Profit
π = pq−c A −c B = 92−q A −q B q A + q B −10q A −0. 5q2B
It implies
π = −q2A −1. 5q2B −2q A q B + 82q A + 92q B
Find the stationary points
−2q A −2q B + 82 = 0
⇔q A = 31, q B = 10
−3q B −2q A + 92 = 0
On the other hand we have
−2 −2
H=
−2 −3
Since |H| = 2 > 0 and π q A q A = −2 < 0 the profit has a maximum at (31, 10)
Differential equations
General form: Find the function y = y(x) satisfying the following identity
F x, y, y′, . . . , y (k) = 0
Examples:
• y′(x)− sin x = 0
• y′ + 2y = xe x
are two first order differential equations.
• y″ + xy′ + 3y = x is a second order differential equation
First order linear differential equations
Examples:
xy′ + x 2 y = 2x + 1
xy
y′− =x
x+1
are first-order linear diffrential equations.
But y′ + xy 2 = sin x is not first-order linear diffrential equations.
Solve first-order linear differential equation:
Example 1: Solve the equation xy′ + x 2 y = x(2x + 1)e −x
2
/2
1
The equation xy′ + x 2 y = x(2x + 1)e −x
2
/2
$ is equivalent to
y′ + xy = (2x + 1)e −x
2
/2
• Integrating factor:
µ(x) = e ∫
x2
xdx
=e2
• Multiply both sides of the differential equation by µ(x):
x2 x2
y′. e 2 + xy. e 2 = 2x + 1
x2
e 2 . y ′ = 2x + 1
• Integrate both sides of above equation
x2
e2 .y = ∫ (2x + 1)dx + C = x 2
+x+C
Therefore the solution of equation is
x2
−
y=e 2 x2 +x+C
for any constant C.
Remark:
x2
−
• y=e 2 x2 + x + C is called to the general solution of our equation.
• When C is specified then y is called to be a particular solution, for example
x2
−
y=e 2 x2 +x+1
is a particular solution.
Example 2: Find the general solution of following equation
xy′−2y = x 2 .
Solution
2
xy′−2y = x 2 ⇔y′− y=x
x
• Integrating factor:
dx 1
µ(x) = exp −2
∫ x
= exp (−2 ln |x|) = 2
x
2
• Multiply both sides of the differential equation by µ():
1 1
y. ′=
x2 x
• Integrate both sides of above equation
y dx
x2
= ∫ x
+ C = ln |x| + C
So the general solution of our equation is
y = x 2 (ln |x| + C)
for any constant C ∈R.
Example 3
• Integrating factor:
∫ tan xdx = C exp (3 ln |cos x|) = C|cos x|
3
µ(x) = C exp −3 = ±C cos3 x
We choose µ(x) = cos3 x.
• We have
1
∫ µ(x)q(x)dx = ∫ cos 3
xdx = ∫ 1− sin 2
x cos xdx = sin x− sin3 x
3
• The general solution of our equation is
1 1
y(x) = C + sin x− sin3 x
3
cos x 3
By replacing x = 0 we obtain
1 = y(0) = C
1 1
So the solution of our problem y(x) = 1 + sin x− sin3 x .
cos x
3 3
Second order linear differential equations
Example 1:
• y″ + 2y′−3y = 0 has the characteristic equation: k 2 + 2k−3 = 0⇔k 1 = 1, k 2 = −3. So the
general solution is
y(x) = C 1 e x + C 2 e −3x , C 1 , C 2 ∈R.
• y″ + 4y′ + 4y = 0 has the characteristic equation: k 2 + 4k + 4 = 0⇔k 0 = −2. So the gen-
eral solution is
y(x) = (C 1 + C 2 x)e −2x , C 1 , C 2 ∈R.
3
• y″ + y = 0 has the characteristic equation: k 2 + 1 = 0⇔k = ±i. So the general solution is
y(x) = C 1 cos x + C 2 sin x, C 1 , C 2 ∈R.
Example 2: Find the general solution of the equation y″ + 3y′−4y = xe 2x
• The characteristic equation: k 2 + 3k−4 = 0 has two solutions k 1 = 1 and k 2 = −4.
• The general solution of the homogeneous equation y″ + 3y′−4y = 0 is
y 0 (x) = C 1 e x + C 2 e −4x , C 1 , C 2 ∈R.
• The particular solution: since f (x) = xe 2x (α = 2 and P n (x) = x)
y par (x) = x 0 (Ax + B)e 2x = (Ax + B)e 2x
We have
y′ par (x) = (2Ax + A + 2B)e 2x
y″ par (x) = (4Ax + 4A + 4B)e 2x
By replacing y par into the equation we obtain
(4Ax + 4A + 4B)e 2x + 3(2Ax + A + 2B)e 2x −4(Ax + B)e 2x = xe 2x
or
6Ax + 7A + 6B = x
This implies 6A = 1 and 7A + 6B = 0. Hence A = 1/6 and B = −7/36. So
1 7 2x
y par (x) = x− e .
6 36
Therefore the general solution of our equation is
1 7 2x
y(x) = x− e + C 1 e x + C 2 e −4x , C 1 , C 2 ∈R.
6 36
Example 3: Solve the equation y″ + 4y = x sin x
• The characteristic equation: k 2 + 4 = 0 has the complex solutions k = ±2i
• The general solution of homogeneous equation y″ + 4y = 0:
y 0 (x) = C 1 cos 2x + C 2 sin 2x, C 1 , C 2 ∈R.
• Since f (x) = x sin x (α = 0, β = 1, P n (x) = 0, Q m (x) = x) the particular solution has fol-
lowing form
y par (x) = (Ax + B) cos x + (Cx + D) sin x
We have
4
y′ par (x) = (Cx + A + D) cos x + (−Ax−B + C) sin x
and
y″ par (x) = (−Ax−B + 2C) cos x + (−Cx−2A−D) sin x
By replacing y par into the equation we obtain
(3Ax + 3B + 2C) cos x + (3Cx−2A + 3D) sin x = x sin x, for all x
This implies 3Ax + 3B + 2C = 0 and 3Cx−2A + 3D = x for all x. Hence
A=0
3A = 0 2
3B + 2C = 0 B = − 9
⇔
3C = 1
1
C =
−2A + 3D = 0 3
D = 0
and so
2 1
y par (x) = − cos x + x sin x
9 3
Therefore the general solution of our equation is
2 1
y(x) = − cos x + x sin x + C 1 cos 2x + C 2 sin 2x, C 1 , C 2 ∈R.
9 3
Example 4: y″−6y′ + 9y = cos x
• The characteristic equation k 2 −6k + 9 = 0 has the solution k 0 = 3
• The general solution of the homogeneous equation y″−6y′ + 9y = 0 is
y 0 (x) = (C 1 + C 2 x) exp (3x), C 1 , C 2 ∈R.
• Find the particular solution: Because f (x) = cos x the particular solution has the fol-
lowing form
(Case 2: α = 0, β = 1, P n (x) = 1, Q m (x) = 0)
y par (x) = A cos x + B sin x
We have
y par ′(x) = B cos x−A sin x, y par ″(x) = −A cos x−B sin x
By replacing y par into above equation we get
(8A−6B) cos x + (6A + 8B) sin x = cos x
This implies 8A−6B = 1 and 6A + 8B = 0. Hence A = 2/25 and B = −3/50. So
5
2 3
y par (x) = cos x− sin x.
25 50
Review
• 20 questions (multiple choice)
• 75 minutes
• Linear algebra (10 questions)
• Input-output models (2)
• System of linear equations (2)
• Deteminant, inverse matrix, rank of a matrix (6)
• Calculus (10 questions)
• Second order linear differential equations
• First order linear differential equations
• Optimization with constraints
• Unconstraint optimization
• Partial derivatives
• Find extrema of a single variable function
• Find the derivative of implicit functions
• Marginal and elasticity (3 questions)
2B2 C −1 P = 23 |B||B|C −1 |P | = 8. |B|2 . 1 |A|2
A
A |C|
5) A2 −3A + I 3 = 0 suy ra I 3 = (3I 3 −A)A
1 −2 3 1 1 −2 3 1 1 −2 3 1
A = −2 1 2 2 → 0 −3 8 4 → 0 −3 8 4
−1 −1 m 3 0 −3 m+3 4 0 0 m−5 0
