History of Architecture 3
AR233
Asst.Prof. Amr Atef Elhamy
Islamic
Architecture ?
العمارة اإلسالمية ؟
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
الخصائص هي اإلسالمية: العمارة •
البنائية (Architectural
استعملها التي )characteristics
هوية لتكون المسلمون
لهم ).(Identity
بفضل العمارة تلك نشأت وقد •
المسلمين وذلك في مناطق شبه جزيرة
الشام وبالد ومصر والعراق العرب
وايران وتركيا العربي والمغرب
وخرسان وبالد ما وراء النهر والسند
حكمها التي المناطق إلى باإلضافة
(اسبانيا االندلس مثل طويلة لمدد
حاليا) والهند.
اإلسالمية العمارة خصائص تأثرت •
بالثقافة كبير بشكل وصفاتها
اإلسالمية والنهضة العلمية وقتها.
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Kaaba الكعبة المشرفة
Location: Mecca, Saudi Arabia (Elharam Mosque)
Date : Adam period - (Ibrahim & Ismael rebuilt)
• It is the main Qibla for Muslims around the
world and Muslims Pilgrimage (Hajj) place.
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Al-Aqsa Mosque المسجد
األقصى
Location: Old City of
Jerusalem
Date : Adam period -
(after Kabaa 40 years)
Architectural
Characteristics:
• Total area 144,000 M²
• Capacity 200,000
• 15 doors
• 14 Domes
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Al-Aqsa Mosque المسجد األقصى
)(المصلى
Location: Old City of Jerusalem
Date : Adam period - (after Kabaa 40 years)
Architectural Characteristics:
• Early Islamic Style
• Capacity 5,000+
• Dome(s) 2 large + tens of smaller ones
• Minaret(s) 4 Minaret height: 37 meters
(tallest)
• Materials Limestone (external walls,
minaret, facade), Gold, lead and stone
(domes), white marble (interior columns)
and mosaic
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Dome of the rock
مسجد قبة الصخرة
Location: Old City of Jerusalem
Date : 685-691- Abdelmalek abn
marwan
Architectural Characteristics:
• Umayyad Style الدولة االموية
• Dome(s) 1 large (20m Diameter,
35m Height)
• Minaret(s) 0
• Materials Limestone (external
walls, facade), Gold, and stone
(dome), white marble (interior
columns) and mosaic
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
How did the Islamic
Architecture begin and
develop ?
كيف بدأت وتطورت العمارة
اإلسالمية ؟
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
How did it begin?
By following the tradition of the Prophet Mohamed
)(صلى هللا عليه وسلم
Building a mosque when they start to
establish new community.
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
The expansion of Islam
(started 622 AD/1 AH)
• The conquests of Arab
Muslims outside HIJAZ
brought a new vision of
architecture that replaced
the simple vernacular
architecture of the Arabs
• Muslims established new
cities such as Busra and
Kufa and built mosques in
these cities.
• In some other cities like
Damascus and Alepo, Muslims
did changes on these cities
to fit the new religion.
• Ancient religious buildings
were changed to be mosques,
in many examples like the
Umayyad Mosque, Hagia Sophia
(Lec. 1) Introduction
in Istanbul,Turkey. DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
The countries which
Islam first expanded
were already rich in:
• Building traditions and
techniques.
• Exploitation of natural
resources for building.
• Building materials like:
Brick - Marble - Ceramic
production – Gypsum
plaster - Glass
manufacture.
• Various forms of Metal
works for building.
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
The principal
Islamic
architectural types
are:
• Mosques المساجد
• Tombs االضرحة
• Palaces القصور
• Forts القالع
From these four types, the
vocabulary of Islamic
Architecture is derived
and used for buildings of
less importance such as:
(Lec. 1) Introduction
• Public Baths الحمامات DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
بيت السحيمي -القاهرة
حمام الملك الظاهر -دمشق
سبيل وكتاب عبد الرحمن كتخدا -القاهرة
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
What are the Islamic
architectural eras?
ما هي عصور العمارة اإلسالمية؟
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Islamic Architectural Eras:
Prophet Mohammed Era (570-632 AD)
رسول هللا محمد صلي هللا علية وسلم
Rashidun Caliphate (632-661AD)
الخلفاء الراشدين
Umayyad Caliphate (661 – 750 AD)
الدولة االموية
Abbasid Caliphate (750 – 1258) & Tulunid in Egypt
الدولة العباسية والطولونية بمصر
Fatimid Caliphate (909 – 1171 AD)
الدولة الفاطمية
Ayyupid Caliphate (1171 – 1250 AD)
الدولة االيوبية
Mamluk Period 1 (Bahrid) (1250 – 1382 AD)
)السلطنة المملوكية (مماليك بحرية
Mamluk Period 2 (Suljuq) (1382 – 1517 AD)
) (مماليك الشركسية2 السلطنة المملوكية
Ottoman Caliphate (1517 – 1922 AD)
الخالفة العثمانية
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Terminologies &
Building components
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Terminologies
Masjid - المسجد Small prayer mosque
Mosque, principal place of worship,
Jami/Jama - الجامع
use for Friday prayers
Madrassah - المدرسة Muslim educational institution (Egypt)
Saray,sarai - السراية Palace
Pemarstan - بيمارستان Hospital
Building components
Mihrab - محراب Niche oriented towards Mecca
Minber - منبر Raised platform for ceremonial announcements
Iwan, Ivan - ايوان Open-fronted vault facing on to a court
Bab - باب Gateway
Sahn - صحن Courtyard of a mosque
Minaret - مئذنة Tower from which call to prayer is made
Kibla - قبلة Axis orientated towards Mecca
Haremlik - حرملك Women’s private quarters of a house or palace
Selamlik - سالملك Men’s quarters
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Masjid/Mosque contents
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Masjid/Mosque contents
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Masjid/Mosque contents
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Masjid/Mosque contents
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Mosque Styles/Types
1. Hypostyle Mosque Prayer hall is formed of rows of vertical supports (columns).
Early and Umayyad.
2. Iwan Mosque Prayer hall is an iwan, or more up to four iwans, surrounding a
courtyard. Medieval period.
3. The Central Dome Mosque Prayer hall’s space is dominated by a central dome
surrounded by smaller and lower semi domes. Ottoman in the 15th century.
Hypostyle Iwan Central Dome
Kairouan Mosque Sultan Hassan Mosque Sultan Ahmed Mosque
Tunsia Egypt Turkey
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina
1- Prophet Mohammed Era 570-632
- The Islamic prototype of both religious and residential
architecture, built in 622 AD (1 A.H. or After Hegira, the
emigration of the Prophet to Medina), and enlarged several times in
the first century of Islam by Omar (638 AD), then by Othman (644
AD) . The original Area was 1050 m2 (35m * 30 m)
- Courtyard صحن
- Prayer Hall مصلى
- Portico الصفة/ظلة
made of palm trunks and
branches was built on the
north side of the courtyard;
also served as a place for
deliberations (social
activities, political debate,
community affairs)
- The prophet’s
house (two rooms
increased to 9)
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina
1- Prophet Mohammed Era 570-632
After re-oriented the Qibla towards the Kabaa
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina
1- Prophet Mohammed Era 570-632
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina
1- Prophet Mohammed Era 570-632
The First expansion of the Prophet mosque (7AH)
- Mud brick
simple
structure
consisted of
Nine rooms and
a square
courtyard – at
the south east
corner
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina
2- Omar & Othman Eras 638-644
Second and Third expansion of the
Prophet mosque (17AH) –(29-30 AH) by
Omar Ibn Elkhatab and Othman Ibn Affan
- Expansion of the Prophet mosque
from (North, West, South) Sides
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina
3- Caliph al Walid I (705-715)
• In the years 707-709 the Caliph al
Walid I ordered the expansion of the
Prophet mosque
• The walls were built of cut stone and
timber roof
• later the mosque was given four corner
minarets
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Mosque of the Prophet Mohamed at Medina
The prophet’s Mosque ( from 1 AH
till present)
(Lec. 1) Introduction DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
Next Lecture
Umayyad Era: Umayyad Caliphate
( 661 – 750 AD) ( 41 – 132 AH )
DR. AMR ATEF ELHAMY
