In 1834 Heinrich Lenz formulated the law named
after him to describe the "flux through the
circuit". Lenz law gives the direction of the induced
emf and current resulting from electromagnetic
induction.

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Fig: Faraday's experiment showing induction between
coils of wire
Theory :

 Faraday's law of induction and Lenz's law

 Faraday's law of induction makes use of
the magnetic flux ΦB through a region of space
enclosed by a wire loop. The magnetic flux is
defined by a surface integral:

 where dA is an element of the surface Σ enclosed

by the wire loop, B is the magnetic field. The dot
product B·dA corresponds to an infinitesimal
amount of magnetic flux. In more visual terms,
the magnetic flux through the wire loop is
proportional to the number of magnetic field
lines that pass through the loop.
 When the flux through the surface
changes, Faraday’s law of induction says that the
wire loop acquires an electromotive force (emf).
The most widespread version of this law states
that the induced electromotive force in any closed
circuit is equal to the rate of change of
the magnetic flux enclosed by the circuit


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where E is the emf and ΦB is the magnetic flux. The
direction of the electromotive force is given by Lenz’s
law which states that an induced current will flow in the
direction that will oppose the change which produced
it. This is due to the negative sign in the previous
equation. To increase the generated emf, a common
approach is to exploit flux linkage by creating a tightly
wound coil of wire, composed of N identical turns, each
with the same magnetic flux going through them. The
resulting emf is then N times that of one single wire.

Generating an emf through a variation of the magnetic

flux through the surface of a wire loop can be achieved
in several ways:
1.the magnetic field B changes (e.g. an alternating
magnetic field, or moving a wire loop towards a bar
magnet where the B field is stronger),
2.the wire loop is deformed and the surface Σ
changes,
3.the orientation of the surface dA changes (e.g.
spinning a wire loop into a fixed magnetic field),

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Fig: A solenoid

Maxwell–Faraday equation
Faraday's law of induction & Maxwell–Faraday
equation
In general, the relation between the emf in a wire loop
encircling a surface Σ, and the electric field E in the wire
is given by

where dℓ is an element of contour of the surface Σ,

combining this with the definition of flux

we can write the integral form of the Maxwell–Faraday

equation

It is one of the four Maxwell’s equation, and therefore

plays a fundamental role in the theory of classical
electromagmetism.

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Fig: Faraday’s iron ring apparatus

Faraday's law and relativity

Faraday's law describes two different phenomena:
the motional emf generated by a magnetic force on a
moving wire (see Lorentz force), and the transformer
emf that is generated by an electric force due to a
changing magnetic field (due to the differential form of
the Maxwell-Faraday law). James clerk maxwell drew
attention to the separate physical phenomena in
1861. This is believed to be a unique example in physics
of where such a fundamental law is invoked to explain
two such different phenomena.
Albert Einstein noticed that the two situations both
corresponded to a relative movement between a
conductor and a magnet, and the outcome was
unaffected by which one was moving. This was one of
the principal paths that led him to develop special
relativity.

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Fig : Longitudinal cross section of a solenoid with
a constant electric current pasiing through it.

Applications
The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied
in many devices and systems, including:
 Current clamp
 Electric generators
 Electromagnetic forming
 Graphics tablet
 Hall effect sensors
 Induction cooking
 Induction motors
 Induction sealing
 Induction welding
 Inductive charging
 Inductors
 Magnetic flow meters
 Mechanically powered flashlight
 Near-field communications
 Pickups
 Rowland ring
 Transcranial magnetic stimulation
 Transformers
 Wireless energy transfer

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Electrical generator :

The emf generated by Faraday's law of induction due to

relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the
phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When
a permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or
vice versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire
is connected through an electrical load, current will flow,
and thus electrical energy is generated, converting the
mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy. For
example, the drum generator is based upon the figure to
the bottom-right. A different implementation of this idea
is the Faraday's disc, shown in simplified form on the
right.
In the Faraday's disc example, the disc is rotated in a
uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the disc, causing
a current to flow in the radial arm due to the Lorentz
force. Mechanical work is necessary to drive this
current. When the generated current flows through the
conducting rim, a magnetic field is generated by this
current through Ampère's circuital law (labelled "induced
B" in the figure). The rim thus becomes
an electromagnet that resists rotation of the disc (an
example of Lenz's law). On the far side of the figure, the
return current flows from the rotating arm through the far

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side of the rim to the bottom brush. The B-field induced
by this return current opposes the applied B-field,
tending to decrease the flux through that side of the
circuit, opposing the increase in flux due to rotation.

On the near side of the figure, the return current flows

from the rotating arm through the near side of the rim to
the bottom brush. The induced B-field increases the flux
on this side of the circuit, opposing the decrease in flux
due to r the rotation. The energy required to keep the
disc moving, despite this reactive force, is exactly equal
to the electrical energy generated (plus energy wasted
due to friction, Joule heating, and other inefficiencies).
This behavior is common to all generators
converting mechanical energy to electrical energy.

Fig:
Rectangular wire loop rotating at angular velocity ω in radially outward
pointing magnetic field B of fixed magnitude. The circuit is completed by
brushes making sliding contact with top and bottom discs, which have
conducting rims. This is a simplified version of the drum generator.

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Electrical transformer :

When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the

changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A
second wire in reach of this magnetic field will
experience this change in magnetic field as a change in
its coupled magnetic flux, . Therefore, an electromotive
force is set up in the second loop called the induced emf
or transformer emf. If the two ends of this loop are
connected through an electrical load, current will flow.

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Fig : Electrical Transformer

Current clamp :

A current clamp is a type of transformer with a split core

which can be spread apart and clipped onto a wire or
coil to either measure the current in it or, in reverse, to
induce a voltage. Unlike conventional instruments the
clamp does not make electrical contact with the
conductor or require it to be disconnected during
attachment of the clamp.

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Fig : A Current Lamp

Eddy currents :

Electrical conductors moving through a steady magnetic

field, or stationary conductors within a changing
magnetic field, will have circular currents induced within
them by induction, called eddy currents. Eddy currents
flow in closed loops in planes perpendicular to the
magnetic field. They have useful applications in eddy
current brakes and induction heating systems. However
eddy currents induced in the metal magnetic cores of
transformers and AC motors and generators are

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undesirable since they dissipate energy (called core
losses) as heat in the resistance of the metal. Cores for
these devices use a number of methods to reduce eddy
currents:
 Cores of low frequency alternating current
electromagnets and transformers, instead of being
solid metal, are often made of stacks of metal sheets,
called laminations, separated by nonconductive
coatings. These thin plates reduce the undesirable
parasitic eddy currents, as described below.
 Inductors and transformers used at higher
frequencies often have magnetic cores made of
nonconductive magnetic materials such as ferrite or
iron powder held together with a resin binder.

Electromagnet laminations

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Eddy currents occur when a solid metallic mass is
rotated in a magnetic field, because the outer portion of
the metal cuts more magnetic lines of force than the
inner portion; hence the induced electromotive force is
not uniform; this tends to cause electric currents
between the points of greatest and least potential. Eddy
currents consume a considerable amount of energy and
often cause a harmful rise in temperature.

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Only five laminations or plates are shown in this
example, so as to show the subdivision of the eddy
currents. In practical use, the number of laminations or
punchings ranges from 40 to 66 per inch (16 to 26 per
centimetre), and brings the eddy current loss down to
about one percent. While the plates can be separated by
insulation, the voltage is so low that the natural
rust/oxide coating of the plates is enough to prevent
current flow across the laminations.

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 This is a rotor approximately 20 mm
in diameter from a DC motor used
in a CD player. Note the
laminations of the electromagnet
pole pieces, used to limit parasitic
inductive losses.

Parasitic induction within conductors

In this illustration, a solid

copper bar conductor on a
rotating armature is just
passing under the tip of the
pole piece N of the field
magnet. Note the uneven
distribution of the lines of
force across the copper bar.
The magnetic field is more concentrated and thus
stronger on the left edge of the copper bar (a,b) while
the field is weaker on the right edge (c,d). Since the two
edges of the bar move with the same velocity, this
difference in field strength across the bar creates whorls
or current eddies within the copper bar.
High current power-frequency devices, such as electric
motors, generators and transformers, use multiple small
conductors in parallel to break up the eddy flows that
can form within large solid conductors. The same
principle is applied to transformers used at higher than
power frequency, for example, those used in switch-
mode power supplies and the intermediate
frequency coupling transformers of radio receivers.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY :

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