Electrical Motor
The motor or an electrical motor is a device that has brought
about one of the biggest advancements in the fields of
engineering and technology ever since the invention of
electricity. A motor is nothing but an electro-mechanical device
that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Its
because of motors, life is what it is today in the 21st century.
Without motor we had still been living in Sir Thomas Edison’s Era
where the only purpose of electricity would have been to glow
bulbs. There are different types of motor have been developed for
different specific purposes.
In simple words we can say a device that produces rotational
force is a motor. The very basic principal of functioning of an
electrical motor lies on the fact that force is experienced in the
direction perpendicular to magnetic field and the current, when
field and electric current are made to interact with each other.
Ever since the invention of motors, a lot of advancements has
taken place in this field of engineering and it has become a
subject of extreme importance for modern engineers. This
particular webpage takes into consideration, the above
mentioned fact and provides a detailed description on all major
electrical motors and motoring parts being used in the present
era.
History of Motor
In the year 1821 British scientist Michael Faraday explained the
conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by
placing a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field which
resulted in the rotation of the conductor due to torque produced
by the mutual action of electrical current and field. Based on his
principal the most primitive of machines a D.C.(direct current)
machine was designed by another British scientist William
Sturgeon in the year 1832. But his model was overly expensive
and wasn’t used for any practical purpose. Later in the year 1886
What is Servo Motor?
This is nothing but a simple electrical motor, controlled with the help
of servomechanism. If the motor as controlled device, associated with
servomechanism is DC motor, then it is commonly known DC Servo
Motor. If the controlled motor is operated by AC, it is called AC Servo
Motor.
Servo Motor Theory
There are some special types of application of electrical motor where
rotation of the motor is required for just a certain angle not
continuously for long period of time. For these applications some
special types of motor are required with some special arrangement
which makes the motor to rotate a certain angle for a given electrical
input (signal). For this purpose servo motor comes into picture. This is
normally a simple DC motor which is controlled for specific angular
rotation with help of additional servomechanism (a typical closed loop
feedback control system). Now day’s servo system has huge industrial
applications. Servo motor applications are also commonly seen in
remote controlled toy cars for controlling direction of motion and it is
also very commonly used as the motor which moves the tray of a CD or
DVD player. Beside these there are other hundreds of servo motor
applications we see in our daily life. The main reason behind using a
servo is that it provides angular precision, i.e. it will only rotate as
much we want and then stop and wait for next signal to take further
action. This is unlike a normal electrical motor which starts rotating
as and when power is applied to it and the rotation continues until we
switch off the power. We cannot control the rotational progress of
electrical motor; but we can only control the speed of rotation and can
turn it ON and OFF.
Servo Motor Working Principle
Before understanding the working principle of servo motor we should
understand first the basic of servomechanism.
Servomechanism
A servo system mainly consists of three basic components - a
controlled device, a output sensor, a feedback system.
This is an automatic closed loop control system. Here instead of
controlling a device by applying variable input signal, the device is
controlled by a feedback signal generated by comparing output signal
and reference input signal.
When reference input signal or command signal is applied to the
system, it is compared with output reference signal of the system
produced by output sensor, and a third signal produced by feedback
system. This third signal acts as input signal of controlled device. This
input signal to the device presents as long as there is a logical
difference between reference input signal and output signal of the
system. After the device achieves its desired output, there will be no
longer logical difference between reference input signal and reference
output signal of the system. Then, third signal produced by comparing
theses above said signals will not remain enough to operate the device
further and to produce further output of the system until the next
reference input signal or command signal is applied to the system.
Hence the primary task of a servomechanism is to maintain the output
of a system at the desired value in the presence of disturbances.
Servo Motor Control
For understanding servo motor control let us consider an example of
servomotor that we have given a signal to rotate by an angle of 45°
and then stop and wait for further instruction.
The shaft of the DC motor is coupled with another shaft called output
shaft, with help of gear assembly. This gear assembly is used to step
down the high rpm of the motor's shaft to low rpm at output shaft of
the servo system.
Servo Control
In this exercise, we will learn to control a servo motor with the Arduino. In particular,
we’ll use a continuous rotation servo so that we can make our Arduino rock-and-roll, but
the control procedure that we will learn is applicable to any servo.
Servos
A servo is a small DC motor with the
following components added: some gear
reduction, a position sensor on the motor
shaft, and an electronic circuit that controls
the motor's operation. In other words, a
servo is to a DC motor what the Arduino is
the ATmega microcontroller---components
and housing that make the motor easy to
use. This will become abundantly clear
when we work with unadorned DC motors
next week.
The gear reduction provided in a servo is
large; the basic hobby servo has a 180:1 gear ratio. This means that the DC motor shaft
must make 180 revolutions to produce 1 revolution of the servo shaft. This large gear
ratio reduces the speed of the servo and proportionately increases its torque. What does
this imply about small DC motors?
Servo motors are typically used for angular positioning, such as in radio control
airplanes. They have a movement range of 0 up to 180 degrees, but some extend up to
210 degrees. Typically, a potentiometer measures the position of the output shaft at all
times so the controller can accurately place and maintain its position.
Position Control
An external controller (such as the Arduino) tells the servo where to go with a signal
know as pulse proportional modulation (PPM) or pulse code modulation, not to be
confused with pulse width modulation, PWM---the form of analog output we learned
about in the previous exercise. A control wire communicates the desired angular
movement to the servo. The angle is determined by the duration of the pulse applied to
the control wire.
PPM uses 1 to 2ms out of a 20ms time
period to encode its information. The
servo expects to see a pulse every 20
milliseconds (.02 seconds). The length of
the pulse will determine how far the motor
turns. A 1.5 millisecond pulse will make
the motor turn to the 90 degree position
(often called the neutral position). If the
pulse is shorter than 1.5 ms, then the
motor will turn the shaft to closer to 0
degrees. If the pulse is longer than 1.5ms,
the shaft turns closer to 180 degrees.
The amount of power applied to the motor is proportional to the distance it needs to
travel. So, if the shaft needs to turn a large distance, the motor will run at full speed. If it
needs to turn only a small amount, the motor will run at a slower speed.
What is the working principle of AC servo
motor?
In: Buick Regal, Oldsmobile Intrigue, Electrical Engineering [Edit categories]
Answer:
A servomotor is used within a position-control or speed-control feedback control system. Servomotors
are used in applications such as machine tools, pen plotters, and other control systems.
An electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge