Intermediate Grammar

Kata Pengantar

Assalamualaikum wr. Wb

Segala puji dan syukur sudah sepantasnya selalu kami haturkan

dan lantunkan kepada sang pemilik segala rencana roda kehidupan ini.
Allah SWT yang telah memberikan kami kekuatan atas diri ini untuk
menyusun buku yang sederhana.

kita telah mengetahui bahwa apa yang ada di dunia tidak lain
hanyalah mahluk Allah, termasuk juga Ilmu pengetahuan, di era
globalisasi ini bahwasannya “Bahasa Inggris” adalah bahasa
internasional yang mana sangat dibutuhkan dan dipelajari oleh setiap
orang, sehingga kebutuhan masyarakat akan bahan-bahan komunikasi
bisa berlangsung dengan lancar dan terus meningkat. Oleh karena itu,
pemahaman tentang GRAMMAR juga sangat penting didalam
penggunaan bahasa inggris.

Dengan buku ini kami akan mengajak anda untuk mempelajari

bahasa inggris dengan grammar yang baik dan benar menurut aturan
yang ada. Memang segalanya yang ada dimuka bumi tidaklah ada yang
sempurna. Begitu juga dengan buku kami ini pasti banyak sekali
kekurangan-kekurangan yang ada di dalamnya, maka sebelumnya kami
mohon maaf sebesar-besarnya. Semoga bermanfaat bagi kita semua.

Wassalamu’alaikum wr. Wb

Penyusun

Writer

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Intermediate Grammar
PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice adalah kalmat yang subjeknya dikenai

dengan sebuah pekerjaan

Form : S + aux + V3 + (by) + O

Time / Simple Continous Perfect Perfect

even continous
Presen S + is/am/are S + is/am/are + S + have/has +
+ V3 being +V3 been +v3

Past S + was/were S + was/were + S + had + been

+ v3 being + v3 +v3

Future S + shall/will S + shall/will +

+ be + v3 have + been

Past S+ S+
Future should/would should/would +
+ be + v3 have + been +
v3

Syarat-syarat menggunakan passive voice

• Menggunakan transitive verb

• Menggunakan kata “by” sebelum objek
• Tidak menggunakan by saat objek tidak jelas seperti anyone,
anybody, someone, etc.

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Intermediate Grammar

Contoh perubahan passive voice

Time / Simple Continous Perfect Perfect

even continous
Presen She is called She is being She has been
by him called by him called by him
Past She was She was being She had been
called by him called by him called by him

Future She will be She will have

called by him been called by
him
Past She would be She would
Future called by him have been
called by him

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Intermediate Grammar

CAUSATIVE VERB

Causative Verb adalah kata kerja yang mempunyai arti memaksa,

meminta atau merayu seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu.

Verbs of causative verb:

- Make (makes, made, making) memaksa

- Have (has, had, having) menyuruh / memaksa
- Get (gets, got, getting) merayu
Ketiganya dapat di masukkan ke semua tenses

Kinds of causative:

1. Active Causative
→
a. Make S + Make + O + V1 + O /
Adv e.g.she makes me go to home
→
b. Have S + Have + O + V1 + O /
Adv e.g. I have him clean my room
she has me clean the bathroom
→
c. Get S + Get + to infinitive + O / Adv
e.g. I get her to do my homework
2. Passive Causative
→
a. Have S + have + O + V3 + by + O e.g.
She has her room cleaned by him
Dia menyuruh kamarnya dibersihkan oleh dia
→
b. Get S + Get + O + V3 + by + O
e.g. He gets his house painted by you
3. Similar to Causative : sama secara susunannya, maknanya
tetap pada makna aslinya.

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→
a. Help S + help + O + V1 / to infinitive +
O e.g. He helps me to lift my bag
→
b. Let S + Let + O + V1 + O
e.g.I will let you go (aku akan melepaskanmu)

Note:
→ →
- Active objeknya “orang” V1 / to infinitive

→ →
- Passive objeknya “benda” V3

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Intermediate Grammar
SUBJUNCTIVE

Subjunctive adalah struktur kalimat yang digunakan untuk

menyatakan keinginan atau sifat yang tidak benar adanya.

Word for subjunctive :

Wish : Berharap

Would rather : Lebih suka

As if / As though : Seolah – olah

If only : Kalau saja

Kinds of subjunctive
➢ →
Present subjunctive S. Present / S. Past, Past
future
➢ →
Past subjunctive S. Past / Past Perfect, Past future
perfect
➢ →
Future subjunctive Past future

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Present Subjunctive

a. Wish
→
S + wish + (that) + S. Past Fact: Simple Present

Note: jika subjunctive berupa kalimat positif (+),

maka fact (kenyataannya) HARUS kalimat
kebalikannya (Negatif).
Begitu pula sebaliknya.

e.g. − I wish she came here now (verbal) (+)

Fact: she doesn’t come here right now (-)
− She wishes he were here today (nominal)
(+) Fact: he is not here today (-)
− I wish you were my boyfriend (nominal)
(+) Fact: You are not my boyfriend (-)
b. Would rather
→
S + would rather + (that) + S. Past Fact: Simple Present
e.g. − I would rather you were a doctor (nominal) (+)
Fact: you are not a doctor (-)
− I would rather you didn’t come here today (verbal) (-)
Fact: you came here today (+)

c. As if / as though
→
S. Present + As if / as though + S. Past Fact: Simple
Present
Intermediate Grammar
e.g. − She acts as if she were a model
Fact: she isn’t a model
− He walks as if he were astronaut
Fact: he isn’t astronaut

d. If only
→
If only + S. Past + Past future Fact: Simple Present

e.g. − If only I were rich, I would go around the world I am

not rich, so I don’t go around the world

e. Past subjunctive
a. Wish
→
S + wish + (that) + past perfect Fact: Simple Past

e.g. − She wish you had come to her party

yesterday
Fact: you didn’t come her partyyesterday
− You wish I have invited her last week Fact:
I didn’t invite her last week
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b. Would rather
→
S + would rather + (that) + Past Perfect Fact: Simple
Past

e.g. − I would rather you had been here last week Fact:
you were not here

c. As if / as though
→
S. Past + As if / as though + Past Perfect Fact: Simple
Past
Intermediate Grammar

e.g. − He spoke as if he had been a

president Fact: he wasn’t a
president

d. If only
→
If only + Past Perfect + Past future perfect Fact:
Simple Past
e.g. − If only you had come here last
week, I would have given you
much money
Fact: you didn’t come
here last week, I
didn’t give you
much money

1. Future subjunctive
Karena future(masa
depan) jadi belum
terjadi. Dan faktanya
belum jelas (faktanya:
jadi / tidak jadi)
S + wish + (that) + Past future
e.g. I wish you would come to my party
Intermediate Grammar

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Kalimat majemuk yang menyatakan suatu tindakan atau

peristiwa yang hanya akan terjadi jika syaratnya terpenuhi.
Conditional sentence juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu
peristiwa atau tindakan yang mungkin atau tidak mungkin terjadi.
Terbagi menjadi 3 tipe

Type 1:
→
Real in the present / future (Bersyarat)
If + S. Present + S. Future

e.g.If you are happy, I will be happy

If you love me, I will love you

Type 2:
→
Unreal in the present (Pengandaian)
→
If + S. Past + Past Future Fact: S. Present

e.g: If I were you, I would pick her up

Fact: I am not you
If I had much money, I would
buy a plane
Fact: I don’t have much money
Intermediate grammar

Type 3:
unreal in the past (Penyesalan)
→
If + past perfect + past future perfect Fact: S. Past

e.g. if you had not been angry to me, I would not have
been hatedyou

Fact: you was angry to me

If she had not been betrayed, she wouldn’t have

killed herself

Fact: she was betrayed

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MODAL
Kata kerja bantu yang mempunyai arti dan fungsi tertentu
A. Aturan – aturan modal
➢ M + V1
➢ M + SM (similar modal)
➢ SM + SM
E.g. : I must study hard
You have to study hard
We have to be able to be a lector
B. Larangan – larangan modal
➢ M + V s/es
➢ M + to infinitive /,V2,V3,Ving
➢ M+M
Eg : She must studies english
You can to speak english well
You must can speak english more then me
C. Tenses dalam modal
Present/future : S + M + V1
Present /future continuous : S + M + be + Ving
Past : S + M + have + V3
Past continuous : S + M + have + been + Ving
Nominal (present) : S + M + be + ANA
( past ) : S + M + have been + ANA
D. Macam – macam modal
❖ Bentuk(form)
❖ Fungsi(function)

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1. Bentuk (form)
ORDINARY MODAL SIMILAR MODAL
Can
Be able to
Could
Will Be going to
Would Used to
Shall -
Should Be supposed to
May -
Might -
Must, Ourght to, Had better Be to / Have to / Have got to

2. Fungsi (function)
a. Conclusion : possibility
: Impossibility
b. Spontanity : W A R N A E H P3 S
: WIshes
: Ability
: Request
: Necessity
: Advisability
: Expectation
: Habitual action in the past
: Prohibition
: Preference
: Permission
: Suggestion

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A. CONCLUSION
1. Possibility ( kemungkinan)
1 Will Pasti (100%) S. Future
2 Must Pasti (95%) S. Present / S. Past
3 Should Kemungkinan besar
S. Future
4 Ought to (90%)
5 Can
6 Could
Mungkin (50%) Semua Tenses
7 May
8 Might

E.g. : I look rina in restaurant, She eat 3 plates of rice.

He must be very hungry

2. Impossibility ( ketidak kemungkinan)

1 Can’t
Tidak mungkin (99%)
2 Couldn’t
3 Must not Pasti tidak (95%)
4 May not
Mungkin tidak (50%)
5 Might not

E.g. : Rina can’t have wing

B. SPONTANITY
1. Wishes (harapan)
M : May (semoga)
E.g. : May you always be happy whenever you are
May you be winner of mathematic Olympiad
2. Ability ( kemampuan )
M : Can, could, be able to (bisa/dapat/mampu)
E.g. : I can lift the heavy box today
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You could dance yesterday
Vino is not able to play football
3. Request (permintaan)
M : Can (bolehkah), could (bisakah) : Lebih sopan,
May (maukah), might (dapatkan) : Hanya subyek I & We
Will (akankah), would
E.g. : Can I borrow your book?
Could you help me please?
May I sleep in your room?
Will you company me?
Permintaan yang lebih sopan(more polite)
❖ Would you like + to + V1 ? Sudihkah kiranya kamu?
❖ Would you like to listen my story?
❖ Would you mind + Gerund (Ving)? Keberatankah kamu?
(meminta sesorang untuk melakukan sesuatu)
❖ Would you mind taking my book?
❖ Would you mind + if + S. Past? Keberatankah kamu?
(meminta izin, tidak harus melakukan sesuatu)
❖ Would you mind if I repaired your cycle?
4. Necessity (keharusan)
M : Must, have got to, have/has to (harus)
E.g. : You must speak english : Benar – benar wajib
You have to buy new car : Sekedar saran
You needn’t speak English : Bentuk (-)
5. Advisability (nasehat 1 solusi)
M : Should, Ought to (Seharusnya), Had better (Sebaiknya)
E.g. : We should have drunk medicine
You ought to be drinking medicine
You are getting sick, You had better go to hospital
Note : had better adaah nasehat yang berupa ancaman karna
ada konsekuensi buruk jika tidak dilaksanakan.

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6. Expectation (harapan)
M : Be supposed to (seharusnya/semestinya)
E.g. : You are supposed to read the dorms rule
You will be supposed to read the dorms rule
7. Habitual action in the past( kebiasaan di masa lalu)
M : Would (dulu terbiasa), Be use to/used to (dulu pernah)
E.g. : When I was child, I would read magazine
I used to go to newyork in 2010
8. Permission (perizinan)
M : Can (dapat), Could (boleh), May (Bisa)
E.g. : It’s my pleasure. You can as much as you want
You may leave the class
9. Prohibition (larangan)
M : Musn’t (dilarang)
E.g. : You musn’t enter the house, it’s so dangerous.
Musn’t you enter the house?
10. Preference (kesukaan)
M : Would rather. . . . .than. . . . . (lebih suka)
E.g. : She would rather wash clothes than wash plate
11. Suggestion (nasihat 2 solusi)
M : Could (seharusnya)
E.g. : I have many problems, You could help me or you leave me
alone

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SIMILAR MODAL
Kata yang memiliki makna berbeda dan fungsi yang berbeda. Similar modal ini bisa
di fungsikan sebagai (Noun, Verb dan modal itu sendiri).
A. Pembagian Similar Modal
1. Dare
a. Dare sebagai Noun : Tantangan
E.g. : She receives your dare
She faces your dare
b. Dare sebagai Verb : Menantang
E.g. : She dares you
She dares your dare
c. Dare sebagai Modal : Berani
E.g. : She dares dare you
She dares dare your dare
2. Need
a. Need sebagai Noun : Kebutuhan
E.g. : I must buy my need
Drink is my need
b. Need sebagai Verb : Membutuhkan
E.g. : I need much money
I need coat for dinner
c. Need sebagai Modal : Butuh
E.g. : I need buy medicine
I need eat rice

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DIRECT – INDIRECT
Direct : Kalimat yang langsung di ucapkan oleh pembicara
Inderect : Kalimat yang di utarakan oleh orang lain dengan beberapa perubahan.
A. Aturan – aturan dalam direct – indirect.
1. Aturan perubahan
• Perubahan Pronoun
➢ Jika pronoun berupa “ I, me, my, mine, my self “ di sub clause. Maka
perubahan subject di main clause.
➢ Jika pronoun berupa “ You, you, your, yours, yourself “ di sub
clause. Maka berubah ke object pada main clause.
E.g. :
(D) : She says to me,” I need you “

( I) : She says that she need me

(D) : They say to me,” You bit them

( I) : They say to me, “ I bit them

• Perubahan Tenses
➢ Jika kalimat main clausenya berupa S. Present maka tensis pada
kalimat sub clause tetap S. Present
➢ Jika kalimat main clausenya berupa S. Past maka tensis pada kalimat
sub clause mengalami perbahan.

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(1) (2) (3) (4)
S. Present Pres. Cont Pres. Perfect Pres. Perf. Cont
(5) (6) (7) (8)
S. Past Past. Cont Past. Perfect Past. Perf. Cont
(9) (10) (11) (12)
S. Future Fut. Cont Fut. Perfect Fut. Perf. Cont
(13) (14) (15) (16)
S. Past. Fut Past. Fut. Cont Past. Fut. Perfect Past. Fut. Perf. Cont

Perubahan pada tensis :

(1) – (5) (2) – (6) (3) – (7) (4) – (8)
(5) – (7) (6) – (8) - -
(9) – (13) (10) – (14) (11) – (15) (12) – (16)
(13) – (15) (14) – (16) - -

E.g. : (D) Tomi says to vina. “ You hate him”

( I) Tomi says to vina that she hates him

(D) She told me. “ You call me”

( I) She told me that I called her

• Perubahan Adverb
DIRECT INDIRECT
Now Than
Today That day

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Yesterday The day before
Tomorrow The next/The following day
Here There
E.g. : (D) My mom said to me. “You go to bromo today
( I) My mom said to me that I went to bromo that day
• Perubahan Main Clause
➢ Jika Mc berupa S.Present/S.Future maka kalimat pada SC
mengalami perubahan pada Pronoun saja.

E.g. : (D) They tell to me. “ You wash my clothes today

( I) They tell to me that I wash their clothes today

➢ Jika Mc berupa S.Past maka kalimat pada SC mengalami perubahan
pada Pronoun, Tenses dan Adverb.

E.g. : (D) She told me. “ You can help me now

( I) She told me that I could help her than

B. Macam – macam sub clause pada Direct Indirect

1. Statement (Kalimat Berita)
Conj : That
E.g. : ( D) He said to me : “ You visited your grand mother

(ID) He said to me that i had visited my grand mother

2. Question (Kalimat tanya)
Conj : If/ weather (yes/no question)
E.g. : ( D) He said to me : “ Did you visited your grand mother
(ID) He said to me if you had visited your grand mother
3. Imperative (Kalimat perintah / larangan)
Conj : - Jika Imperative berupa (+) maka (Advise, Ask, Beg, Order,

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 Intermediate grammar
Request)
- Jika Imperative berupa (-) maka (Forbid, Warn, Remind)
E.g. :
a. Imperative positif
( D) He said to me : “ Help me please “
(ID) He asked me to help him
b. Imperatif Negatif
( D) He said to me : “ Don’t disturb me”
(ID) He forbid me to disturb him

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DEGREE OF COMPARISSON
Tingkat perbandingan kata sifat atau adverb yang digunakan untuk membandingkan
dua hal atau lebih.
A. Aturan Perubahan Degrre of Comparisson

Comp/Sup One Syllabel Two Syllabel Three Syllabel

More - More Clever More Delicious
-er Fater Cleverer -
Most - Most Clever Most Delicious
-est Fatest Cleverest -

B. Macam - macam Degree of Comparisson

a. Positive
1. As (adj/adv) as (+/-) : Se. . . dengan. . .
2. So (adj/adv) as (-) : Tidak se. . . dengan. . .
3. The same (adj/adv) as (+) : Sama. . . dengan. . .
4. Not the same (adj/adv) as (-) : Tidak sama. . . dengan. . .
E.g. :
✓ Vivi is as smart as her sister
Vivi sepintar saudaranya
✓ Vivi is not so smart as her sister
Vivi tidak sepintar saudaranya
✓ Vivi is the same smart as her sister
Vivi sama pintarnya dengan saudaranya

b. Comparative (Lebih)
5. More (adj/adv) + than : Lebih. . . dari pada. . .
(adj/adv) + -er
6. More (Adj/Adv) + More (Adj/Adv) : Makin. . . makin. . .
E.g. :
(Adj/Adv) ✓
–er +Vivi
(Adj/Adv) –er than her sister
is Smarter
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Vivi lebih pintar daripada saudaranya
✓ Vivi is smarter and smarter
Vivi makin pintar dan pintar

c. Superelative (Paling)
Most (adj/adv) + of/between : Lebih. . . dari pada. . .
(adj/adv) + - est
E.g. : Vivi smartest of her sister
Vivi paling pintar dibanding saudaranya

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