Character Formation 1 influence to their children’s character.

Nationalism and Patriotism

2. Home Environment
Home as cradle of human character and personality
PRELIMINARIES largely contribute to the character formation of a child. It is said
An unknown author once said a forewarning that, as human that the parents are the first educators of the children. It is their
beings, we have to be careful of our thoughts, for it will become the parental guidance and discipline that creates the kind of
source of our words; we have to be careful of our words, for it will character, personality and attitude the child has.
Parents should make sure that the child incorporates
become our deeds; our deeds, will become our habits; our habits, will the positive emotions in his personality and stays away from the
become our character; and our character, will become our destiny. In the negative ones. A child needs both his parents, to develop his
present world, it is the character that counts not the intellect and the personality. An absentee father can be a negative influence on
acquired abilities and skills. It is the character that highlights the child. To make a child a confident, positive person, parents
professionalism not the professional license and certificates awarded by should avoid being too authoritative, trying to discipline
excessively, criticizing the child, discouraging him, comparing
the professional organizations and the Government Professional him with others, and being partial.
Regulatory Commission.
According to Prasad Nanda, character is the solid foundation 3. School Environment
on which a person’s entire life is based. People who succeed in To perfect the total development of a child’s character
achieving their goals and ambitions are those who have good character. and attitude, besides the home environment, a child’s school
Thomas Edison whose inventions changed the world or it was Abraham environment too plays a major role in shaping a child’s
Lincoln who was president of the United States, or Gandhi the lone personality. Once a child starts going to school, he learns how
crusader of nonviolence, or Mother Theresa who chose to do social to interact and deal with his peers. He comes to know how to
work they all had one thing in common - they were all people of engage in “playing” according to the rules and regulations. He
character. gets educated, learns how to read, write and communicate
effectively. A child’s personality is greatly influenced by the
Thus, character is the magic ingredient that sets you apart way he is treated at school, both by his teachers as well as his
from the rest. Our character will determine our success and each of us peers. The school reinforce the education that the child needs
has the ability and the potential to develop and strengthen our character. that home fails to provide.

GENERAL CONCEPTS OF CHARACTER 4. Culture

The term was derived from the Greek word “charassein,” Everyone has different character and values because of
referring to an engraving instrument; originally used of a mark the different cultures where everyone is exposed. Sociologists
impressed upon a coin or the mark cut by it. Then it was applied to a found out that different cultures have different values and a child
distinctive mark of the personality; and gradually, to the sum total of grows up with them, sub-consciously absorbing the same.
such marks, each individual one is being called characteristics Influence of culture in personality and social development
(Bartemeier, 2009). Basically, character is defined as a psychological cannot be ignored. Those who were born and grown up in
notion that refers to all the habitual ways of feeling and reacting of a western countries are influenced to be individualistic and
person that distinguish one individual from another. It is the trademark competitive, while those children brought up in Asian, African
of being a person. and South American countries are taught to be cooperative.
Character, as defined by the American Psychiatric
Association, signifies the relatively fixed or continuing group of an Infancy, toddler-hood, preschool and school age are
individual personality attributes of a person or the characteristic pattern the various phases that a child passes through and each of these
of behaviour of an individual. The social, emotional and intellectual stages has its own share of problems and challenges, which a
manifestations of a character are called personality,
and character is roughly equivalent to child has to overcome, with his parent’s assistance, to turn out
personality. to be a well-developed personality.
Harbans (2011) noted that character is the index of the state
of mind of a person. It is a sum total of motivation one gives to the FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FILIPINO
persons around him and also does course correction whenever there is a CHARACTER FORMATION
dire need for same. It may differ as an individual differs but one thing is
certain the special characteristics form the solid basis of his stability in by: Sen. Leticia Ramos Shahani
the society of which he is a part. Character, thus is an index of a
person’s standing in the society. 1. Home environment 8. Political Environment
2. Social environment 9. Mass Media
WHAT IS CHARACTER FORMATION?
3. Culture and language 10. Leadership and role model
Character formation as defined by Donald(2006), is the 4. History
process by which the individual, through interaction of biologically
transmitted predispositions with the environment, develops stable 5. Educational system
pattern of functioning, thinking and feeling. It is also known as, 6. Religion
Character Building. It is that deeply internalized patterns of values and
attitudes and the consequent actions that are often established in 7. Economic environment
precognitive times of life through the natural and normal educational DETERMINING CHARACTER OR PERSONALITY TYPES
patterns that are appropriate for young children. Nursing, weaning, toilet
training, birth of siblings and the early relationship to the parents Five (5) Factors that Determine Character or Personality Traits.
(especially to the mother) are some of the examples of character
formation. Character traits are usually formed through the identification 1. Openness: appreciation for a variety of experiences.
with parents and other important adults in the child’s environment.
Everyone is partly responsible for one’s character. Aristotle 2. Conscientiousness: planning ahead rather than being spontaneous.
noted that character develops over time as one acquires habits from 3. Extraversion: being sociable, energetic and talkative.
parents and the environment either through reward and punishment.
Developing a good character is much learning to play a musical 4. Agreeableness: being kind, sympathetic and happy to help.
instrument. Initially, an individual may be under some pressure to 5. Neuroticism: inclined to worry or be vulnerable or temperamental.
practice, but eventually, enjoys playing with skill and understanding
(Hartman, 2013).
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR CHARACTER GENERAL TYPES OF CHARACTERS
FORMATION 1. Positive Character / Good Character / Positive Trait – These are
attributes such as integrity, honesty, courage, loyalty, fortitude, and other
1. Parental Influence important virtues that promote good behaviour and habits. Further, it is
Parental influence is the most important of all the said that:
factors responsible for personality development. The way
parents behave with the child, how much he is allowed to a. Being honest and taking responsibility for your actions are admirable
socialize, the kind of culture he is subjected to by them, and the qualities.
emotional make-up of his parents, all these have a great bearing b. Adaptability and compatibility are great traits that can help you get
on the child’s mental growth. In early stage of their human along with others.
existence, children adapt their parent’s mannerisms. Thus,
parents should be careful in their ways for they establish a great c. Drive and determination will help you keep going no matter what.
d. Compassion and understanding mean you relate well to others.
1. TRUSTWORTHINESS
e. Patience is a virtue and also a good personality trait. This is the pillar of good character that is considered the most
f. Courage will help you do what’s right in tough situations. complicated of the six core ethical values and concerns a variety of
qualities like honesty, integrity, reliability and loyalty.
g. Loyalty is a good quality to possess, making others trust you. When a person is trusted he is given a greater leeway and no
2. Negative Character / Negative Character / Negative Trait – A need to be monitored just to assure that they meet their obligations.
person’s predisposition to commit evil acts. When they are trusted, we develop in them higher esteem which may be
satisfying to them. They must constantly live up to the expectations of
a. A propensity for lying, in order to avoid responsibility for our actions, others and refrain from even small lies or self-serving behaviour that
is a deplorable quality. can quickly destroy relationship.
b. Being rigid and selfish, unyielding to the needs of others are not a. Honesty
endearing qualities. There is no more fundamental ethical value than honesty.
Honesty is associated with honor. Thus, a person of honesty is a person
c. Being full of laziness and excuses is sure to drive others away, too. of honor and he is admired and trusted because of his being
d. A hot temper and an inability to empathize with others will also straightforward.
alienate us from others. A person of good character must be a person of honesty in
both communications and conduct.. Honesty in communications is
e. Being quick to anger will turn people away. expressing the truth as best we know it and not conveying it in a way
f. Being disloyal, quick to talk about others behind their backs or, worse, likely to mislead or deceive.
stab them in the back for personal gain also falls high on the scale of
negative personality traits. THREE DIMENSIONS OF HONESTY
3. Neutral Character / Neutral Trait - Commonly used to describe a
person who doesn’t pick sides in disputes; neutral also pegs anything 1. Truthfulness. Presenting the facts to the best of our knowledge. Take
that refuses to be bold. note that, intent is the crucial distinction between truthfulness and truth
itself. Being wrong is not the same thing as lying, although honest
a. Judges, for example, must remain totally neutral when hearing a case. mistakes can still damage trust insofar as they may show sloppy
b. Manners mavens say that it’s best to remain neutral when topics like judgment.
politics and religion come up during a party. 2. Sincerity. One must observe genuineness, being without trickery or
c. Boxers can look to the neutral corners in the ring to escape a punch. duplicity for it precludes all acts, including half-truths, out-of-context
statements, and even silence, that are intended to create beliefs or leave
TYPES OF CHARACTERS impressions that are untrue or misleading.
1. Self-realized Character. A person with this type of character is ever
enthusiastic for he knows his potentialities and limitations. This sort of a 3. Candor. In relationships involving legitimate expectations of trust,
character is an asset not only to the family but also the society in which honesty may also require candour, forthrightness and frankness,
person lives. imposing the obligation to volunteer information that another person
needs to know.
2. Covetous Character. This refers to a jealous or acquisitive character.
It is held that, persons with greed will endeavour to go all out in 4. Integrity. Persons of integrity are those who acts according to his
collecting worldly possessions and fulfilling his personal petty beliefs, not according to expediency. He is also consistent. There is no
ambitions by adopting any means open to him even crossing all the difference in the way he makes decisions from situation to situation; his
limits of moral and ethical limits. principles don’t vary at work or at home, in public or alone.

In effect the person will become most arrogant, repulsive, slanderer and The person of integrity takes time for self-reflection, so that
fully bereft of any moral feelings for the humans. He is the burden not the events, crises and seeming necessities of the day do not determine
only on the family but also the society in which he lives. the course of his moral life. He stays in control. He may be courteous,
even charming, but he is never duplicitous or unfaithful. He never
3. Superstitious Character. In a way all are superstitious but when demeans himself with obsequious behaviour toward those he thinks
we’re over superstitious then problem starts. It is not merely bad for the might do him some good. He is trusted because you know who he is:
individual concerned but also for those who come in contact with this What You See Is What You Get. People without integrity are called
unpredictable person, who may change his tag any moment thus leaving “hypocrites” or “two-faced.”
everybody around in the lurch. Too much reliance on superstitions also
robs us of scientific temper and forward looking approach in our life. 5. Reliability (Promise-Keeping). Reliable persons are those who keep
But we should not compare superstitious and traditionalists. their promises for he believe that doing so create legitimate basis for
another person to rely on him, and that he undertake special moral
4. Egoistic /Overbearing / Bossy / Tall-Talker. The person who thinks duties. They accept the responsibility of making all reasonable efforts to
that world runs due to him and everything and everybody should respect fulfil their commitments. Because promise-keeping is such an important
him as such. His overbearing and bossy disposition puts him in the aspect of trustworthiness.
category of hard-to-please (fastidious). This person learns his lesson
after sometimes. This fellow with ‘I-DAMN-CARE- ATTITUDE’
hardly cares for others. This sort of egocentric character is the bane of CONSIDERATIONS TO MAINTAIN RELIABILITY
any society, irrespective of their status in the society. 1. Avoid Bad-Faith Excuses
5. Anti-social Character. A person who neither cares for the norms set Interpret your promises fairly and honestly. Don’t try to
by the society nor cares for the moral or ethical values is an anti-social rationalize non-compliance.
character. This character is both a sinner and a criminal. He could also
be termed as an offensive character. This like character resorts to offense 2. Avoid Unwise Commitments
besides being abusive on even a pettiest pretext. This anti-social Before making a promise consider carefully whether you are
behaviour cuts him off from the community in which he is living and has willing and likely to keep it. Think about unknown or future events that
to fend for himself ultimately for his acts of omissions and could make it difficult, undesirable or impossible. Sometimes, all we can
commissions. promise is to do our best.

6. Insincere Character. When a person does something good for us, we 3. Avoid Unclear Commitments
express our sincere thanks and go extra mile in being sincere to that Be sure that when you make a promise, the other person
person in whatever way it is possible for us. Contrarily, a person who understands what you are committing to do.
thinks others is there for serving him and is without any warmth in the b. Loyalty
feeling for others. This like person is not only a insincere to his own To be trusted one must be loyal to his or husband or wife,
family, society and even to the Creator who had created him! friends, employer , employee, organization, citizen, and country.
Our relationships with other people creates an expectation of
7. Complacent Character. We all should have confidence on ourselves. allegiance, fidelity and devotion. Hence, loyalty is a responsibility that
It is good for day to day functioning of our society. But when we cross each one should develop and maintain to promote the interests of certain
the threshold of confidence and step into the realm of complacency people, organizations or affiliations. This duty goes beyond the normal
then problem starts. A person who imbibes this trait finally faces ignoble obligation we all share to care for others.
defeat for being so and learns a lesson. However, one should not sacrifice ethical principles when
giving allegiance, fidelity and devotion to the other people to preserve
THE SIX (6) PILLARS OF GOOD CHARACTER (Source: his or her integrity. He should prefer not to be loyal than lose his
Josephson Institute -charactercounts.org) credibility, integrity, and dignity. We are only demanded to go with what
is right and legal. We should rather choose to lose our relationship with another tricky concept, probably more subject to legitimate debate
others than our legitimacy. and interpretation than any other ethical value. Disagreeing parties
So many individuals and groups make loyalty claims on us that we must
rank our loyalty obligations in some rational fashion. For example, it’s tend to maintain that there is only one fair position (their own,
perfectly reasonable, and ethical, to look out for the interests of our naturally). But essentially fairness implies adherence to a balanced
children, parents and spouses even if we have to subordinate our standard of justice without relevance to one’s own feelings or
obligations to other children, neighbours or co-workers in doing so. To inclinations.
be loyal we must develop the ability of safeguarding confidential
information. Unfair person do not scrupulously employ open and
However, when keeping a secret breaks the law, threatens or impartial processes for gathering and evaluating information
jeopardize others, it is more important to “blow the whistle.” Employees necessary to make decisions. In contrast, fair people do not wait for
and public servants have a duty to make all professional decisions on the truth to come to them; they seek out relevant information and
merit, unimpeded by conflicting personal interests. They owe ultimate conflicting perspectives before making important judgments. They
loyalty to the public.
make decisions objectively without favouritism or prejudice. They
2. RESPECT don’t take advantage of the weakness or ignorance of others.
The Golden Rule in Human Relation, “Do unto others as you
would have them do unto you,” perfectly illustrates “respect. When 5. CARING
respect is observed we would prevent and pre-empt violence, Caring is the heart of ethics, and ethical decision-making. It
humiliation, manipulation and exploitation. It reflects notions such as
civility, courtesy, decency, dignity, autonomy, tolerance and acceptance. is scarcely possible to be truly ethical and yet unconcerned with the
Everyone has a right to be treated with dignity. We certainly have no welfare of others. That is because ethics is ultimately about good
ethical duty to hold all people in high esteem, but we should treat relations with other people.
everyone with respect, regardless of who they are and what they have It is easier to love “humanity” than to love people. People
done. We have a responsibility to be the best we can be in all situations,
even when dealing with unpleasant people. who consider themselves ethical and yet lack a caring attitude toward
individuals tend to treat others as instruments of their will. They
QUALITIES OF A RESPECTFUL PERSON rarely feel an obligation to be honest, loyal, fair or respectful except
1. Ability to Listen - When somebody is talking he is attentively insofar as it is prudent for them to do so, a disposition which itself
listening. hints at duplicity and a lack of integrity. A person who really cares
2. Treats Others With Consideration - Respectful person doesn’t feels an emotional response to both the pain and pleasure of others.
resort to intimidation, coercion or violence except in extraordinary and The highest form of caring is the honest expression of
limited situations to defend others, teach discipline, maintain order or benevolence, or altruism. This is not to be confused with strategic
achieve social justice. They allow all individuals, including maturing charity. Gifts to charities to advance personal interests are a fraud.
children, to have a say in the decisions that affect them. That is, they aren’t gifts at all. They’re investments or tax write-offs.
3. Capable of Accepting Individual differences and Beliefs –
Respectful individuals without prejudice openly accepts principles and 6. CITIZENSHIP
ideologies of others. They judge others only on their negative character, This pillar of good character includes civic virtues and duties
abilities and conduct. that prescribe how we ought to behave as part of a community. The good
citizen knows the laws and obeys them. He volunteers and stays
3. RESPONSIBILITY informed on the issues of the day, the better to execute his duties and
It is understood that life is full of choices and everyone has its privileges as a member of a self-governing democratic society.
own judgement and decisions to take in life. However, we are expected
to be responsible for our actions and behaviours as rational being. Being CHARACTER TRAITS
responsible means to take charge and be accountable of the
consequences of what we think and do. Our capacity to reason and our 1. Alertness – Being aware of what is taking place around.
freedom to choose make us morally autonomous and, therefore, 2. Attentiveness – Showing the worth of a person or task by giving
answerable for whether we honor or degrade the ethical principles that undivided concentration.
give life meaning and purpose. Thus, an individual must be responsible 3. Availability – Making own schedule and priorities secondary to the wishes of those
and accountable, pursue excellence and exercise self-restraint. They being served.
exhibit the ability to respond to expectations. 4. Benevolence – Giving to others basic needs without the motivation
for acquiring personal rewards.
QUALITIES OF A RESPONSIBLE PERSON
a. Sense of Accountability - An accountable person leads by example 5. Boldness – Confidence that what is say or do is true, right, and just.
and doesn’t shift blame or claim credit for the work of others. He 6. Cautiousness – Knowing how important right timing is in
considers the likely consequences of his behaviour and associations. accomplishing right actions.
He recognizes the common complicity in the triumph of evil when
nothing is done to stop it. 7. Compassion – Investing whatever is necessary to heal the hurts of
others.
b. Pursuit of Excellence - Responsible person shows diligence what
he is doing, careful in his actions, prepared and informed. They finish 8. Contentment – Realizing that true happiness does not depend on
what they started, overcoming rather than surrendering to obstacles. material conditions.
They avoid excuses such as, “That’s just the way I am,” or “It’s not
my job,” or “It was legal,” and always look for ways to do their work 9. Creativity – Approaching a need, a task, or an idea from a new
perspective.
better.
c. Self-Restraint - Responsible people exercise self-control, 10. Decisiveness – The ability to recognize key factors and finalize
restraining passions and appetites (such as lust, hatred, gluttony, greed difficult decisions.
and fear) for the sake of longer-term vision and better judgment. They 11. Deference – Limiting freedom so not to offend the tastes of others.
12. Dependability – Fulfilling what is consented to do, even if it means
delay gratification if necessary and never feel it’s necessary to “win at unexpected sacrifice.
any cost.” They realize they are as they choose to be, every day. 13. Determination – Purposing to accomplish right goals at the right
time, regardless of the opposition.
4. FAIRNESS
14. Diligence – Investing time and energy to complete each task
This pillar of good character involves issues of equality, assigned.
impartiality, proportionality, openness and due process. It is unfair to
handle similar matters inconsistently, and to impose punishment that 15. Discernment – Understanding the deeper reasons why things
is not commensurate with the offense. happen.
The basic concept seems simple, even intuitive, yet 16. Discretion – Recognizing and avoiding words, actions, and attitudes
applying it in daily life can be surprisingly difficult. Fairness is that could bring undesirable consequences.
17. Endurance – The inward strength to withstand stress and do the 49. Wisdom – Seeing and responding to life situations from a
best. perspective that transcends current circumstances.
18. Enthusiasm – Expressing joy in doing and accomplishing each CHAPTER I
tasks.
FILIPINO INFLUENCES TRAITS AND CHARACTERISTICS
character will yield the best outcome,
19. Faith – Confidence that actions rooted in good
even
when it’s not personally observed. The Philippines is a meeting point for cultures from all over
20. Flexibility – Willingness to change plans or ideas according to the direction of the Asia and the Pacific because it has been a crossroads between east and
authorities. west and the merging of cultures reflects the country’s culture and its
people. It comes from various ethno-linguistic groups that are native to the
21. Forgiveness – Clearing the record of those who have wronged and islands or migrants from various Asia
Pacific regions, Filipinos are the people who are
not holding a grudge. naturally born to or recognized with the Philippine country.
22. Generosity – Carefully managing resources to be capable of freely China, the United States, and Spain mainly influence the
giving to those in need. modern Filipino identity. Though Filipinos are racially similar to Malays
but in terms of culture they are more like the Spaniards. Thus, it could
23. Gentleness – Showing consideration and personal concern for be claimed that Filipinos are the most hot-bloodied and brave citizens in
others. the tropical Asian cultures. Like other countries, the Philippines has its
opposing values and labels, it is believed by the Filipinos that the
24. Gratefulness – Letting others know by one’s words and actions how country have the best values in the world. Though it has experienced
they have benefited one’s life. colonization by several countries, but the core values it has gained from
the Filipino ancestors remained intact and are still honoured today like
25. Honor – Respecting those in leadership because of the higher the bayanihan or spirit of kinship and camaraderie implanted by Malay
authorities they represent. ancestors and close family ties inherited by the Chinese ascendants.

26. Hospitality – Cheerfully sharing food, shelter, or conversation to THE MOST WELL - KNOWN TRAITS AND ATTITUDES OF
benefit others. THE FILIPINO

27. Humility – Acknowledging that achievement results from the POSITIVE TRAITS
investment of others in one’s life. 1. Hospitality
Hospitality is a trait displayed by every Filipino, characterized
28. Initiative – Recognizing and doing what needs to be done before by heart-warming generosity and friendliness exhibited to foreigners and
being asked to do it. locals alike.
Filipinos are well-known for being hospitable. This is one of
29. Joyfulness – Maintaining a good attitude, even when faced with the most popular qualities of Filipinos. Most foreigners who have gone
unpleasant conditions. to the Philippines fell in love with the warm hospitality they have
experienced while staying in the country. This is a kind of value system
30. Justice – Taking personal responsibility to uphold what is pure, which has existed in the country thousand of years ago. Good thing is
right, and true. that the hospitality of the Filipinos is not only shown to the foreigners
but to its fellow Filipino as well.
31. Loyalty – Using difficult times to demonstrate commitment to those
being served. Hospitality of Filipinos is shown in the following sample situations:
32. Meekness – Yielding personal rights and expectations with a desire a. When a person visits a friend’s house, the host greets him or
to serve. her with a very warm welcome. The host will immediately let their
visitor sit down and will prepare a meal or a snack plus drinks for the
33. Obedience – Quickly and cheerfully carrying out the direction of the visitor. The host will insist that the friend not leave the house with an
superior. empty stomach. A host will always make sure you had a great time
visiting them.
34. Orderliness – Arranging self and surroundings to achieve greater b. People offer their guest room to visitors if they’re going to spend
efficiency. the night.
35. Patience – Accepting a difficult situation without giving a deadline c. Meals offered to guests are very special. A host always finds a
to remove it. way to prepare great tasting food that her visitor wants to eat.
36. Persuasiveness – Guiding vital truths around another’s mental 2. Respect
roadblocks.
This is often observed—not just by younger people—but also
37. Punctuality – Showing esteem for others by doing the right thing at by people of all ages. In the Philippines, respect for one’s elders is a
the right time. tradition.
38. Resourcefulness – Finding practical uses for that which others a. Po and Opo – These words are spoken by the Filipinos when
would overlook or discard. talking to elders, or in order to show respect to persons in
authority. These Filipino words mean “yes,” when answering
39. Responsibility – Knowing and doing what is expected. or talking to the elders.
40. Security– Structuring one’s life around that which cannot be b. Pagmamano - Another way of showing respect to the elders
destroyed or taken away. when greeting them. This is done by putting their elders’
hands on their foreheads
41. Self-Control – Rejecting wrong desires and doing what is right.
c. Filipinos also show respect at work by making a bow to their
42. Sensitivity – Perceiving the true attitudes and emotions of others. employers.
3. Strong Family Ties and Religions
43. Sincerity – Eagerness to do what is right with transparent motives. Filipinos value their families so much that they tend to keep
diminish the effectiveness of one’s work families intact through the generations. Families go to church and pray
44. Thoroughness – Knowing what factors will together because their religion is important and creates a strong bond,
or
words if neglected. marking God as the center of their lives. Filipinos believe in only one
45. Thriftiness – Allowing oneself and others to spend only what is God and majority of the population are Catholics. It is a value system of
necessary. the Filipinos to pray before eating, going to bed, before the start of the
meeting, conferences of program, gathering, etc.
46. Tolerance – Realizing that everyone is at varying levels of On weekends, most Filipino families make sure to have
character development. quality time together by watching television or eating a family meal,
watch movies or going to beach resorts.
47. Truthfulness – Earning future trust by accurately reporting past
facts. 4. Generosity and Helpfulness
Aside from being hospitable, Filipinos are also well-known for
48. Virtue – The moral excellence evident in one’s life as being generous. They share what they have to the people around them
consistently doing what is right. even when they only have little.
 These could be felt during birthdays, weddings or fiesta or accomplish something is lost we and become too lazy to finish what
(party). When visitors came to celebrate great tasting special foods are were have started.
specially prepared for everyone. It is shared by friends, families or even
strangers. 6. Tardiness (Filipino time)
When you will be in trouble, Filipinos cannot refuse to help
you. They are always willing to assist you or lend a hand. Only in the Philippines that we have the so-called “Filipino
time” but not exactly referring to the Philippine standard time, but then
5. Strong Work Ethics again we use it to refer to the “tardiness” of the persons that we are
Another good thing most Filipinos have is being hardworking waiting or who keeps on coming late to the set time schedule of events.
people. They are always willing to work almost the whole day to Instead of being something to be proud of, ‘Filipino time’ brings a
provide the needs of their families. Filipino farmers though earning so negative impression to our people. When the invitation says the
little but they work harder with not much compensation. program will start at 7pm, it is expected to begin at 9pm. This has not
Aside from their regular work, Filipinos always find creative only caused conflicts in relationships, it also discourages others
ways to look for other sources of income like creating a small business including foreigners from getting involved in supposedly productive
from their home where they sell foods and other items for the activities as too much time can be wasted on waiting.
convenience of their neighbours.
6. Loving and Caring 7. Gossiping
Because of their generosity, hospitality and religiosity, Filipinos are fond of talking about others’ business. It is not
Filipinos are found to be the sweetest and most loving people in the true that only women are into gossiping. Even men can also be nosy on
world. other people’s lives. Secrets are brought out; failures and flaws are
It is expressed by both foreigners and Filipino women that emphasized; and relationships are destroyed. Worse, as gossips are
most Filipino men are so sweet and romantic when it comes to love. passed around, they tend to be twisted until the final story becomes too
They will send their beloved flowers, bring her to a very romantic place, far from the original—thus, causing more damage.
text her sweet quotes and tell often how special she is to them. Filipino
women are also romantic and very caring, which often makes some
foreigners want to marry them. Women tend to prepare dinner before 8. Blaming
their husband comes home. They love, and value the relationship, Filipinos can sometimes be too self-righteous. When mistakes
always staying faithful to their husbands. They love deeply and happen, we do not want to take the blame, we lack humility to accept
sincerely. our failures, and instead we point at others. This shows how
irresponsible we are on our actions. This attitude destroys team work,
NEGATIVE TRAITS OF FILIPINOS and reliability becomes an issue.
1. Fatalism (“Bahala Na” or “Come What May” Attitude)
When Filipinos are facing difficulties and shortcomings they 9. Selfishness (being insensitive of others)
have this attitude of leaving it up to God to sort things out. An attitude of
“What Goes Around Comes Around.” Filipinos have a tendency to Most Filipinos are insensitive to the needs and situations of
surrender the future to luck. They have that strong confidence that others. This could be an outcome of having too many problems that
everything will work out in his interest without doing anything. Filipinos Filipinos are facing and the tendency is to focus on their own needs first
often accepts bad news or circumstances without trying to stop or before others.
change them. This can sometimes be helpful in adversity, but it can also
keep us from finding ways out of situations. Also, constantly expecting 10. Disobedience to Simple Rules and Instructions
the worst can get pretty depressing.
Some Filipinos, despite of the understanding of the purpose of
2. Mañana Habit (Procrastination) laws and ordinances have inability to observe and follow them.
True blooded Filipinos have the attitude of causing delays in Consequently, crime victimization and accident rate in the Philippines
accomplishing things or making transactions. When not interested or not are constantly rising, poverty is getting more rampant and lifestyle
in the mood, they wait or reserve until tomorrow or the next day to development is relaxed.
finish what they are doing or meeting their transactions. However, there
are some Filipinos nowadays who take their time in doing things or in 11. Attention Taker
making decisions promptly. There are some who are habitually late or Filipinos are fun and people loving race. Thus, attracting
not showing up at all. There are few Filipinos who are punctual for attention is natural for them. Nevertheless, it is a different thing to be an
social meetings. In fact, it is not expected of them to arrive exactly on “epal” or “kapalmuks - simply, being an attention grabber.
time especially at a party. Sometimes, in our desperate need to be the center of attention,
The “bahala na” attitude is the outcome of the “mañana habit” we do things that are already embarrassing like butting in conversations
when the tasks are left undone. This is usually shown and even as a know-it-all or by being scandalous. This habit is also common to
expressed by people who do not care much of what lies ahead and just our politicians. Instead of prioritizing their duty to give the best service
leave everything in fate. to the people, they rather prioritize their thick faces to grab attention that
will bring them more chance of winning in the next election. But thanks
3. Crab Mentality to our vigilant netizens, this kind of politicians earns more shame than
This is an attitude of some Filipinos where they tend to push fame.
each other down to clear the way for their own gain. Filipino people
with this kind of mentality or attitude try their best to ruin each other,
either by making issues against the other for him to turn out bad to the 12. Being onion-skinned or too sensitive
public or to the company or organization so that people will gradually Another habit or attitude that we need to change is our being
put distance and loss their confidence and trust that eventually result to too proud which usually results to being oversensitive. If we think
their replacement. highly of ourselves, then we have the tendency to put a wall around us
and that a signboard on our forehead saying, “I must be respected.”
4. Hypocrisy Therefore, when someone makes a joke or a not so positive comment
This is a trait of the Filipino where criticisms to others’ failure about us, we feel like we are not respected and we get offended. If all
to live with the moral standards of the society are inevitable. In the people in the country do not know how to accept constructive criticism,
Philippines morality is highly valued, most of us try to live up to the then we can never expect unity.
standards set by the traditional society. However, as no one is perfect,
many of us are not actually able to sustain these standards. 13. Living beyond their means (social climbing)
The fear of being an outcast has forced a lot of people to live a One of the reasons why a lot of Filipinos live in poverty is
double standard life. To hide our failure in following a norm, we tend to because of overspending. Since most people want to live an elite
be condemning those who are caught red handed. A perfect example lifestyle, many resort to social climbing or living beyond their means.
could be the criticisms faced by those who become pregnant outside Sometimes, some of us think that as long as we wear designer clothes
marriage. The sad fact behind this scenario is that some of these critics and shoes, and we send our children to the most expensive schools, it is
could have actually engaged in premarital sex too—only that no proof is alright to be swimming in credits and loans.
visible.
14. Passivity (lack of leadership)
5. Ningas Cogon
Filipinos’ lack of initiative for change is also one reason why
Most Filipinos are very good at the start when doing our country does not progress. We keep on complaining against the
something. Nevertheless, after a few hours or days, that excitement to do government and other societal issues. However, we do not do anything
about them. One of our excuses is the lack of faith that our small compensation. –Somebody can request help in time of need from those
actions can bring change. However, the worse reason for this could be to whom it is extended.
our lack of care for what is happening around us. Common Filipinos
also lack courage and confidence. If you can notice it, in classrooms, 4. Galang (Respect)
churches, or conference rooms, most of us don’t like to sit in the front
seat. Filipinos are basically oriented to revere to the opinions of
elders, peers, or those in authority, during important discussions during
15. Other Negative Traits social encounters. Verbal clash or any sign of extreme familiarity in
public meetings is a sign of disrespect to elders or persons in authority.
Some Filipino women give birth at an early age 16 (Teenage CHAPTER II
Pregnancy). Some just don’t mind their own business. Some have many NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
bad habits, like drinking, smoking, etc. Some poor teenagers engage in
prostitution. There are many broken families. A lot of bad words to
choose from which Filipinos just can’t avoid saying those. Most BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
Filipinos tend to be with friends most of the time than to be with their
parents. NATIONALISM
Nationalism is an ideology and movement defined by promoting
the interests of a particular nation, in particular with the aim of acquiring
and maintaining the nation’s sovereignty over its country of origin
(Smith, 2010). Nationalism claims that each nation should regulate
itself, free from outside intervention, that a nation is a natural and ideal
FILIPINO CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY political basis, and that the nation is the only legitimate source of
THREE MAIN TRAITS UNDERSCORING political authority (Finlayson, 2014).
FILIPINO VALUES
It also aims to build and maintain a single national identity,
(Excerpted from the Philippines Australia Business Council) based on shared social characteristics such as culture, language, religion,
politics and belief in a distinctive shared history, and to promote national
1. Personalism unity or solidarity (Yack, 2012). Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve
and encourage a nation’s traditional culture, and cultural revivals have
Filipinos valued interpersonal relationship. It is firmly been connected to nationalist movements. It also fosters pride in
believed that harmonious personal relationship is the key to successful domestic accomplishments and is strongly associated with patriotism
endeavours. Amicable settlement of dispute is the primary means of (Triandafyllidou, 1998). Nationalism is often paired with other
restoring broken relationships and face-to-face open forum is considered ideologies, for instance conservatism or socialism (Finlayson2014).
once conflict is recognized in an organization or the community.
Types of Nationalism
2. Familialism
Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural, religious or
Filipinos are family-oriented. Development programs and ideological lines. These self
definitions of countries are used to classify distinct kinds
projects in the community are concentrated on the family. Decision on of nationalism, although these categories are not mutually exclusive and
matters is centered on the welfare and best interest of the family rather many nationalist movements combine to differing degrees some or all of
than on the betterment and interest of some individuals. The mistakes these components.
committed by a family member affects the credibility and of the
immediate members of the family and relatives. 1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)
3. Particularism The country is described from prior generations in terms of
ethnicity and descent. It also involves the concept of a shared culture
Displayed behaviour by the individuals may it be good or bad among group members, and generally a shared language.
is blamed against the family. It is based on the principle that home is the
cradle of human personality and character that is, the product of The nation’s membership is hereditary. The state derives
goodness is always good and those who are moulded in wickedness, will political legitimacy from its status as the ethnic group’s homeland and
always show-off badness. Individuals strive to promote their own and from its obligation to safeguard the partially domestic group and as a
their family’s interests over community interests. group to promote its family and social life.
On the other hand, knowing how to entertain people
(marunong umasikaso ng kapwa) is important. In contrast to Western opinions of a country defined by its geographic
Conformity to proper codes of conduct reaps the rewards of cooperation territory, theorist Anthony D. Smith utilizes the word ‘ethnic nationalism’ for non Western
and assistance; non-conformity is punished by withdrawal of support. notions of nationalism.
The word “ethnonationalism” is usually used only in relation
FILIPINO VALUES ORIENTATION to nationalists who support an explicit ideology along these lines; the
Values Orientation - Is the approach that may influence work or social more generic word is “ethnic nationalism” and is used by nationalists
relationships by persons relating to objects, events and ideas. who hold such views in an informal, instinctive, or unsystematic
manner.
THREE MAIN OBLIGATIONS UNDERLYING
FILIPINO VALUE ORIENTATION The pejorative type of both is “ethnocentric nationalism” or
“tribal nationalism,” although “tribal nationalism” may have a non-
The relational or face-to-face interactions and their resulting pejorative significance when debating African, Native American or other
responsibilities are called interpersonal obligations. This is in relation to nationalisms that publicly claim a tribal identity.
the value in Filipino cultural orientation, the personalism. Pakikiramay,
pakikisama, bayanihan, and galang are the nature of interpersonal 2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism)
relationships that are inherent to the pure-blooded Filipino people. The state derives political legitimacy from its citizens ‘ active
involvement and the extent to which it reflects the “will of the
1. Pakikiramay individuals.” Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of rationalism
It is in the Filipino value of going out of the way to help, and liberalism, but it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism as a type of
without being asked, i.e., unsolicited help. nationalism.
Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary. The
2. Pakikisama (Smooth Interpersonal Relations) growth of representative democracy in nations such as the United States
and France was affected by civil-national values.
Regardless whether someone’s views are agreeable or not,
Filipinos are capable of getting along with it. Camaraderie, trust, State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a
confidence, and loyalty are enhanced and developed by this Filipino version of civic nationalism. It means that the country is a community of
value. those who contribute to the state’s maintenance and strength, and that
there is the person to contribute to that objective.
3. Bayanihan
The country is supposed to be a community of those who
As mentioned in the preceding topics, Filipinos are able to contribute to the state’s maintenance and strength, and where the person
render services and generous enough to extend help without exists expressly in the society to contribute to that objective. This often
results in fascism - generally characterized by authoritarianism and Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a
nationalism, fascism is a political ideology. cluster of associated ethnic and cultural communities (such as Turkish
peoples).
3. Expansionist Nationalism 10. Diaspora Nationalism
A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their
patriotic feelings with a faith in expansionism, generally through traditional homelands. In this type of nationalism, there is a nationalist
military aggression. The word was coined in the late 19th century as sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the United States
European powers indulged in the ‘ Scramble for Africa ‘ in the name of and elsewhere, etc.
domestic glory, but was most closely linked with militarist governments
in the 20th century, including Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the Japanese 11. Stateless Nationalism
Empire, and the Balkan nations of Albania (Great Albania), Bulgaria
(Greater Bulgaria), Croatia (Greater Croatia), Hungary. On nationalist basis (e.g. the Catalans and Basques in Spain)
an ethnic or cultural minority within a nation-state aims independence.
Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their right to self- 12. National Conservatism
determination ; some countries are believed to possess features or
qualities that make them superior to others. Therefore, expansionist A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version
nationalism argues the right of the state to expand its boundaries at the of conservatism that focuses more on domestic interests than
cost of its neighbours. conventional conservatism, while not being unduly nationalist or pursuing a far right agenda.
4. Romantic Nationalism 13. Revolutionary nationalism
It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological theory that calls
nationalism. Is the form of ethnic nationalism in which the state derives for a domestic group united by a shared sense of intent and destiny, also
political legitimacy as a result and expression of the nation’s natural. It known as radical nationalism. It was first ascribed and strongly
is based on the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets the promulgated by Benito Mussolini to followers of revolutionary
romantic ideal. syndicalism. In France and Italy at the start of the 20th century, this
intellectual synthesis of “radical nationalism and dissident society” was
It expressed Romanticism’s values and opposed the created.
rationalism of Enlightenment. A historical ethnic culture that meets the
Romantic Ideal was emphasized by romantic nationalism; folklore 14. Left-Wing Nationalism
evolved as a romantic nationalist notion.
Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist
nationalism, relates to any political movement combining left-wing or
5. Cultural Nationalism socialism with nationalism. Notable examples include the 26 July
The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban Revolution in
ethnic. Chinese nationalism is an instance of cultural nationalism, 1959 to oust the American-backed Fulgencio Batista, Ireland’s Sinn
partially due to China’s many national minorities. Membership in the Féin, Israel’s Labor Zionism and the African National Congress.
nation is neither completely voluntary nor hereditary. PATRIOTISM
However, a traditional culture can be more readily integrated Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and
into the lives of any person, particularly if the person can obtain his or attachment to a country and an alliance with other people who share the
her abilities at an early point of his or her own lives. (Conversi, 2008). same impression. This attachment can be a mixture of many distinct
Cultural nationalism has been defined as a variety of non-civil or emotions, including ethnic, cultural, political or historical elements,
ethnic nationalism (Nielsen, 1999). related to one’s own country. It is a predominant virtue linked to a
nation’s love, with greater emphasis on values and beliefs. One who is
patriotic will be willing to offer any sacrifice to his nation. He’ll never
6. Third World Nationalism live alone
Nationalist feelings are the outcome of opposition to colonial egotistically. For example, for the sake of his country, a soldier makes
rule to survive and maintain a domestic identity. the ultimate sacrifice of his life. For no other reason than being a citizen
of that nation, patriotism is a dedication to one’s nation. In essence,
7. Liberal Nationalism patriotism is a sense of attachment and dedication to a country, nation,
or political community or just country love.
Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political
philosophers who think that a non-xenophobic form of nationalism The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan period; it
compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance, equality and originated from Latin (6th century) patriota via Middle French, meaning
individual rights can exist (Tamir,1993, Kymlicka,1995, Miller,1995). It “countryman,” finally from Greek (patriōtēs), meaning ‘from the same
is asserted that in order to lead meaningful, independent life, people nation’ (patris), meaning “fatherland” (Liddell & Scott, 2013). The
need a national identity and those liberal democracies need domestic abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.
identity to work correctly.
By adhering to a national religion, patriotism can be
Liberal nationalists often defend the importance of domestic reinforced. This is the reverse of the church-state separation requested
identity by stating that people need a domestic identity to lead by the Enlightenment intellectuals who saw patriotism and religion as
meaningful, independent life (Kymlicka, 1995) and that liberal analogous and opposing forces. Michael Billig and Jean Bethke Elshtain
democratic politics need domestic identity to work correctly (David, both asserted that it is hard to discern the distinction between patriotism
1995, Arash, 2002). Ernest Renan, author of “Qu’est-ce qu’une and faith and depends heavily on the attitude of the person who does the
nation?” and John Stuart Mill are often thought to be early liberal label (Billig, 1995).
nationalists.
Kinds of Patriotism
1. Patriotism of Duty
8. Religious Nationalism This includes fidelity to one’s nation through material acts. This is
Nationalism’s connection to a specific religious faith, church, or military service patriotism and other selfless sacrifice types. This is
affiliation. It can be seen that a shared religion contributes to a sense of where patriotism becomes embodied and its ideals take praiseworthy
domestic unity and a mutual bond between the nation’s people. This particular actions.
connection can be divided into two dimensions; religion’s politicization
and religion’s converse effects on politics. In the former aspect, it can be 2. Patriotism of Affection
seen that a shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity; a
common bond between the nation’s people. The support of a national This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one’s internal
identity, comparable to a shared ethnicity, language or culture, is desire for his country’s well-being. The patriotism of affection can be
another political element of religion. More ideological is the impact of seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does not necessarily result in it; one
religion on politics, where present interpretations of religious concepts can truly love his country and yet be a coward, just as one can
inspire political activism and action; for instance, legislation are enacted theoretically fulfil a patriotic duty and yet feel
to encourage stricter religious adherence (Juergensmeyer,1996). apathetic about the country’s welfare.
9. Pan - Nationalism
3. Patriotism of Manners
 This is customs patriotism, written and unwritten. The The Philippines had been split into various principalities
patriotism of manners is to place one’s hand over the heart during the known as “barangays” in the years before the 11th century, a name
national anthem. It can be performed by anyone without actually originating from Malayan ships called “balangays.” Datus, rajahs or
needing affection or duty patriotism. While the above types of patriotism sultans governed these tiny political units (Halili, 2004). In 1565, when
show, at least in part, the real beliefs and hopes of a person, the Spanish explorer Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived from Mexico and
patriotism of manners establishes mostly a set of protocols established the first European colonies in Cebu, European colonization
started in earnest.
Types of Patriotism Starting with only five ships and five hundred men
1. Personal Patriotism - Is emotional and voluntary. The patriot adheres accompanied by Augustinian monks and further strengthened by two
to certain patriotic values, such as respect for the flag or the honoring of hundred soldiers in 1567, he was able to repel competing Portuguese
veterans. Other expressions of personal patriotism include enlisting in colonizers and lay the foundations for the Spanish colonization of the
the army, public service, and participation in the political process archipelago. The Spanish occupied the kingdoms of Maynila and Tondo
through voting or other forms of activism. in 1571 and founded Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies
(Kurlansky,1999). This Spanish colonization united the archipelago of
2. Official Patriotism – Promoted by the government which has a high the Philippines into one political unit.
symbolic and ceremonial content. It is a logical consequence of the state
itself, which derives legitimacy from being the expression of the The Beginning of Filipino Nationalism
common good of the political community.
Originally, the word “Filipino” referred to the Philippines
National monuments, and veterans days and commemoration “Spanish criollos.” The Spanish leaders described the natives as Indians
ceremonies are typical examples. Often official patriotism is highly during their 333-year rule over the Philippines (Royeca, 2012). The
regulated by protocol, with specific methods for handling flags, or Spaniards born in the Philippines, more known as insulars, criollos, or
specific pledges and displays of allegiance. creoles, were also called “Filipinos” during the colonial era as well.
Spanish-born Spaniards or Philippine-based continental Spaniards were
Official patriotism relies heavily on symbolic acts, such as referred to as Peninsulars. Those of blended heritage have been called
displaying the flag, singing the national anthem, saying a pledge, Mestizos. Despite being considered inferior by the Peninsulars, the
participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumper sticker on one’s Creoles had enjoyed numerous roles of state and church, and composed
vehicle, or any other way of publicly proclaiming allegiance to the state. most of the bureaucracy of government. The feeling of domestic
awareness originated from the Creoles, who now consider themselves
3. Symbolic Patriotism - In wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn “Filipino.” Three significant factors, economy, education, and parish
contributing to the war effort. secularization brought it to its emergence.
These factors led to the Filipino Nationalism’s birth. The
4. Peacetime Patriotism - Cannot be so easily linked to a measurable Philippines ‘ opening to global or world trade, the increase of the upper
gain for the state, but the patriot does not see it as inferior. class, and the influx of Europe’s liberal thoughts were just a few
Levels of patriotism vary across time, and among political communities. instances of how the Philippines became a stable nation. “The first
Typically, patriotic intensity is higher when the state is under external manifestation of Philippine nationalism followed in the 1880s and 1890s
threat. with a reform or propaganda movement carried out both in Spain and in
the Philippines with the aim of “propagandizing” the circumstances of
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM the Philippines in the hopes that the social, political and financial life of
the Philippines would be changed by peaceful means (History of the
While the terms patriotism and nationalism were once Philippine Revolution”, 2015).
regarded as synonymous, distinct connotations were assumed. While
both are people’s feelings of affection for their nation, the values on OTHER CONCEPTS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
which they are based are very distinct. Patriotism feelings are based on
the country’s positive values— like liberty, justice, and equality. The Nationalism is the secular identification and engagement of
patriot thinks that both their country’s state system and individuals are our people with the Filipino nation and domestic community, the
inherently good and working together to achieve a better quality of life. Philippines as our country and homeland. It goes beyond our family,
clan, tribe, village, city, province, religion, local culture and religion.
On the other hand, nationalism emotions are based on the First and foremost, it is being pro-Filipino; believing that we belong to
belief that one’s nation is superior to all others. It also holds a one body, mind, soul, and spirit. It’s a pride to be a Filipino; self-respect
connotation of other countries ‘ distrust or disapproval, leading to the as a Filipino; pride in our national cultural heritage and manner of life,
premise that other states are competitors. While patriots do not degrade with their constraints being realized. It involves pride in our heroes,
other countries automatically, nationalists do, sometimes to the point of pride in our flags, national anthem and other symbols of our nationhood;
calling for the global dominance of their country. Nationalism is the national pride and dignity inspired by the willingness to serve our nation
polar opposite of globalism by its protectionist beliefs. alone and with dedication, and to sacrifice for it, if necessary, with our
own lives.
Historically, both positive and negative have been the impacts It is a tool of change and reform ; it aims our moral and
of nationalism. While it has motivated movements of autonomy, such as spiritual regeneration, our liberation from ignorance, bigotry
the Zionist movement that formed contemporary Israel, it was also a (intolerance towards those who hold distinct views of themselves), parochialism (narrow
main factor in the increase of the German Nazi Party and the Holocaust mindedness), feudalism (a system in which higher
ranking individuals gave land and
(Longley, 2019). protection and worked and fought for them in exchange); olonial
mentality (the internalized attitude of people’s racial or cultural
According to Sydney J. Harris, the patriot is proud of his inferiority as a consequence of colonization), bribery and distorted
nation for what it does, and the nationalist is proud of his nation elitism (an elite’s advocacy or presence as a dominant component in a
whatever it does; the first approach generates a sense of accountability scheme or community). In other words, as Filipinos, it has a powerful
and the second a sense of blind stupidity leading to war. national identity send and a high-minded intent.
CHAPTER III FILIPINO NATIONAL IDENTITY BASED IN PART ON OUR
FILIPINO NATIONALISM INDIGENOUS VALUES
“Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to a. Pagsasarili (self - reliance)
know profoundly the past, so that we may be in complete openness with
the men who made that history and in intimate communion with their b. Pakikisama (equitable sharing and partnership)
thoughts, their deeds and their noble lives.”
c. Pagkabayani (patriotism)
Claro M. Recto Jr. d. Pagkakaisa (national unity, national consensus and discipline),
Filipino nationalism started in the Philippines in the 1800s e. Pakikitungo (consideration)
with an upsurge of patriotic feelings and nationalistic ideals resulting f. Pakikipagkapwa – Tao (human solidarity based first of all on
from more than two decades of Spanish rule. This served as the developing our nation),
backbone of, and continues to this day, the first nationalist revolution g. Pagkakapantay – Pantay (equality and equity).
in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896(Joaqs, 1990). These
nationalistic feelings have resulted to a comprehensive campaign in the DIFFERENT WAYS TO SHOW FILIPINO SENSE OF
Philippines for political, social and economic liberty. NATIONALISM
Filipinos had already shown their own way of nationalism in
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM the Spanish-colonial period. Some fought with their pens and tongues,
while others used their arms and weapons ‘ authority. Everyone had
their own way of showing our country their love and respect. Some Although Filipinos overseas have held themselves as the peak of their
even died and were able to get back our country’s freedom that we enjoy interest in the prism of their domestic uniqueness with a passionate
nowadays. approach to political, social and economic liberty. Filipinos may have
But have we ever noticed how some Filipinos demonstrate plurality in terms of divided islands, language, religion, and ethnicity,
their feeling of nationalism nowadays? You could read some thoughts in but they share a common country love and vision for a better
this portion about how some Filipinos show our nation their nationalism. Philippines.
To show our sense of Filipino nationalism, everyone must:
WORK - ACT – PARTICIPATE – RESPECT – STAND PROUD – 8. Speak Out Our Own Language
LOVE.
Let us work on our own. Act today, and participate in the Using our own language is manifesting and preserving our
government. Respect everyone including others’ raise. Stand proud for national identity. It is our unique means of communicating and
who you are. Love everyone as how you expect they would love you interacting with our fellowmen. Our language is an important tool to
back. achieve further unity and national development.
1. Respect the Philippine Flag and Value Filipino Identity 9. Remember and commemorate our heroes’ sacrifices for our
country
Being Filipinos, we should respect our Philippine flag and its
purpose. The history and value of this flag are connected to the freedom There were many Filipinos who died for our democracy,
we have today. Encourage our fellowmen to participate and respect our freedom, and independence. Some fought using their pens and tongues,
flag and its anthem and even our different symbols. They provide us our while some used the power of their arms and weapons. Each had their
identity as Filipinos or citizens of the beautiful Republic of the own way of showing their love and respect to our country. In today’s
Philippines. generation, let us value and treasured our heroes sacrifices and devotion
for our country. (google. com)
2. Be Productive
10. Love Our Family, Our Neighbours, and our Countrymen
Do not rely on everything and then blame our government, but
instead make yourself productive and helpful to the nation. Because The essence of life for most Filipinos is to create their family
some of the Filipinos are blaming the government for any adverse things and nation a part of their enduring engagement. They may even express
our nation would strike. True, there are some corrupt political position their dedication to unpopular choices born to the advantage of the
holders. But they’re not all. The only issue here is that we rely too much majority.
on our government then blame them afterwards. We should learn to We are strongly committed to our obligations. Filipinos create an all-out
stand on our own feet and be productive and helpful not only for effort to work and make private sacrifices around the clock over the
ourselves, but also for everyone. weekend hard work. These values, combined with an abundant reservoir
of patience, have been inculcated by our beloved parents to our youthful
minds.
3. Be Aware of the Issues in Our Country Bravery of Filipino workers abroad is an ideal evidence of
We must be aware and updated on the significant issues human sacrifice for family love and nation love. Being away from home
happening in the country. Extend help to the needy fellowmen, and dealing with the problems of life in a nation you knew no one and
especially the victims of disasters like typhoons, flooding, and the like. risking yourself into many foreboding dangers are exemplary,
particularly when serving a well-formulated task of supporting our
Naturally, all of us use media in our daily life. We could family’s necessities back home by sending remittances that, in turn,
already demonstrate our nationalism to our nation by using this media. would help increase the economy of the nation and make it more
Some of our fellow Filipinos used the authority of the press to extend financially stable through monetary asset
their assistance to others in the past calamities that hit our nation. They
published some data about how other individuals might be able to assist PHILIPPINE SYMBOLS THAT PROMOTES A SENSE OF
disaster-affected individuals. NATIONALISM
Symbols are very, very important to people in quite a lot of
4. Stand Proud For Every Achievement countries, especially if these symbols are related to a sense of
nationalism. The officially recognized national symbols of the
Filipinos are competitive in many ways around the world. Philippines are:
They are proud to be Philippines and to be brought to the nation for the
awards. For their accomplishments they unite every Filipino. We can be 1. The Philippine Flag with red, white, and blue colors and a yellow sun
proud of Filipinos like Manny Pacquiao, the Football Team of Azkals, representing the provinces of the country.
the Basketball Team of Gilas Pilipinas and many more.
2. Coat of Arms of the Philippines also featuring the yellow sun with 8
5. Patronize And Support Our Own Products rays depicting the original provinces in the Philippines.
The Philippines has rich resources to create quality goods and 3. Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land) - The Philippine National anthem –
products. The manpower services we provide are also globally
competitive. Our economy will improve more if we ourselves patronize 4. Sampaguita (Jasminum Sambac) - The national flower of the
our own products which characterize our creativity, resourcefulness, and Philippines; symbolizing purity and simplicity, the flower is small,
industry. white, and pleasantly fragrant.
In spite of Filipino migration all over the globe, nationalism is
also self-evident. Millions Filipinos now support goods and products 5. Narra (Pterocarpus) - The national tree of the Philippines; also known
made by the Philippines outside the Philippines. Everything is feasible as Rosewood, it is strong, sturdy, and durable - a common rainforest tree.
with the emergence of a world economy based on information driven by
free trade, market economy, and open capital markets. The Philippine 6. Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) - The Philippines national
products live up to the standard of quality in all modesty. bird. It is acknowledged to be severely endangered. The Philippine Eagle
is protected by law in the country and there is extreme punishment for
6. Preserve the Filipino culture any harm done to them.
Philippines is rich in various colorful cultural elements. They 7. Dr. Jose P. Rizal – The National Hero of the Philippines.
are our identity. Be proud and preserve the culture we have for they are
our treasure. We have to keep them for the future generation. 8. Cariñosa or Tinikling - The Philippine national dance. Gracefulness
Migrant Filipinos who have practically grown most of their life is symbolized by this dance.
overseas almost always return to the Philippines to explore our lovely
beaches and the feature attractions a nation with 7,107 islands offers. 9. Carabao (water buffalo) - The Philippine national animal. It
Filipinos maintain a periodic TFC (The Filipino Channel) subscription symbolizes industriousness and hard work due to its use on many farms
to get in contact with every Filipino, forget about homesickness while in the country.
overseas, and instil the Filipino values that we see on their television.
10. Bangus (milk fish) - The Philippines’ national fish. It symbolizes
7. Respect Everyone And Value Our Traditions versatility, because of the many ways in which it can be cooked.
Filipinos are very courteous and respectful. You will
acknowledge a Filipino individual everywhere you go because he or she 11. Mango - The national fruit. Philippine mangoes are considered the
has always been respectful of the elders and others, using the common sweetest fruit in the world.
but certainly classic “ho,” “oho,” “po” and “opo.” Even in modern
times, many Filipinos show and value their noble norms and traditions. 12. Barong - The Philippine national costume or clothing style for men -
(untucked shirt of thin fabric displaying Chinese, Indo-Malayan tropical 19th Century - Majority of the Filipino Priest were qualified as Secular
and Hindu influences) for Women: Baro’t Saya (skirt and blouse with no Priests.
collar)
13. “Bayan Ko” and “Pilipinas Kong Mahal” are the Philippine Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre y Nava Cerrada - He was the
national songs. one who boost and inspired the Secularization movement and leads a
Liberal Regime in Spain
14. Arnis - The Philippine national sport (stick fighting).
Rafael De Laquierdo (1870-73)
15. Anahaw (Livistona rotundifolia)- The Philippine national plant. This
plant is often used as hat, umbrella, or fan symbolizing the Filipino’s A Governor-General of the Spanish Republic who is an
resourcefulness. autocratic and oppressive ruler; replaced Gov. Dela Torre. He boasted
that he ruled with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other. He
16. Nipa Hut – The Philippine national house; typically a small bamboo decide to restor old order and repealed the exemption of the Filipino’s
house with a thatched roof. from Polo y Servicio (force labor of Filipino men in 1580) and tribute
(tax) that the Cavite workers had been enjoying.
IMPORTANT DATES, EVENTS AND PERSONS IN THE RISE
OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM January 20, 1872
The Opening of the Philippines to World Commerce Two hundred Filipino troops and employees, led by Sgt. Fernando
La Madrid, who took control of the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, mutinied
On 1834, Manila was officially part of the World Commerce against Spaniards. Gov. Izquierdo sent troops forthwith to quench the
after reviewing different economic policies 1834 - 1873. This is the rebellion. The ring leaders were murdered and persecuted by La
period of the development of agriculture in the country because Madrid, accusing the GOMBURZA as the Rebellion’s mastermind.
foreigners shared their agricultural ideas. Various ports opened in 1855
in Sual, Pangasinan, Iloilo and Zamboanga, in 1860 in Cebu and in 1873 Francisco Zaldua - A Bicolano soldier who testified against the
in Tacloban. GOMBURZA
Consequently, strong financial activity in the colony was February 17, 1872 - The day of execution of the 3 priests at Luneta
stimulated that made the lives of the Filipinos prosperous. Modern (Bagumbayan)
farming techniques were introduced and the means of transportation and
communication were that boost financial advancement, boost tobacco, GOMBURZA – Refers to the three martyrs:
sugar and abaca manufacturing.
Father Mariano Gomez, a Chinese-Filipino, born in Cavite who held
How Some Filipino Become Illustrados? the most senior position of the three as Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite. He
was truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty calmly as though
The middle class or the “Illustrados” were the educated it were his penance for being pro-Filipinos.
Filipinos who, by writing essays, articles, novels or publication in news
journal called “La Solidaridad,” campaigned for reform in the colony in Father Jose Burgos , was of Spanish descent, born in the Philippines.
a peaceful way. They were made up of the “principalia” or those He was a parish priest of the Manila Cathedral and had been known to
belonging to the Spanish or Chinese mestizos indigenous to Filipino or be close to the liberal Governor General de la Torre. He was 35 years
upper class. Their families were “inquilinos” who leased property to the old at the time and was active and outspoken in advocating the
friars. Agricultural production evolved during Philippine’s opening to Filipinization of the clergy. He wrote to defend the seculars and was
world trade, which led them to become rich. They were able to improve known to weep like a child.
their social status and send their children to European schools. They
later clamored for reforms and equality, and their children became Father Jacinto Zamora, was also Spanish, born in the Philippines. He
propaganda movement members. was the parish priest of Marikina and was known to be unfriendly to and
would not countenance any arrogance or authoritative behavior from
Spaniards coming from Spain. He once snubbed a Spanish governor
Influx of Liberal Ideas who came to visit Marikina.
Suez Canal’s opening shortened the distance between the
Philippines and Spain. This paved the way for liberalism to enter the Issues On The Three Priests
nation. Europe brought liberal concepts such as equality, freedom and
brotherhood and the establishment of the Spanish Republic; more 1. Fr. Gomez – Participated in secularization but no longer active in
Spaniards came to our nation and imparted liberal thoughts to the 1872 and he was already more than 80 years old.
Philippines. They carried liberal books and magazines with them. Not
only in Manila, but also in the provinces that occupied positions in 2. Fr. Burgos- Involved in the issue of secularization.
municipal government, the amount of Spaniards is increasing. With 3. Fr. Zamora – Victim of mistaken identity since the warrant of arrest
only a concern to improve material wealth and gain social prestige by was addressed to a certain Jose Zamora, a known critic of Spanish
gaining authority in society, more friars are increasing. Colonizers keep Government at that time.
the Filipinos tightly protected.
Secularization Movement
GomBurZa Execution
The transfer of parishes to the Filipino priest from the Spanish
friars was one of the effects of Europe’s spreading of liberal ideas. The parishes were assigned to regular priests because of the
death of secular priests in the 19th century. The Spaniards wanted the
secular priests to be silenced. Thus, Father Jose Burgos, Mariano
There Are Two Types of Priests: Gomez, Jacinto Zamora- were executed in February 17, 1872 by
1. Regular Priests or Friar Curates – They belong to specific Garrote after being implicated as master minds in Cavite Mutiny. At the
religious orders like Dominicans, Jesuits, Augustinians, death of the three priests the crowd paid respect when they removed
Franciscans, and Recollects. Only Spanish priests could be regular their hats and knelt down. The bells rang all over the City upon the
priests. order of Archbishop Melito Martinez.
2. Secular Priests or Parish Priests –These priests were not religious
orders and were under the archbishop’s oversight. Garrote - Is an execution technique previously practiced in Spain where
a tightened iron collar is used to strangle or break a convicted person’s
1565 neck. It is said to be the form of execution performed to the three priests.

Religious orders took control of the parishes in the Philippines The Importance of 1872, Gomburza Execution
these are the Augustinian, Recollects, Dominican, and Franciscan.
It is considered as the beginning of Filipino Nationalism in the
Council of Trent Philippine history because the three priests were innocent yet accepted
the brutal punishment for the nation.
It was stated that Secular priests should control the parishes
relates to deacons and priests who are not monastics or members of a Propaganda Movement or Reform Movement
religious institute. But few secular priests are accessible because some
of them have been sent to America. Also known as Junta De Propaganda, Cuerpo de
Compromisarios and La Solidaridad, was founded in 19th century by
Father Pedro Pelaez (1862) - Exposes the discrimination of Filipino the illustrados, to improve the lives of low Indios thru reforms or
clergys and the racial and national conflict with the Friars. changes implemented in the colony. The founders were Dr. Pedro
Paterno and Gregorio Sanciangco, Doctors of law who laid the
foundation of the movement in Madrid. connected with revolution which broke out in the Philippines in 1896.
He was imprisoned at Fort Santiago for sedition, rebellion and illegal
Propaganda refers to the systematic efforts to spread opinion association. On December 30,1896, he was executed in Bagumbayan
and beliefs by means of pen and tongue; literally means the propagation (Luneta). His last poem given to his sister Mi Ultimo Adios, secretly hid
of a given opinion. inside the cocinilla de alcohol (cooking lamp).
Propagandists or Reformists MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
These were the Filipino reformers who fled the country to Marcelo H. Del Pilar was regarded as the greatest journalist of
escape persecution in1872. They didn’t have the intention of achieving Reform Movement. Born on August 30, 1850 in San Nicolas, Bulacan,
social changes through armed struggle and revolution rather they Bulacan. He used his grandmother’s surname based on Gov. General
campaign for reform or change by way of writing . They advocated Narciso Claverias decree in 1849- “Filipinos should adopt a Spanish
reform by writing books, pamphlet and newspapers. They were Surname.”
popularly known as Illustrados (Intellectuals) in Spain, England and He studied Latin in Manila, and successfully obtained the
France. degree in Bachelor of Arts at Colegio de San Jose. He took up law at
University of Sto. Tomas but unable to finish it because he was
The Goals of Propaganda Movement suspended when he inquired the increase in baptismal fee. He was also
imprisoned for 30 days for this offense. He married his second cousin
1. To make the Philippines the province of Spain Marciana del Pilar where they have 7 children but only 2 survived, Sofia
2. Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislative branch in and Anita. He was passionate in his campaign against frailocracy. He
Spanish government) delivered speeches in baptismal, fiestas and even in cockpit arenas to
exposed the abuses of the friars and the injustices his family experienced
3. Equality between Spaniards and Filipino from them.
4. Secularization or granting Filipino priest the right to hold parishes
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was a Journalist who mastered the use of
5. Gaining freedom of speech, expression and assembly. satire (the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and
criticize people’s stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of
Major Causes for the Establishment of the Propaganda Movement contemporary politics and other topical issues). He was the co-founder
of the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines “Diariong Tagalog”
The following causes the creation of the Propaganda Movement: where he published his nationalistic article including the Tagalog
translation of Jose Rizal’s “El Amor Patrio.” His other writings were:
1. Emergence of Middle Class
2. The Liberal Administration of Gov. General Carlos Maria de la Torre a. Caingat Cayo – He defended here the Noli Me Tangere of Jose
y Nava Cerrada Rizal.
b. Dasalan at Toksohan – Collection of revised Catholic Prayers
3. Execution of GOMBURZA where he exposed the true nature of the friars.
4. Resulted to the deportation of patriotic Filipinos c. He change Ama Namin to Amain Namin, Aba Ginoong Maria
into Aba Ginoong Barya,
THREE LEADING REFORMISTS IN 19TH CENTURY d. Sampung Utos ng Diyos to Sampung Utos ng Prayle.
1. Dr. Jose P. Rizal e. Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab nang Puso ng taong babasa
2. Graciano Lopez Jaena
f. La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas ( Monastic Supremacy in the
3. Marcelo H. Del Pilar Philippines)
g. La Frailocracia Filipina ( The Frailocracy in the Philippines)
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was the brother-in-law of Deodato
Regarded as the conscience of the movement and the most Arellano, a propagandist and first president of the Katipunan. He
prolific writer among the Propagandists. His pen names are Dimasalang organized the 1st political group in the Philippines known as the “Junta
and Laong laan commonly known and acclaimed as the “Father of de propaganda.” His pseudonyms are, Dolores Manapat, Piping dilat,
Philippine Nationalism” due to his intellectual and idealistic support for V. Garcia and Plaridel.
Philippine Independence. For him Spanish colonial system itself should
be blamed for the unfortunate state of the Filipinos and the colony.
Dr. Jose P. Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in Calamba GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
Laguna. At the age of 3, he learned his alphabet, at the age of 8, he He was born in Jaro, Iloilo on Dec 18, 1856. His parents
wrote a poem entitled” Sa Aking mga Kabata”(To My Fellow children) encourages him to become a priest. However, Graciano wanted to
a poem that talks about love for one’s language. At the age of 9, he was become a doctor. He left the seminary and enrolled in the School of
sent to private tutor Don Justiniano Aquino Cruz. In 1872, changed his Medicine in University of Sto. Tomas but due to financial difficulties
family name from Mercado to Rizal because Mercado was closely he wasn’t able to finish his medical degree and forced to go back in
identified to Fr. Burgos who was executed by Spanish Authorities. In IloIlo. The poor people of IloIlo consulted him for medical problems.
1877, he graduated Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo, Municipa. He enrolled He started the campaign for freedom in 1874 by writing “Fray Botod”
in University of Sto. Tomas, took up medicine while taking up (La hija de fraile) means “Big - Bellied Friar.” In his work he revealed
agrimensura (surveying) in Ateneo. Rizal’s poem A la juventud Filipina the gluttony, indolence and greediness of friars as represented by Fray
(To the Filipino Youth) won the first prize in literacy contest sponsored by Licero Literario Botod.
Artisticio. He went to Negros Occidental to avoid arrest in 1880, and
The Councils of the God only won 2nd price after the judge then he went to Valencia Spain and continues his medical degree but
learned that it was written by Filipino. In 1882, he sailed for Spain later shifted to journalism in Madrid. Graciano was a former staff of
without the knowledge of his parents and finished medicine in LOS DOS MUNDO - News organ in Iloilo and was acclaimed as the
Universidad Central de Madrid in June 1885. Filipinas Dentro De Cien “Prince of the Filipino Orators” and the great orator of the Reform
Anos Movement. His pen name was Diego Laura and he founded the La
(The Philippine Century Hence) his written essay, where he showed Solidaridad (Solidarity) which becomes the mouthpiece of the
how the ancient civilization of Filipinos was ruined by the Spaniards. Sa Propaganda. In Madrid, he wrote articles campaigning for reforms in the
Mga Kababaihan ng Malolos (The Young women of Malolos) He Philippines. He became a member of the freemasonry and founded
commended the 20 women of Malolos who bravely disobeyed their masonic lodge for Filipinos in 1889.
parish priest by establishing a night school where they could learn the
Spanish language. For him and Marcelo H. Del Pilar, frailocracy or monastic
He wrote Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) a novel about supremacy was the root cause of impoverishment of the Filipinos under
social reality in the Philippines in 19th century. On February 1888, he Spanish colonialism. He has a habit of eating sardines straight from the
was forced to leave Manila, he went to Hongkong, Japan, Macau, US can, wiping his hands at his coat and still wear it the next day without
and England causing him to learned numerous language. On July 3, being laundry.
1892 he founded the La Liga Filipina in Tondo Manila, to foster
cooperation among Filipinos, to help each other in times of needs, to OTHER FILIPINO REFORMISTS
promote education and agriculture. In 1892 to 1896, Rizal spent his life
as an exiled in Dapitan. He became a teacher to little boys, he built DR. PEDRO PATERNO
artesian well for more effective irrigation system, and he served as a A doctor of law who wrote the novel entitled “Ninay,” the 1st
doctor, and met Josephine Bracken. He was requested to go to Cuba to Filipino Novel that shows the Filipino’s developed culture.
serve as military doctor, but he was arrested for allegedly being
ANTONIO LUNA created our moral scruples core. Cultural individuality combined with
Some of his works are Noche Buena, a biographical sketch that depicts Spain-derived cultural components. The U.S. and the contemporary
the actual life in the Philippines. La Maestra de mi pueblo Describe planetary society ( Panopio and Rolda.2000 ). You can find Filipinos in
defects of the educational system for women. His pen name was Taga- almost every part of the globe. We rejoice at the sight of other co-
ilog. Filipinos when we’re in a foreign nation as if there’s something that
connects us. Sometimes, if we don’t know a person’s nationality, but he
or she looks like a Filipino, we often ask, “Filipino ka ba?” And we are
happy when he or sh answered “yes.” However, if someone fails to
satisfy our expectations in the manner they answer questions or in the
ANDRES BONIFACIO manner they act, we say in frustration, “kapwa Filipino pa naman.”
Known to be “Supremo of Katipunan” was one of the Landa Jocano, a famous sociologist says that “there are no
founders of Katipunan. He wrote poem, letters, essays and dialogue negative Filipino values, only the wrong use of values”. Values slowly
while his writing are: alter, but it depends on how powerful families are to preserve, promote
and pass on our cultural values from one generation to the next.
• Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa - wherein he discussed the importance of Here in the Philippines, values are really of importance and
loving motherland. should be respected. As we grow older, our parents shaped us different
• Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya. values. From the time we are born. Pagkalinga, pag-aaruga, at pakialam
(Care) were given by them. This value shapes our real Filipino culture,
• Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Tagalog - explained how Philippines entered an showing that we are conscious of others.
era of darkness under the Spaniards The Filipino value system relates to the set of values or the
• He explained in essay the meaning of word Tagalog - it did not only value system that has historically been held by a majority of Filipinos in
refer to particular ethnic group but to all inhabitants who lived near their life. This system of Philippine values involves the distinctive
bodies of water (tags-ilog). Everybody should be rightfully called combination of coherent ideologies, moral codes, ethical procedures,
Tagalog. cultural etiquette and private values promoted by the Philippine society.
However, as with any culture, the values held sacred by any person may
His pseudonym was Agapito Bagumbayan. He prepared a vary on the grounds of religion, education, and other variables.
Decalogue to serve as guide for Katipuneros “Katungkulang Gagawin As a general description, Filipinos’ separate value system is
ng mga Anak ng Bayan” but later adopted the “Kartilla ng Katipunan” mainly rooted in private alliance systems, particularly those based on
of Emilio Jacinto. kinship, duty, friendship, religion (especially Christianity) and business
interactions.
EMILIO JACINTO PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF FILIPINO VALUES
Regarded as the“Brain of the Katipunan.” Born on Dec. 15, For the most part, Filipino values are focused on preserving
1875 in Trozo, Manila. He took up Bachelor of Arts from the Colegio de social harmony, mainly driven by a group’s willingness to be accepted.
San Juan de Letran. He took up law from University of Sto. Tomas but The primary sanction against diverging from these values are “Hiya”
he was not able to finish it because of revolution. He joined Katipunan ideas, approximately translated as “a sense of shame,” and “Amor
in 1894 under the name of Pingkian. He wrote Kartilla ng Katipunan proper” or “self-esteem.” Social approval, group recognition, and group
that served as moral and ethical guide for Katipuneros. His other works membership are significant issues. Caring for what others believe, say or
are Liwanag at Dilim and La Patria. do is a powerful influence on Filipinos ‘ social behaviour.
The Filipino philosophy is basically’ non-dualistic,’ according
He became an editor in chief of Kalayaan, an official to anthropologist Leonardo Mercado. He concludes, based on his
newspaper of Katipunan. He assigned to rescue Rizal while waiting the linguistic analysis of Filipino value terms such as “loob” (Cebuano buot),
ship going to Cuba but Rizal refused to be rescued. He fought with that Filipinos desire harmony, not only in interpersonal relationships, but
cazaderos or spanish riflemen in Maimpis, Magdalena Laguna, where also with nature and religion, while remaining non- dichotomous. The
he was wounded on the knee. He died due to malaria on April 6, 1899 in Filipino wants to harmonize the object and the subject while keeping
Sta Cruz Laguna. both as distinct at the same time.
MODELS OF THE FILIPINO VALUES
THE FOUNDING AND RELEVANCE OF KATIPUNAN
The reform movement’s failure paves the way for a movement 1. Exogenous Model or the Foreign Model
that advocates armed struggle to achieve liberty. A “legal and formal” model is defined as the international
model. Filipinos from Western cultures, particularly from the Spaniards
KKK (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan ng and the Americans, inherited the foreign model. An example of foreign
mga Anak ng Bayan or Katipunan). or exogenous impact is the bureaucracy displayed in the Philippine
government.
This was founded on July 7, 1892, same day that news about
Rizal’s exile to Dapitan. Deodato Arellano was the first President of 2. Indigenous Model or the Traditional Model
Katipunero followed by Roman-Basa then by Andres Bonifacio. The Described as a “traditional and non-formal” model or guide, the
KKK members were divided when it increased more than one hundred indigenous model is deeply integrated in the Filipinos ‘ subconscious.
Katipon, Kawal, Bayani. Each category has its own password and
members undergo blood compact. STRUCTURES AND ELEMENTS OF FILIPINO VALUES
The Filipino value system is known to possess significant key
Katipuneros refers to the sons of the people, used triangle components based on research, surveys, observations, anecdotes and
method to recruit members, where every member should recruit two new other literatures developed by scholars and researchers in relation to
members who would only know each other after passing the initiation Filipino social values or core values, together with the Filipino character
rites. or identity of a person or individual known as the Filipino.

CHAPTER IV One may notice how Hiya (ownership/dignity), Pakikisama

FILIPINO CORE VALUES (companionship/esteem), and Utang Na Loob (gratitude/solidarity) are
simply Surface Values — readily seen and appreciated by many
BASIC CONCEPT OF VALUES Filipinos. These three values are deemed branches of a single origin —
Core values are a person’s or organization’s fundamental Filipino Personality’s real core value — Kapwa.
beliefs. These guiding principles dictate conduct and can assist It implies’ totality,’ referring to society, or not doing stuff
individuals to know the distinction between right and wrong. It also alone. Ibang Tao (other people) and Hindi Ibang Tao(not other people)
assists organizations by establishing an unwavering guide to determine if are two types of Kapwa. The Surface Values spin off the Core Value
they are on the correct track and fulfil their objectives. Values are through Pakikiramdam’s Pivotal Aspect or mutual internal perception
essential because they assist us to grow. They assist us build the future (“feeling for someone else”).
that we want to experience. Hundreds of choices are made every day by Other notable elements or motivations are optimism about the
every person and every organization. The choices we make reflect our future, pessimism about current circumstances and activities, concern and
values and beliefs and are always aimed at a particular purpose. That aim concern for other individuals, the presence of friendship and friendliness,
is our person or collective (organizational) needs to be satisfied. When the habit of being hospitable, spiritual nature, respect for oneself and
we make choices using our values, we create a conscious decision to others, respect for the female members of society, fear of God, and
concentrate on what matters to us. They create inner cohesion within a abhorrence of cheating and other acts.
group when values are shared. The values of the Filipinos specifically uphold the following
elements: family unit solidarity, security of the Philippine economy,
FILIPINO VALUES SYSTEM orientation towards small-groups, personalism, the concepts of “loob” or
Race strains and cultural components such as Aeta have “kalooban” (meaning “what’s inside the self,” the “inner self” or the
derived Filipino values. Indonesians, Malayan, Hindu and Chinese who “actual personal feelings of the self”), existence and maintenance of
smooth interpersonal relationships, and the sense of the self. members specialized understanding and abilities, as well as great
In a broader image, these values are categorized into particular standard of ethics and morality.
clusters or “macroclusters”: The members of the Philippine National Police must therefore conform
1. Cluster of Relationships to and internalize the key principles of:
2. Social Cluster • Love of God.
3. Cluster of Livelihoods • Respect for authority.
4. Cluster of Inwardness • Respect for women
5. Cluster of Optimism • Respect for sanctity of marriage.
• Stewardship over material things
THE FIVE CORE FILIPINO VALUES • Responsible dominion
Based on Dr. Ramirez’s study “The Filipino Worldview and • Truthfulness
Values” and her perspectives as a phenomenological sociologist from The Police service in the Philippines is expressed in the
centuries of practice, here are the Five Core Filipino Values based on a acronym SERVICE. The acronym SERVICE stands for:
Filipino’s Basic Aspirations.
SERVANT HOOD
Mapagpasalamat As police affirm its unconditional service and love for the
This is based on the aspiration of Filipinos to “Pamumuhay” nation and individuals, Police value a supportive and professional role
(Life) and “Pananalig sa Diyos at Kapwa” (God and People Faith). serves and protects its clientele and community with honesty, utmost
Filipinos understand how life can be enjoyed. We have plenty of devotion and commitment above private concern.
vacations, celebrations, occasions, and meetings. Filipinos are cheerful
and sociable, of course. Even in depressing circumstances, we wear EXCELLENCE
smiles on our faces. That’s because we’re always looking at life’s bright Police are committed in doing and making things occur
side. effectively and efficiently in all of their efforts as they strive to
We always have a positive outlook because, even in the accomplish more consistently and outstandingly with tangible outcomes
smallest things, we always find things to be grateful for. We would and far beyond their best.
always say “Salamat sa Diyos” (Thank God) whenever excellent things
occur because Filipinoswould attribute the blessings of life to the Higher RESPONSIBILITY WITH ACCOUNTABILITY
Being from whatever religion. We also recognize other people’s Police carry out and execute their responsibilitiesand tasks as
excellent acts towards us and do our utmost to return the favor. their moral duty is to serve the public with due diligence and always
bearing in mind that they are accountable and duty bound to promote the
Matatag public interest.
Filipinos, being in a nation susceptible to natural disasters, have
adjusted and learned to be powerful in moments of need and in difficult
circumstances that life throws at us. This power is derived from our love
for our family and our belief in the greater being. This is based on VALUING PEOPLE AND RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Filipino’s “Kaayusan” (Order) aspiration. Police always maintain their fellow human beings’ dignity
In reality, the popular phrase of the Philippines is “Ayos Na.” whenever they cater their needs and are delicate and cautious in serving
When we are able to overcome problems, we say “Ayos Na.” We and protecting them with compassion and utmost regard for their human
Filipinos are longing for “Kaayusan,” and we will endure all and be rights.
powerful in the midst of hardships and challenges until we overcome the
barriers. INTEGRITY
Police take an uncompromising and coherent position in the
Masigasig fulfillment of their obligation to live an honest, upright and dignified life
We do everything we can to get it when Filipinos dream of according to the highest ethical and moral norms where their advocacy,
something. We’re doing it for our loved ones and relatives. This is based values and convictions are compatible with their words and actions.
on the “Kasaganaan” (Abundance) and “Ginhawa” (Relief) aspiration of
Filipinos. Not for himself, but for his family, a Filipino aspires to COURAGE
abundance. Masaganang Bagong Taon (Bountiful New Year) is the From their moral strength police draw their collective and
Filipino translation for Happy New Year because we match happiness individual power of approach to always accept difficult duties, and they
and celebration with abundance. are courageous enough to speak out against temptation, anomalies,
“Ginhawa” in Bisaya implies breath. And the soft breath flow corruption and exploitation and stand firm.
is the soft life flow we call “Ginhawa.” “Ginhawa” is the feeling of well-
being in a Filipino, according to lay theologian Dr. Jose de Mesa. EMPOWERMENT
Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) would be an instance of enduring Police reach out and create bridges of collaboration, nurture
being away from home to offer their families a healthy life – abundance volunteerism and operate in harmony with their clientele by training
and relief from hardships. individuals for a better and safer society in the process.

Mapagmalasakit CHAPTER V
It is because of our family love extended to friends, neighbors RELATED PHILIPPINE LAWS THAT PROMOTES
and others that naturally sympathetic Filipinos. This compassion allows NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM
us to assist others without in exchange asking for anything. This is based
on the aspiration of Filipinos to “Loob at Damdamin” and “Kapwa” 1. Republic Act No. 10086 - An act strengthening peoples’ nationalism
(Other People). “Loob” is the seat of the dignity of the Philippines. through Philippine history by changing the nomenclature of the National
Filipino’s personality is expressed in his “kalooban.” Filipinos tune in Historical Institute into the National Historical Commission of the
the “kalooban” of each other by checking the situation of each other and Philippines, strengthening its powers and functions, and for other
talking about the life of each other. purposes; also known as the Philippine Cultural Heritage Act of 2010.
Filipinos use “kapwa” to refer not only to a stranger, but to a
relative, a neighbor next door, a distant relative, or a friend because of 2. Republic Act 8044 – also known as the Youth in Nation-Building
our family culture. Our characteristic of “Mapagmalasakit” makes it Act; an act creating the National Youth Commission, establishing a
simple for us to promote the spirit of Bayanihan–to unite and assist one National Comprehensive and Coordinated Program on Youth
another during calamities and to celebrate together on unique occasions. Development, Appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes.

Magalang 3. Republic Act No. 1425 - an act to include in the curricula of all public
The use of po, opo, and pagmamano (hand kissing) are separate and private schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, works
methods of regard for Filipino people. We say these phrases and use this and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and
gesture to demonstrate our respect and love to elderly. The Filipinos’ El Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and
respect is not just limited to the elderly but also to other people’s for other purposes
properties, emotions, and ideas. We are polite people. Our language is
also respectful because it has no sex bias. For example, the phrases 4. The 1987 Constitution
“kapatid” (brother/ sister) or asawa (husband/wife) or “biyenan” (father-
in-law/mother-in-law) or “anak” (son/daughter) do not show gender 5. Republic Act No. 10390 - an act amending republic act no. 7306,
differences. These words are certainly sex- friendly Filipino uniquely. entitled “an act providing for the establishment of the people’s television
Our respect for other people is an integral part of our culture and our network, incorporated, defining its powers and functions, providing for
language. This is based on our “Lakas ng Loob” or “Kagandahang Loob” its sources of funding and for other purposes; also known as “An Act
aspiration. Revitalizing the People’s Television Network, Incorporated”.

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE CORE VALUES 6. Republic Act No. 9512 - approved last December 12, 2008; also
Being a noble profession the police service demands from its known as an act to promote environmental awareness through
environmental education and for other purposes or the National Children Act of 2004.
Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008. It protects the family and its members particularly women and
It is an act to promote environmental awareness through children from violence and threats to their personal safety and security.”
Environmental Education (EE) and covers the integration of EE in the
school curricula at all levels, be it public or private, including day care, Republic Act 7192 - Women in Development and Nation Building
preschool, non- formal, technical, vocational, indigenous learning, and Act.
out-of-school youth courses or programs. The Act provides guidance and measures that will mobilize and
Section 6 of the Act says that the DepEd, CHED, TESDA, enhance participation of women in the development process in ways
DENR, DOST and other relevant agencies, in consultation with experts equal to that of men.
on the environment and the academe, shall lead in the implementation of
public education and awareness programs on environmental protection Memorandum Circular No. 48 Series of 2013
and conservation through collaborative interagency and multi-sectoral Directing all concerned government agencies to adopt the
effort at all levels.It also declares November as the Environmental Gender Equality Guidelines in the development of their respective Media
Awareness Month in the Philippines Policies and Implementing Programs in order to promote gender
mainstreaming.
Republic Act 10354- The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT Health Act of 2012 or the RH Law.
Philippine Commission on Women defined Gender and It is a law in the Philippines, which guarantees universal
Development as the development perspective and process that is access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual education,
participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from violence, and maternal care.
respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination and
actualization of human potentials. 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article II Sec. 14)
Gender and Development (GAD) approach focuses on the The State recognizes the role of women in nation building and
socially constructed basis of differences between men and women and shall promote the FUNDAMENTAL EQUALITY before the law of
emphasizes the need to challenge existing gender roles and relations. women and men.
GAD was developed in the 1980’s as an alternative to the
Women in Development (WID) approach. Unlike WID, the GAD SEX AND GENDER: HOW DO THEY DIFFER?
approach is not concerned specifically with women, but with the way in “An extremely important part of an individual’s identity and
which a society assigns roles, responsibilities and expectations to both one that begins at least at birth, is gender.” - Dr. Kenneth Cushner, 2012.
women and men. GAD applies gender analysis to uncover the ways in
which men and women work together, presenting results in neutral terms It is more than just knowing that you are male or female.
of economics and efficiency. Identification of sex is usually clearly internalized by the age of 3 but
The World Bank was one of the first international organizations begins around the age of 18 months.
to recognise the need for Women in Development, appointing a WID Gender refers to the specific set of characteristics that identifies
Adviser in 1977. In 1984 the bank mandated that its programs consider the social behaviour of women and men and the relationship between
womens’ issues. In 1994 the bank issued a policy paper on Gender and them. Gender alludes not simply to women or men but the relationship
Development, reflecting current thinking on the subject. This policy aims between them and the way it is socially constructed. Since gender biases
to address policy and institutional constraints that maintain disparities exist and these biases prevent people from attaining their full potentials,
between the genders and thus limit the effectiveness of development development is impeded.
programs.
Gender and Development (GAD) is concerned with women and
her specific roles, responsibilities and expectations in the society. It also Sex Gender
analyzes the nature of women’s contribution within the context of work
done both inside and outside the household and reflects the public/private Categorized as male or female Masculinity and femininity
dichotomy that undervalues the work done by women in the home.
(http://www.sbma.com/ gender-and-development-program)
GAD focuses on the principle that development is for all. Biological Socially, culturally and
Everyone in society, female or male, has the right to equal opportunities historically determined
to achieve a full and satisfying life.
It does not define the following:
1. Not a war of the sexes Fixed at birth Learned through socialization
2. Not anti-Male
3. Both women and men are victims although women more than men. Does not change across time and Varies over time and space
4. Both have a stake in the struggle for gender equality place
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT RELATED LAWS AND
ISSUANCES IN THE PHILIPPINES Equally valued Unequally valued(masculinity as
the norm)
Philippine Plan for Gender and Development, 1995- 2025
National Plan that addresses provides and pursues full equality Gender identity / gender role includes knowledge of a large set
and development for men and women. Approved and adopted by former of rules and expectations for what boys and girls should wear, how they
President Fidel V. Ramos as Executive No. 273, on September 8, 1995, it should speak and act, and their ‘place’ in the overall structure of the
is the successor of the Philippine Development Plan for Women, 1989- society.
1992 adopted by Executive No. 348 of February 17, 1989. It can be affected by:
1. Race - each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct
Republic Act No. 9710 (Magna Carta of Women) physical characteristics.
Approved on August 14, 2009, which mandates for non- 2. Ethnicity - the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a
discriminatory and pro-gender equality and equity measures to enable common national or cultural tradition.
women’s participation in the formulation, implementation and evaluation 3. Social Class - a division of a society based on social and economic
of policies and plan for national, regional and local development. status; upper class, new money, middle class, working class, working
poor, and poverty level.
Memorandum Circular No. 2011 – 01 dated October 21, 2011 4. Religion - a particular system of faith and worship.
Addressing to all Government Departments including their 5. Geographical Region - a demarcated area of the Earth
attached agencies, offices, bureaus, State Universities and Colleges
(SUCs), Government- Owned and Controlled Corporations (GOCCs) and COMMON MYTHS ABOUT GENDER
all other government instrumentalities as their guidelines and procedures 1. If a father does the household work, he is considered as “under the
for the establishment, strengthening and institutionalization of the saya.”
Gender And Development (GAD) Focal Point System (GFPS). 2. Men are better leaders and administrators than women.
3. It is the woman’s fault if she is being harassed sexually when she is
Republic Act 7877 - Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995. wearing skimpy clothing.
It is an “Act Declaring Sexual Harassment Unlawful in the 4. It is not proper for a girl to say “I love you” first to a boy.
Employment, Education or Training Environment, and for other 5. The mother should be the only one responsible for child-rearing and
purposes” was approved on February 14, 1995 and became effective on parenting.
MAr 5, 1995.
TERMS RELATED TO GENDER
1. Socialization – is the process by which social norms, roles and
Republic Act 9262 - Anti-Violence Against Women and Their expectations are learned and internalized.
2. Gender Socialization – is the process by which norms and form of family that includes only the husband, the wife, and unmarried
expectations in relation to gender are learned by women and men. children who are not of age.
3. Gender stereotype – a form of prejudgment, bias or limitation given 4. Avuncular Family – a family composed of a grandparent, a brother,
to roles and expectations of males and females. These may affect the his sister, and her children
gender equality and inequality in the society. 5. Childless Family - is sometimes the “forgotten family,” as it does not
4. Gender equality – gives men and women the entitlement to all aspects meet the traditional standards set by society. Childless families consist of
of human development. a husband and wife living and working together. Many childless families
5. Gender inequality – refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of take on the responsibility of pet ownership or have extensive contact with
individuals based on their gender. their nieces and nephews as a substitute for having their own children.
6. Extended Family - family that extends beyond the nuclear family,
GENDER STEREOTYPE INVOLVES THE DIFFERENTIATIONS including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live
Attributed by a given culture to women and men, in the following nearby or in one household.
aspects: 7. Family Of Choice / Chosen Family - is common within the LGBT
1. Social Roles community, both in academic literature and in colloquial vocabulary. It
2. Capacities refers to the group of people in an individual’s life that satisfies the
3. Traits And Characteristics typical role of family as a support system.
8. Blended Family or Stepfamily - describes families with mixed
1. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN SOCIAL ROLES BETWEEN MEN parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children of the former
AND WOMEN family into the new family.
MEN 9. Monogamous Family - In this case, an individual has only one
Provides financially for the family (official) partner during their lifetime or at any one time.
Works as managers, construction builders or engineers 10. Polygamous Family – a family composed of a marriage that includes
Portrayed as leaders more than two partners (polygamous).
WOMEN a. Polygamy - a man is married to more than one wife at a time which is
Takes care of the house and children common in some parts of Middle East and Africa and is often
Works as a nurse, teacher , secretary associated with Islam;
Portrayed as followers b. Polyandry - when a woman is married to more than one husband at a
time; traditionally practiced in areas of the Himalayan mountains,
2. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN CAPACITIES BETWEEN MEN among Tibetans in Nepal, in parts of China and in parts of northern
AND WOMEN India.
MEN WOMEN c. Fraternal Polyandry - where two or more brothers are married to the
Good in math and science Good in arts and less intellectual pursuits same wife
Physically strong Physically weaker and fragile d. Polyamory - If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives;
Firm decision makers Wishy – washy or fickle minded in group or conjoint marriage.
decision making
3. GENDER STEREOTYPE IN TRAITS AND
CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
MEN WOMEN PROCESSES INVOLVED IN GENDER SOCIALIZATION IN
Active passive THE FAMILY (Ruth Hartley)
aloof loving 1. Manipulation – means that people handle girls and boys differently as
aggressive peaceful infants.
independent dependent a. Mothers tend to use more physical stimulation on male infants and
brave fearful more verbal stimulation on female infants.
b. Boy babies are tossed in the air.
AREAS OR CHANNEL OF SOCIALIZATION c. Girl babies get more delicate handling.
According to Dr. Ralph G. Perrino (2000), family, school, 2. Canalization – means that people direct children’s attention to
peers, mass media, public opinion, and religion play a major role in the gender-appropriate object.
socialization and, ultimately, the education process. Each of us proceeds a. Choice of toys, boys are given toy cars and machines;
through life in a manner that we often believe is under our immediate b. girls are given dolls and tea sets.
control and influence. It seems logical that the actions we take and the c. Toys teach children what their prescribed roles in life will be
impact of those actions is based upon a series of logical, rational, 3. Verbal Appellation – telling children what they are and what is
decisions selected and filtered by choice, not chance. expected of them.
Although this seems a reasonable manner in which to assess a. Brave boy, pretty girl
one’s lot in life, it is far from reality, particularly in the area of education. b. Boys don’t cry, girls don’t hit playmates
One of the most dramatic impacts on a child’s education is that of the 4. Activity exposure – familiarizing children to their gender -
socialization process. appropriate tasks
1. Family a. Girls help their mother with housework.
2. Church b. Boys are encouraged to play outside the house
3. Mass Media
4. School B. CHURCH / RELIGION
5. Peers It is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that
relate humanity to spirituality and moral values. The practice of a
A. FAMILY religion may also include rituals, sermons, commemoration or veneration
In the context of human society, a family (from Latin: familia) of a deity, gods or goddesses, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance,
is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, prayer,
birth), affinity (by marriage or other relationship), or co-residence music, art, dance, public service or other aspects of human culture.
(relatives and servants). It is also known as the basic unit for raising Gender roles in Christianity vary considerably today as they
children. In most societies, the family is the principal institution for the have during the last two millennia. This is especially true with regards to
socialization of children. (family. lovetoknow.com) marriage and ministry.
TWO TYPES OF FAMILY EFFECTS OF RELIGION
1. Immediate family - may include spouses, parents, brothers, sisters, 1. Regular attendance at religious services is linked to healthy, stable
sons, and daughters. family life, strong marriages, and well-behaved children.
2. Extended family - may include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, 2. Religious worship also leads to a reduction in the incidence of
nephews, nieces, and siblings - in-law. Sometimes these are also domestic abuse, crime, substance abuse, and addiction.
considered members of the immediate family, depending on an 3. In addition, religious practice can increase physical and mental health,
individual’s specific relationship with them. longevity, and education attainment.
GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF FAMILY STRUCTURES C. MASS MEDIA
1. Matrifocal Family - this kind of family occurs commonly where These are diversified media technologies that are intended to
women have the resources to rear their children by themselves or where reach a large audience by mass communication. It has an immense
men are more mobile than women; opposite of patrifocal family. impact on young minds. With the advent of the Internet, television now
2. Patriarchal Family - is a family in which the father is considered has a partner in the role of visual stimulant of young minds. The culture
head of household; this is true regardless of which parent is the primary portrayed by the mass media emphasizes glamour, sexual satisfaction
breadwinner (in a household with a working mom and stay-at-home dad; and promiscuity, comedic vulgarity, violence, and immediate
also known as father – centered family or father dominated family; gratification of needs.
opposite of matriarchal family. The organizations that control these technologies, such as
3. Conjugal Family / Nuclear Family / Single Family – a traditional television stations or publishing companies, are also known as the mass
media. 1. Peer pressure - often used to describe instances where an individual
EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA IN SOCIALIZATION feels indirectly pressured into changing his/her behavior to match that of
1. Media`s sexualization of young female celebrities his/her peers. Taking up smoking and underage drinking are two of the
2. Video games that promote violence and negative stereotypes. best known examples.
3. Music lyrics and music videos that promote negative stereotypes and 2. Future problems
violence 3. Risk behaviors
4. Sex stereotypes in kid`s TV program 4. Aggression and pro - social behaviour
5. Sexual promiscuity
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MASS MEDIA
1. Broadcast Media - such as radio, recorded music, fiilm and television CHAPTER VI
transmit their information electronically. CITIZENSHIP
2. Print Media - use a physical object such as a newspaper, book,
pamphlet or comics, to distribute their information. Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen in a
3. Outdoor Media - is a form of mass media that comprises billboards, political society, which membership implies, reciprocally, a duty of
signs or placards placed inside and outside of commercial buildings, allegiance on the part of the member and duty of protection on the part
sports stadiums, shops and buses. Other outdoor media include flying of the State.
billboards (signs in tow of airplanes), blimps, and skywriting Citizen is a person having the title of citizenship. He is the
4. Public Speaking and Event Organising - can also be considered as member of a democratic community who enjoy full civil and political
forms of mass media. rights, and is accorded protection inside and outside the territory of the
5. Digital Media - comprises both Internet and mobile mass State.
communication. Internet media provides many mass media services, such
as email, websites, blogs, and internet based radio CITIZENSHIP AND CITIZEN DISTINGUISHED FROM
and television. NATIONALITY AND NATIONAL
From the point of view of international law, “citizenship” and
D. SCHOOL “citizen” do not exactly mean the same as “nationality “and “national.”
It is an institution for educating children, any institution at The national of a State include not only its citizens who enjoy full civil
which instruction is given in a particular discipline, a group of people. It and political privileges but also all others who are not its citizens, but
is an artificial institution set up for the purpose of socialization and because they owe allegiance to it, are not regarded as aliens. While all
cultural transmission. The school can be regarded as a formally citizens are nationals of a State, not all nationals are citizens of a state.
constituted community as opposed to mutual communities.
HOW THE SCHOOL PERFORMS THE FUNCTION OF MEANING OF SUBJECT AND ALIEN
SOCIALIZATION? A citizen is a member of a democratic community who enjoys
1. Through the curriculum, the school in a formal way provides the child full civil and political rights. In Monarchial State, He is often called
with: Subject.
a. Knowledge of basic intellectual skills such as reading, writing, verbal An alien is a citizen of a country who is residing in or passing
expression, quantitative and other cognitive abilities, through another country. He is a popularly called “foreigner.” He is not
b. Education teaches languages and allows people communicate with given the full rights to citizenship but is entitled to receive protection as
each other according to positions in society. to his person or property.
c. Cultural achievements of one’s society.
d. Opportunities to acquire social and vocational abilities which are GENERAL WAYS OF ACQUIRING CITIZENSHIP
necessary in order to make one a social, useful and economically
productive member of the society. Involuntary method - by birth, because of blood relationship or place of
e. Gender roles as perceived as suitable roles by the society. birth.
Voluntary Method - by naturalization, except in case of collective
2. Educational systems socialize students to become members of society, naturalization of the inhabitants of a territory which takes place when it is
to play meaningful roles in the complex network of independent ceded by one state to another as a result of a conquest or treaty.
positions.
3. Education helps in shaping values and attitudes to the needs of the WHAT ARE THE MODES IN ACQUIRING PHILIPPINE
contemporary society.
4. Education widens the mental horizons of pupils and teaches them new CITIZENSHIP?
ways of looking at themselves and their society. 1.Filipino By Birth / Natural Born Filipino
5. Education offers young people opportunities for intellectual, emotional a. Jus Soli (right of soil) which is the legal principle that a
and social growth. Thus education can be influential in promoting new person’s nationality at birth is determined by the place of birth
values and stimulating adaptation of changing conditions.
6. Informally and especially through social clubs, the school enables the (e.g. the territory of a given state)
child to learn a number of other social roles and skills which are also b. Jus sanguinis (right of blood) which is the legal principle that,
important for his/ her overall development as a member of society. at birth, an individual acquires the nationality of his/her natural
a. Education teaches the laws, traditions and norms of the community, parent/s. The Philippine adheres to this principle.
the rights that individuals will enjoy and the responsibilities that they
will undertake.
b. Education teaches how one is to behave toward his/ her play- mates 2.Filipino By Naturalization / Naturalized Citizen - which is the
and adults. judicial act of adopting a foreigner and clothing him with the privileges
c. Education teaches how to share things and ideas. of a native-born citizen. It implies the renunciation of a former nationality
d. Education teaches how to compete responsibly and the fact of entrance into a similar relation towards a new body.
e. Schooling teaches how to cooperate
f. Schooling instils the community’s pattern of respect; thus how to relate
to others well and obey rules. CLASSIFICATION OF FILIPINO CITIZENS
g. Schooling enables one to internalize the culture of one’s society. (Article IV, Section 1, Philippine Constitution)
h. Education leads toward tolerant and humanitarian attitudes. For 1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the
example, college graduates are expected to be more tolerant adoption of this Constitution;
than (high school graduates in their attitudes toward ethnic and social
groups. 2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who
E. PEER GROUPS elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority;
These are both social group and primary group of people who and
have similar interests (homophily), age, background, or social status. The
members of this group are likely to influence the person’s beliefs and 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
behaviour. Peer groups contain hierarchies and distinct patterns of
behavior. IDEALS POLICY ON NATURALIZATION- The policy on
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF PEER GROUPS naturalization should be guided by our own national interest. Perhaps the
1. Serve as a source of information ideal is that only those who have come to love the country, who have
2. Teach gender roles
3. Serve as a practicing venue to adulthood integrated themselves into the citizenry and who can contribute to the
4. Teach unity & collective behaviour in life development of the nation should be conferred citizenship by
5. Identity formation - is a developmental process where a person naturalization.
acquires a sense of self. Naturalization is the act of formally adopting a foreigner into
NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES (DISADVANTAGES) OF PEER
GROUPS INFLUENCE the political body of the state and clothing him with the rights and
privilege of citizenship. It implies the renunciation of a former nationality doctrines opposing all organized governments
and the fact of entrance to a similar relation towards a new body politic. 2. Persons defending or teaching the necessity or propriety of
violence, personal assault, or assassination for the success and
NATURE OF NATURALIZATION predominance of their ideas; Polygamists or believers in the
An alien does not have a natural, inherent or vested fight to be practice of polygamy;
admitted to citizenship in a state. Citizenship is a matter of grace, favor or 3. Persons convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude;
privilege which a sovereign government may confer on, or withhold 4. Persons suffering from mental alienation or incurable
from, an alien or grant to him under such conditions as it sees fit without contagious diseases;
the support of any reason whatsoever. 5. Persons who during the period of their stay in the Philippines,
Citizenship in our republic be it ever most powerful nation if have not mingled socially with the Filipinos, or who have not
the world, can take such citizenship for granted or assume it as a matter evinced a sincere desire to learn and embrace the customs,
of right. In view of the above principles, the rule is that in case of doubt traditions, and ideals of the Filipinos;
concerning the grant of citizenship, such doubt be resolved in favor of the 6. Citizens or subjects of nations with whom the Philippines is at
state and against the applicant for naturalization. war.
7. Citizens or subjects of a foreign country other than the United
THREE WAYS OF ACQUIRING BY NATURALIZATION States, whose laws do not grant Filipinos the right to become
1.By judgment of the court naturalized citizens or subject thereof;
The foreigner who wants to become a Filipino citizen must
apply for naturalization with the proper Regional Trial Court / Court of LOSS OF CITIZENSHIP
First Instance. The Revise Naturalization Act is the present naturalization A Filipino citizen may lose his citizenship in any of the following ways:
law. Such law shall also continue in force pursuant to the transitory 1. Voluntary
provision of the Constitution (Art. XVIII, Sec.3.); a. By Naturalization in a foreign country
2. By direct act of Congress b. By express renunciation of citizenship
In this case our law - making body simply enacts an act directly (expatriation)
conferring citizenship to a foreigner. c. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the
3. By administrative proceeding constitution and law of foreign country
Under R.A. No.9139, known as the Administrative d. By rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed
Naturalization Law of 2000,”aliens born and residing in the Philippines forces of a foreign country
may be granted Philippine citizenship by administrative proceedings The voluntary loss or renunciation of one’s nationality is called
before a special committee on naturalization. The petition for citizenship EXPATRIATION.
shall be filled with the committee which has the power to approve, deny 2. Involuntary
or reject application as provided in the law. a. By cancellation of his certificate of naturalization by the court
b. By having been declared by competent authority a deserter of
WHO MAY QUALIFY AS PHILIPPINE CITIZEN BY the Philippine armed forces in times of war.
NATURALIZATION UNDER THE REVISED
NATURALIZATION ACT? WHAT ARE THE GROUNDS FOR REACQUIRING LOST
Under Section 2, CA 573 or the Revised Naturalization Law the applicant PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP?
must possess the following qualifications: 1. By naturalization
1. He must not be less than twenty-one years of age on the day of 2. By repatriation - affected by merely taking the necessary oath of
the hearing of the petition; allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and registering the same in
2. He must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous period the proper civil registry.
of not less than ten years; 3.By direct act of congress
3. He must be of good moral character and believes in the
principles underlying the Philippine Constitution, and must RETENTION AND ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP
have conducted himself in a proper and irreproachable manner Under R.A. 9225 otherwise known as the “Citizenship
during the entire period of his residence in the Philippines in Retention and Re- acquisition Act of 2003” which was approved in
his relation with the constituted government as well as with the August 29, 2003, natural born citizens of the Philippines who have lost
community in which he is living; their Philippine Citizenship by reason of naturalization as citizens of a
4. He must own real estate in the Philippines worth not less than foreign country are deemed to have reacquired Philippine citizenship
five thousand pesos, Philippine currency, or must have some upon taking an oath of allegiance to the Philippine Republic.
known lucrative trade, profession, or lawful occupation;
5. He must be able to speak or write English or Spanish or anyone OATH OF ALLEGIANCE
of the principal languages;
6. He must have enrolled his minor children of school age in any “I (Name) , solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will
of the public or private schools recognized by the Bureau of support and defend the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
Public Schools of the Philippines where Philippine history, and obey the laws and legal orders promulgated by the duly constituted
government and civics are taught or prescribed as part of the authorities of the Philippines; and I hereby declare that I recognize and
school curriculum, during the entire period of the residence in accept the supreme authority of the Philippines and will maintain true
the Philippines required of him prior to the hearing of the faith and allegiance thereto; and that I impose this obligation upon myself
petition for naturalization as Philippine citizen; without mental reservation or purpose of evasion.”
The natural-born citizens of the Philippines who, after the
effectivity of the Act, become citizens of a foreign country shall retain
their Philippine citizenship upon taking the aforesaid oath.

WHO ARE NOT QUALIFIED TO APPLY FOR DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP

NATURALIZATION OF THE REVISED NATURALIZATION The unmarried child, whether legitimate, illegitimate or
LAW? adopted, below 18 years of age, of those who reacquire Philippine
Under Section of 4 of the Revised Naturalization Law, the citizenship upon effectivity of the Act shall be deemed citizens of the
following persons cannot qualify for Philippine citizenship: Philippines.
1. Persons opposed to organized government or affiliated with
any association or group of persons who uphold and teach CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES
Those who shall retain or re - acquire Philippine citizenship
under the Act shall enjoy full civil and political rights and be subject to 3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the state.
all attendant liabilities and responsibilities under existing laws of the The development and welfare of the state should be the concern
Philippines and the following conditions: of every citizen for he will be the first to enjoy the benefits thereof.
1.Those intending to exercise their right of suffrage must meet the Anything that affects him, individually and personally. He is affected by
requirement under Section 1, Article V of the Philippine Constitution, its ills and disorder, growth and stability.
RA 9189 otherwise known as “The Overseas Absentee Voting Act of
2003 and other existing laws. 4. To uphold the constitution and obey the laws.
2. Those seeking elective public office in the Philippines shall meet the It is the shrine for all the hopes and visions for our nation. Laws
qualification for holding such public office as required by the are enacted in accordance with it for the good of all. It is therefore the
Constitution and existing laws and, at the time of the filing of the duty of every citizen to defend and respect the constitution and obey the
certificate of candidacy, make a personal and sworn renunciation of any laws. If the people would disregard them, the government would
and all foreign citizenship before any public officer authorized to collapse, and this would mean lawlessness and the disintegration of the
administer oath; social order. The constitution contains provisions designed to insure that
3. Those appointed to any public office shall subscribe and swear to an is the accord.
oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and its duly
constituted authorities prior to their assumption of office. They must 5. To cooperate with the duly constituted
renounce their oath of allegiance to the foreign country where they took authorities.
that oath The larger interest of the group and the nation that he must
4. Those intending to practice their profession in the Philippines shall serve necessarily involve his own. And he would be recreant to the
apply with the proper authority for a license or permit to engaged in such claims of that interest if he did not actively concern himself with the
practice; and affairs of his government. It is not enough for example that a citizen
5. The right to vote or be elected or appointed to any public office in the should take care that in his daily life he does not violate any of the
Philippines cannot be extended to, those who: multitudinous rules.
a. Are candidates for or are occupying any public office in the
country of which they are naturalized citizens; and/or 6. To exercise rights responsively with due regards to the rights of
b. Are in active service as commissioned or non - commissioned others.
officers in the armed forces of the country of which they are Society is composed of men, each with interest of his own. In
naturalized the course of life, the interest of man conflict with those of many others.
Amidst the continuous clash on interest, the ruling social philosophy
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF MARRIAGE OF A CITIZEN TO AN should be that, in the ultimate social order, the welfare of every man
ALIEN? depends upon the welfare of all.
1. Under Section 4, a Filipino citizen who marries an alien does
not automatically lose his or her citizenship, even if his or her 7. To engage in gainful work.
nationality was granted by his or her husband’s or wife’s Employment is not the obligation solely of the state. Every
country. citizen should consider it his own responsibility and should strive to
2. Only by their act or omission are they deemed under the law to become a useful an productive member of society to assure not only
have renounced their citizenship such as taking an oath of himself but, perhaps, more important, his family a life worthy of human
allegiance to a foreign country. dignity.
3. If a Filipino woman marries an alien and acquires her
husband’s citizenship, she will possess two citizenships, 8. To register and vote.
Philippine citizenship and that of her husband. Suffrage is both a privilege and a duty which every qualified
citizen must perform. It is through suffrage that the will of the people is
WHAT IS AN ALLEGIANCE? expressed. The quality of public official of the government, depend,
Allegiance is loyalty owed by a person to his state. Section 5 direct or indirectly, upon the voters.
prohibits more particularly naturalized Filipinos from practicing what is
called “dual allegiance” declaring it inimical to national interests. Note
that what Section 5 prohibits is not dual citizenship but dual allegiance of
citizens.
Dual citizenship refer to the possession of two citizenships by
an individual, that of his original citizenship and that of the country
where he became a naturalized citizen. It arises because our laws cannot
control laws of other states on citizenship but dual allegiance can be a
matter of personal choice or decision.

WHAT ARE THE DUTIES AND OBLIGATION OF THE

CITIZENS?
1.To be loyal to the republic.
Loyalty implies faith and confidence in the republic and love
and devotion to the country. The citizen must be proud of his country, its
customs, traditions, language, and institutions. He must share in its
glories and feel sad in its misfortunes. It is the “home of our people, the
seat of our affections and the source of our happiness and well-being.”

2.To defend the State.

Men may differ and do differ on religious beliefs and creeds,
government policies, the wisdom and validity of laws, even the
correctness or judicial decisions and decrees, but in field of love of
country, national unity, and patriotism, they can hardly afford to differ
for these are matters in which they are mutually and vitally interested, for
to them they mean national existence or survival as a nation or national
extinction.