CHAPTER-1

1
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

General Description

A project that will protect your dear motorbike from theft or malicious damage. It uses a
vibration sensor that will trigger the alarm at even the slightest disturbance if it is correctly
adjusted. The circuit has a pre-set alarm duration and resets automatically after each alarm.
It has a very small size and can easily be concealed on any type of motorbike.

Switches automatically a horn or a siren on, if the motorbike should be moved from a
parking position to any other one. A waterproof and shakeproof sealed module. Also to be
use to protect any other objects, which are not to be moved.

The circuit of the alarm is very simple as it is designed around an integrated circuit the CD
that does almost every thing. When the contacts of the vibration sensor close even for a very
short time the timer is started and the transistor TR1 is turned ON. The collector current of
the transistor flows through the relay and closes its contacts. If there is a siren, the
motorbike’s horn, the lights or any other device connected to the alarm it will start working.
After approximately 60 seconds the timer stops and the circuit returns to its original state. If
you wish to reset the alarm before the timer has finished counting you must connect point 1
in the circuit with the negative supply rail.

Technical Specifications – Characteristics

Working voltage:- 6 or 12 VDC

Max. current:- 100 mA

2
 1.2.BLOCK DIAGRAM

IGNITION SPARK
SWITCH
SSSSSS
PLUGE SSSS
SPEAKER

SSSS

TILT
POWER
SENSOR SSSSSSSS
RELAY UM3561
SUPPLY
S SUMSS

CDMA MOBILE
SSSSSSSSS
ALTERNATOR SET

3
CHAPTER-2

4
 CHAPTER-2

2.1CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

This simple-to-build alarm can be fitted in bikes to protect them from being stolen. The tiny
circuit can be hidden anywhere, without any complicated wiring. Virtually, it suits all bikes
as long as they have a battery. It doesn't drain out the battery though as the standby current
is zero.

The hidden switch S1 can be a small push-to-on switch, or a reed switch with magnet, or
any other similar simple arrangement. The circuit is designed around a couple of low-
voltage MOSFETs configured as monostable timers. Motorbike key S2 is an ignition
switch, while switch S3 is a tilt switch.

Motorbike key S2 provides power supply to the gate of MOSFET T2, when turned on.
When you turn ignition off using key S2, you have approximately 15 seconds to get off the
bike; this function is performed by resistor R6 to discharge capacitor C3. Thereafter, if
anyone attempts to get on the bike or move it, the alarm sounds for approximately15
seconds and also disconnects the ignition circuit.

During parking, hidden switch S1 is normally open and does not allow triggering of mosfet
T1. But when someone starts the motorbike through ignition switch S2, MOSFET T2
triggers through diode D1 and resistor R5. Relay RL1 (12V, 2C/O) energies to activate the
alarm (built around IC1) as well as to disconnect the ignition coil from the circuit.
Disconnection of the ignition coil prevents generation of spark from the spark plug. Usually,
there is a wire running from the alternator to the ignition coil, which has to be routed
through one of the N/C1 contacts of relay RL1 as shown in Fig.1 &Fig.2 shows the pin
configurations of SCR BT169, MOSFET BS170 and transistor BC548.

Also, on disconnection of the coil, sound generator IC UM3561 (IC1) gets power supply
through N/O2 contact of relay RL1. This drives the darlington pair built around T3 and T4
to produce the siren sound through loudspeakerLS1.

To start the vehicle, both hidden switch S1 and ignition key S2 should be switched on.
Otherwise, the alarm will start sounding. Switching on S1 triggers SCR1, which, in turn,
triggers MOSFET T1. MOSFET T1 is configured to disable MOSFET T2 from functioning.

5
As a result, MOSFET T2 does not trigger and relay RL1 remains de-energised, alarm
deactivated and ignition coil connected to the circuit.

Connection to the ignition coil helps in generation of spark from the spark plug. Keeping
hidden switch S1 accessible only to the owner prevents the bike from pillaging.

Tilt switch S3 prevents attempt to move the vehicle without starting it. Glass-and metal-
bodied versions of the switch offer bounce-free switching and quick break action even when
tilted slowly.

Unless otherwise stated, the angle by which the switch must be tilted to ensure the contact
operation (operating angle), must be approximately 1.5 to 2 times the stated differential
angle. The differential angle is the measure of the 'just closed' position to the 'just open'
position.

The tilt switch has characteristics like contacts make and break with vibration, return to the
open state at rest, non-position sensitivity, inert gas and hermetic sealing for protection of
contacts and tin-plated steel housing. If you find difficulty in getting the tilt switch, you may
replace it with a reed switch (N/O) and a piece of magnet.

6
 2.2CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 2.1.A CIRCUIT DIAGRAMTWO WHEELER SECURITY DEVICE

Fig 2.1.BPin configurations of BT169, BS170 and BC548

7
CHAPTER-3

8
 CHAPTER-3

3.1. CHRONOLOGY

The following step have been followed in carrying out the project.

1. Study the book on relevant topic.

2. Understand the working of the circuit.

3. Prepare the circuit diagram.

4. Prepare the list of components along with their specification. Estimate the cost

and procure them after carrying out market survey.

5. Plan and prepare PCB for mounting all the components.

6. Fix the components on the PCB and solder them.

7. Test the circuit for desired performance.

8. Trace and rectify faults if any.

9. Give good finish to the unit.

10. prepare the project report.

9
3.2. PCB DESIGING PROCESS

STAGE 1: PREPROCESSING

The first step to manufacture PCB requires a preparation of a layout. The layout can be
prepared by either using soft wares like PCB Artist or PCB Express or can be done
manually on a plane paper using marker with proper spaces between components.

NOTE: All the processes for the manufacture of lith film are performed in the dark room
under minimal amount of light. We can only use red light.

STAGE 2: LITH FILM MANUFACTURE

Before beginning with the steps we prepare 3 trays of solutions:

Tray 1: A+B tray which is Butyl + Sodium Carbonate with concentration 1 teaspoon in 1
litre of water both added in same ratio.

Tray 2: Ordinary water

Tray 3: It consists of fixer (developer), the chemical is made by dissolving 2 teaspoons in 1

litre of water.

1. Lith film is a sheet with two sides, one side is brown and the other is gray.
2. The lith film is now cut to an approximate size of the layout at least half cm more
than the size of layout.
3. The lith film is now placed in the lith making machine with readable part on the upper
side.
4. The brown side of the lith film should touch the layout.
5. Now put the door of the machine down for not more than 8 seconds and push the
switch ON.

6. Remove the lith film and wash it in the first tray continuously in movement till the
Complete circuit is developed. Minimum time required is 2-3 minutes

7. The circuit after the first tray appears transparent and the rest of the film turns black.

8. Now shift the lith film in second tray and wash it for 2-3 minutes.

9. Lastly wash the lith film in the fixer tray for the same time interval.

10
 10. Now, dry the film in air/oven at normal temperature say 40 degrees till the film
dries.

The negative is ready to be processed further. PCB consists of an insulating substrate

material.

STAGE 3: Photolithography

After preparing the negative, the next stage is photolithography. The steps performed under
this are mentioned below.

NOTE: All the processes for the manufacture of lith film are performed in the dark room
under minimal amount of light.

1. First of all we take a single sided copper clad board and cut it in size of the layout.

2. Clean it by metallic jute to see the shiny copper surface.

3. Now dip the PCB in the dip coating machine so that a layer photo resist material is
coated on the PCB. Photo resist is an organic solution which when exposed to light of
particular wavelength change their solubility in the developer. In dip coating copper clad
board is clamped with the machine and when the machine is switched on the copper clad
gets dipped in the material.

4. After a layer of photo resist material is applied on the board surface, we dry the copper
clad in the oven at 50° c .

5. The basic purpose of applying photo resist material is that when this material is subjected
to UV light and the circuit gets imprinted on the board.

6. Now the copper clad board along with the layout is placed in the UV light machine to
film (lith film) kept in glass frame, for (2-3) minutes and after the time interval the circuit
becomes partially visible on the board.

7. Ultimately we drop the copper board in the machine which consists of white die and blue
die in separate tanks. We immerse the copper board first in white die for approximately one
minute for the visibility of the circuit.

11
 8. The next step is to wash the copper clad in simple water after which the circuit
becomes completely visible on the board.

9. After the above step, we put the copper board in blue dye for approximately one minute.
The blue dye covers the entire copper clad board.

STAGE 3: Etching

The next step after photolithography is etching

The etching process is performed by exposing the surface of the board to an etchant solution
which dissolves away the exposed copper areas other than the one deposited on the
circuit .The different solutions used are as etchants and the most commonly used is
FeCl3.The steps involved in etching are:

1. Switch on the etching machine, fix the sheet in the jaws and set the timer for 10 minutes
2. Now dip the prepared copper clad or the sheet in etchant.
3. After say about 8 minutes take out the sheet and check whether it’s is well etched or not.
If not then fix the 4. sheet again and set the timer again For 5 minutes.
5. Now wash the etched sheet in ordinary water and dry it in air for 10-15 minutes.
6. Extra copper is removed from the copper clad either manually or by a process called
tinning.

Fig 3.1Etching

12
 STAGE 4: Drilling

Drilling is used to create the component lead holes in a PCB .The drilling can be done
before or after the track defined for the components.

Fig 3.2Drilling

STAGE 5: Component mounting and Soldering

Once the drilling has been done the components are mounted on their appropriate position
and the soldering is done.

Fig 3.3Drilling

STAGE 6: PCB Testing

After complete manufacturing PCB is tested for continuity.

13
 3.3 PCB LAYOUTS

FIG 3.4.1. PCB LAYOUT WITHOUT SILKSCREEN

FIG 3.4.2. PCB LAYOUT WITH SILKSCREEN

14
CHAPTER-4

15
 CHAPTER-4

4.1 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

4.1.1 IC DESCRIPTION

1. IC UM3561A DESCRIPTION

UM3561 is a low-cost, low-power CMOS LSI designed for use in alarm and toy
applications. Since the integrated circuit includes oscillator and selector circuits, a compact
sound module can be constructed with only a few additional components. The M3561
contains a programmed mask ROM to simulate siren sound.

FEATURES:-

1. Four sounds can be selected

2. Power on reset.
3. Typical 3V operating voltage
4. A magnetic speaker can be driven by connecting
5. 8-pin DIP package form an NPN transistor

PIN DIAGRAM:-

16
PIN DESCRIPTION:-

PLAYING MODES:-

17
2. IC NE555 IC PIN DIAGRAM

The ICM7555 is a CMOS timer providing significantly improved performance over the
standard NE/SE555 timer, while at the same time being a direct replacement for those
devices in most applications. The ICM7555 is a stable controller capable of producing
accurate time delays or frequencies.

PIN DIAGRAM:-

FEATURES:-

• Exact equivalent in most applications for NE/SE555

• Low supply current: 80mA (typ)

• Extremely low trigger, threshold, and reset currents: 20pA (typ)

• High-speed operation: 500kHz guaranteed

• Wide operating supply voltage range guaranteed 3 to 16V over full automotive
temperatures.

18
• Normal reset function; no crowbarring of supply during output transition

• Can be used with higher-impedance timing elements than the bipolar 555 for longer time
constants

• Timing from microseconds through hours

• Operates in both astable and monostable modes

• Adjustable duty cycle

• High output source/sink driver can drive TTL/CMOS

• Typical temperature stability of 0.005%/oC at 25°C

• Rail-to-rail outputs

Internal Block Diagram:-

19
OPERATION:

ASTABLE OPERATION:-

The circuit can be connected to trigger itself and free run as a multivibrator, see Figure . The
output swings from rail to rail, and is a true 50% duty cycle square wave. (Trip points and
output swings are symmetrical.) Less than a 1%frequency variation is observed over a
voltage range of +5V to +15V.The duty cycle is controlled by the values of RA and RB,

MONOSTABLE OPERATION:-

In this mode of operation, the timer functions as a one-shot. See Figure . Initially the
external capacitor (C) is held discharged by a transistor inside the timer. Upon application
of a negative TRIGGER pulse to pin 2, the internal flip-flop is set which releases the short
circuit across the external capacitor and drives the OUTPUT high. The voltage across the
capacitor now increases exponentially with a time constant t = RAC. When the voltage
across the capacitor equals 2/3 V+, the comparator resets the flip-flop, which in turn
discharges the capacitor rapidly and also drives the OUTPUT to its low state. TRIGGER
must return to a high state before the OUTPUT can return to a low state.

APPLICATIONS:-

• Precision timing

• Pulse generation

• Sequential timing

• Time delay generation

• Pulse width modulation

• Pulse position modulation

• Missing pulse detector

20
4.1.2 PASSIVE ELEMENTS

1. RESISTORS

Resistors (R), are the most commonly used of all electronic components, to the point where
they are almost taken for granted. They are "Passive Devices", that is they contain no source
of power or amplification but only attenuate or reduce the voltage signal passing through
them. When used in DC circuits the voltage drop produced is measured across their
terminals as the circuit current flows through them while in AC circuits the voltage and
current are both in-phase producing 0o phase shift.

In all Electrical and Electronic circuit diagrams and schematics, the most commonly used
resistor symbol is that of a "zigzag" type line with the value of its resistance given in Ohms,
Ω.

RESISTOR SYMBOL:-
The symbol used in
schematic and electrical
drawings for a Resistor can
either be a "zig-zag" type
line or a rectangular box.

RESISTOR TYPES:-

All modern resistors can be classified into four broad groups;

1. Carbon Composition Resistor - Made of carbon dust or graphite paste, low wattage
values
2. Film or Cermet Resistor - Made from conductive metal oxide paste, very low wattage
values

21
3. Wire-Wound Resistors. - Metallic bodies for heat sink mounting, very high wattage
ratings
4. Semiconductor Resistors - High frequency/precision surface mount thin film
technology

RESISTOR COLOUR CODE

The resistance value, tolerance, and watt rating of the resistor are generally printed onto the
body of the resistor as numbers or letters when the resistor is big enough to read the print,
such as large power resistors. When resistors are small such as 1/4W Carbon and Film
types, these specifications must be shown in some other manner as the print would be too
small to read. So to overcome this, small resistors use coloured painted bands to indicate
both their resistive value and their tolerance with the physical size of the resistor indicating
its wattage rating. These coloured painted bands are generally known as a Resistors Colour
Code.

The Standard Resistor Colour Code Chart

22
 The Resistor Colour Code Table

Colour Digit Multiplier Tolerance

Black 0 1

Brown 1 10 ± 1%

Red 2 100 ± 2%

Orange 3 1K

Yellow 4 10K

Green 5 100K ± 0.5%

Blue 6 1M ± 0.25%

Violet 7 10M ± 0.1%

Grey 8

White 9

Gold 0.1 ± 5%

Silver 0.01 ± 10%

None ± 20%

E.g.: If we havea colour code on a resistor, “RED, ORANGE, RED, GOLD”, then the value of
resistor is:

23
 RED {significant figure} 2
ORANGE {significant figure} 3
RED {multiplier} ×100
GOLD {tolerance} ±5%

Hence, the value of this resistor is: 2300 Ω ± 5 %.

VARIABLE RESISTORS:-

CONSTRUCTION

Variable resistors consist of a resistance track with connections at both ends and a wiper
which moves along the track as you turn the spindle. The track may be made from carbon,
cermet (ceramic and metal mixture) or a coil of wire (for low resistances). The track is
usually rotary but straight track versions, usually called sliders, are also available.

24
 Variable resistors may be used as a rheostat with two connections (the wiper and just one
end of the track) or as a potentiometer with all three connections in use. Miniature versions
called presets are made for setting up circuits which will not require further adjustment.

Variable resistors are often called potentiometers in books and catalogues. They are
specified by their maximum resistance, linear or logarithmic track, and their physical size.
The standard spindle diameter is 6mm.

RHEOSTAT

This is the simplest way of using a variable resistor. Two terminals are used: one connected
to an end of the track, the other to the moveable wiper. Turning the spindle changes the
resistance between the two terminals from zero up to the maximum resistance.

Rheostat Symbol

PRESETS

These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor.They are designed to be mounted
directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only
when the circuit is built. A small screwdriver or
similar tool is required to adjust presets. Presets are
much cheaper than standard variable resistors so
they are sometimes used in projects where a
standard variable resistor would normally be used. Multiturn presets are used where very precise
adjustments must be made. The screw must be turned many times (10+) to move the slider from
one end of the track to the other, giving very fine control.

25
PRESET(OPEN STYLE) MULTITURN PRESET PRESET(CLOSED STYLE)

2. CAPACITORS

INTRODUCTION

Just like the Resistor, the Capacitor or sometimes referred to as a Condenser is a passive
device, and one which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field which produces a
potential (Static Voltage) across its plates. When a voltage is applied to these plates, a
current flows charging up the plates with electrons giving one plate a positive charge and
the other plate an equal and opposite negative charge.

This flow of electrons to the plates is known as the Charging Current and continues to flow
until the voltage across the plates (and hence the capacitor) is equal to the applied voltage
Vc. At this point the capacitor is said to be fully charged and this is illustrated below.

Capacitor Construction

Q=CxV

26
UNITS OF CAPACITANCE

 Microfarad (μF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F

 Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F
 Picofarad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-12 F

TYPES OF CAPACITORS

There are a very large variety of different types of Capacitors available in the market place
and each one has its own set of characteristics and applications from small delicate
trimming capacitors up to large power metal can type capacitors used in high voltage power
correction and smoothing circuits.

1.DIELECTRIC CAPACITORS :-

Dielectric Capacitors are usually of the variable type such as used for tuning transmitters,
receivers and transistor radios. They have a set of fixed plates and a set of moving plates
that mesh with the fixed plates

and the position of the moving plates with respect to the fixed plates determines the overall
capacitance. The capacitance is generally at maximum when the plates are fully meshed.

Variable Capacitor Symbols

27
 As well as the continuously variable types, preset types are also available called Trimmers.
These are generally small devices that can be adjusted or "pre-set" to a particular
capacitance with the aid of a screwdriver and are available in very small capacitances of
100pF or less and are non-polarized.

2. FILM CAPACITORS :-

Film Capacitors are the most commonly available of all types of capacitors, consisting of a
relatively large family of capacitors with the difference being in their dielectric properties.
These include polyester (Mylar), polystyrene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, metallized
paper, teflon etc. Film type capacitors are available in capacitance ranges from
5pF to 100uF depending upon the actual type of capacitor and its voltage rating. Film
capacitors also come in an assortment of shapes and case styles which include:

 Wrap & Fill (Oval & Round)

 Epoxy Case (Rectangular & Round)
 Metal Hermetically Sealed (Rectangular & Round)

3. CERAMIC CAPACITORS:-

Ceramic Capacitors or Disc Capacitors as they are generally called, are made by coating
two sides of a small porcelain or ceramic disc with silver and are then stacked together to
make a capacitor. For very low capacitance values a single ceramic disc of about 3-6mm is

28
used. Ceramic capacitors have a high dielectric constant (High-K) and are available so that
relatively high capacitances can be obtained in a small physical size. They exhibit large non-
linear changes in capacitance against temperature and as a result are used as de-coupling or
by-pass capacitors as they are also non-polarized devices. Ceramic capacitors have values
ranging from a few picofarads to one or two microfarads but their voltage ratings are
generally quite low. Ceramic types of capacitors generally have a 3-digit code printed onto
their body to identify their capacitance value. For example, 103 would indicate 10 x 103 PF.

4. ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS:-

Electrolytic Capacitors are generally used when very large capacitance values are
required. Here instead of using a very thin metallic film layer for one of the electrodes, a
semi-liquid electrolyte solution in the form of a jelly or paste is used which serves as the
second electrode (usually the cathode). The dielectric is a very thin layer of oxide which is
grown electro-chemically in production with the thickness of the film being less than ten
microns.

This insulating layer is so thin that it is possible to make large value capacitors of a small
size. The majority of electrolytic types of capacitors are Polarized, that is the voltage
applied to the capacitor terminals must be of the correct polarity as an incorrect polarization
will break down the insulating oxide layer and permanent damage may result.

29
Electrolytic Capacitors are generally used in DC power supply circuits to help reduce the
ripple voltage or for coupling and decoupling applications. Electrolytics generally come in
two basic forms; Aluminum Electrolytic and Tantalum Electrolytic capacitors.

4.1.3 ACTIVE ELEMENTS

1. TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semi conductordevice used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is

made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection
to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals
changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled
(output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, the
transistor provides amplification of a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually but
many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

30
PIN CONFIGURATION:-

TRANSISTOR CHARACTERSTICS

31
ADVANTAGES

The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors
in most applications are

 Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic
devices.
 Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost.
 Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-
powered applications.
 Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency.
 Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness.
 Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 30
years.

LIMITATIONS

 Silicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,000 voltsSiC devices
can be operated as high as 3,000 volts). In contrast, electron tubes have been developed
that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts.
 High power, high frequency operation, such as that used in over-the-air television
broadcasting, is better achieved in electron tubes due to improved electron mobility in a
vacuum.
 Silicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic
pulse, such as generated by an atmospheric nuclear explosion.

32
2. DIODES

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with an asymmetric transfer

characteristic, with low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high
(ideally infinite) resistance in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type
today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two
electrical terminals.A vacuum tube diode is a vacuum tube with two electrodes,
a plate (anode) and heated cathode.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction
(called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction
(the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check
valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating
current to direct current, including extraction of modulation from radio signals in radio
receivers—these diodes are forms of rectifiers.

However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on–off action.
Semiconductor diodes begin conducting electricity only if a certain threshold voltage or cut-
in voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in which the diode is said to
be forward-biased). The voltage drop across a forward-biased diode varies only a little with
the current, and is a function of temperature; this effect can be used as a temperature
sensor or voltage reference.

Semiconductor diodes' nonlinear current–voltage characteristic can be tailored by varying

the semiconductor materials and doping, introducing impurities into the materials. These are
exploited in special-purpose diodes that perform many different functions. For example,
diodes are used to regulate voltage (Zener diodes), to protect circuits from high voltage
surges (avalanche diodes), to electronically tune radio and TV receivers (varactor diodes), to
generate radio frequency oscillations (tunnel diodes), Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes), and to
produce light (light emitting diodes). Tunnel diodes exhibit negative resistance, which
makes them useful in some types of circuits.

Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery

of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The
first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were made

33
of mineral crystals such as galena. Today most diodes are made of silicon, but
other semiconductors such as germanium are sometimes used.

3.ZENER DIODES

Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current not only in the forward direction like a
normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger than the breakdown
voltage known as "Zener knee voltage" or "Zener voltage".

A conventional solid-state diode will not allow significant current if it is reverse-biased

below its reverse breakdown voltage. When the reverse bias breakdown voltage is exceeded,
a conventional diode is subject to high current due to avalanche breakdown. Unless this
current is limited by circuitry, the diode will be permanently damaged. In case of large
forward bias (current in the direction of the arrow), the diode exhibits a voltage drop due to
its junction built-in voltage and internal resistance. The amount of the voltage drop depends
on the semiconductor material and the doping concentrations.

A Zener diode exhibits almost the same properties, except the device is specially designed
so as to have a greatly reduced breakdown voltage, the so-called Zener voltage. By contrast
with the conventional device, a reverse-biased Zener diode will exhibit a controlled
breakdown and allow the current to keep the voltage across the Zener diode at the Zener
voltage. The Zener diode is therefore ideal for applications such as the generation of a
reference voltage (e.g. for an amplifier stage), or as a voltage stabilizer for low-current
applications.

34
The Zener diode's operation depends on the heavy doping of its p-n junction allowing
electrons to tunnel from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band of
the n-type material. In the atomic scale, this tunneling corresponds to the transport of
valence band electrons into the empty conduction band states; as a result of the reduced
barrier between these bands and high electric fields that are induced due to the relatively
high levels of dopings on both sides. The breakdown voltage can be controlled quite
accurately in the doping process. While tolerances within 0.05% are available, the most
widely used tolerances are 5% and 10%. Breakdown voltage for commonly available zener
diodes can vary widely from 1.2 volts to 200 volts.

V-I CHARACTERSTICS

35
4. SWITCHES

In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical

circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.

The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one
or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of
contacts can be in one of two

states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between
them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is non conducting. The
mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a
"toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for "on" or push-
for "off") type.

A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a

computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch.
Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for
example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine
tool is in a position to accept another work piece. Switches may be operated by process
variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting
as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example,
a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control a heating process. A switch
that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be
remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric
power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be padlocked if
necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent
electric shock.

An ideal switch would have no voltage drop when closed, and would have no limits on
voltage or current rating. It would have zero rise time and fall time during state changes, and
would change state without "bouncing" between on and off positions.

Practical switches fall short of this ideal; they have resistance, limits on the current and
voltage they can handle, finite switching time, etc. The ideal switch is often used in circuit
analysis as it greatly simplifies the system of equations to be solved, however this can lead

36
to a less accurate solution. Theoretical treatment of the effects of non-ideal properties is
required in the design of large networks of switches, as for example used in telephone
exchanges.

5.TILT SWITCHE

Mercury tilt are usually used as car alarms. The mercury tilt switches contain a tube with a
small amount of mercury and two electrical contacts. If the car is moved, the mercury flows
along the tube completing the circuit and triggering the alarm. I apologize, but I do not
know about normal tilt switches.

A mercury switch (also known as a mercury tilt switch) is a switch which opens and
closes an electrical circuit through a small amount of liquid mercury.

Mercury switches have one or more sets of electrical contacts in a sealed glass envelope
which contains a bead of mercury. The envelope may also contain air, an inert gas, or
avacuum. Gravity is constantly pulling the drop of mercury to the lowest point in the
envelope. When the switch is tilted in the appropriate direction, the mercury touches a set of
contacts, thus completing the electrical circuit through those contacts. Tilting the switch the
opposite direction causes the mercury to move away from that set of contacts, thus breaking
that circuit.[1] The switch may contain multiple sets of contacts, closing different sets at
different angles allowing, for example, single-pole, double-throw (SPDT) operation.

Advantages of the mercury switch over other types are that the contacts are enclosed, so
oxidation of the contact points is unlikely. In hazardous locations, interrupting the circuit
will not emit a spark that can ignite flammable gasses. Contacts stay clean, and even if an
internal arc is produced, the contact surfaces are renewed on every operation, so the contacts
don't wear out. Even a small drop of mercury has a low resistance, so switches can carry
useful amounts of current in a small size. [2] The sensitivity of the drop to gravity provides a

37
unique sensing function, and lends itself to simple, low-force mechanisms for manual or
automatic operation. The switches are quiet as there are no contacts that abruptly snap
together. The mass of the moving mercury drop can provide an "over center" effect to avoid
chattering as the switch is tilted. Multiple contacts can be included in the envelope for two
or more circuits.

Disadvantages when compared with other types include: Mercury switches have a
relatively slow operating rate due to the inertia of the mercury drop, so they are not used
when many operating cycles are required per second. [3] Mercury switches are sensitive to
gravity so may be unsuitable in portable or mobile devices that can change orientation or
that vibrate. Mercury compounds are highly toxic and accumulate in any food chain, so
mercury is not permitted in many new designs. Glass envelopes and wire electrodes may be
fragile and require flexible leads to prevent damaging the envelope. The mercury drop
forms a common electrode, so circuits are not reliably isolated from each other if a
multipole switch is used.

USES

1. Roll sensing

Tilt switches may be used for a rollover or tip over warning for construction equipment and
lift vehicles operating in rugged off-highway terrain. There are several non-mercury types
but few are implemented due to sensitivity to shock and vibration - causing false tripping.
However devices resistant to this do exist.

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2. Automotive uses

Mercury switches were used in automobiles for lighting controls (for example, trunk lid
lights), ride control, and anti-lock braking systems. Scrapped automobiles can leak mercury
to the environment if these switches are not properly removed. These uses have been
discontinued in new American-built cars since 2003.

3. Fall alarms

Work performed in confined space (such as a welder inside a tank) has special labor safety
requirements. Tilt switches are used to sound an alarm if a worker falls over.

5. Thermostats

Mercury switches were commonly used in bimetal thermostats. The weight of the movable
mercury drop provided some hysteresis by moving the bimetal spring slightly beyond the
point it would normally assume, thereby holding the thermostat off slightly longer before
flipping to the on state and then holding the thermostat on slightly longer before flipping
back to the off state. The mercury also provided a very positive on/off switching action and
could withstand millions of cycles without degradation of the contacts.

5. Pressure switches

A pressure switch can be made with a Bourdon tube and a mercury switch; the switch can
be reliably operated by the small force generated by the tube.

6. Vending

Mercury switches are still used in mechanical systems that are controlled electrically where
the physical orientation of actuators or rotors is a factor. They are also commonly used
in vending machines that have 'tilt alarms'. When the machine is rocked or tilted in an
attempt to gain a product, the mercury switch activates, sounding an alarm.

39
6. RELAY

A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of

contacts. Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices. In fact, some of the first computers
ever built used relays to implement Boolean gates.

Relays are essential for automation systems and for controlling loads. Also, relays are the
best way for galvanic insulation between high and low voltage portions of a circuit. There
are hundreds of different relay types. Let's find out first how a relay operates.

Basic Relay Operation

Before extending to the various types of relays, i will first explain what and how the basic
relay operates. Each relay has two mechanical parts inside. The first one is the contact(s) of
the relay. The contacts operates similarly to the contacts of a simple switch or pushbutton.
You should consider the contacts as a pair of metals like the following diagram:

The two terminals operates as a switch. When the contacts are 'in contact' then the current
flows from Terminal 1 to Terminal 2. There are two types of contacts: the NO and the NC.
NO stands for Normal Open contact, while NC stands for Normal Closed contact. The

40
Normal Open is a contact like the one showed in the previous illustration. When the contact
is still, then no current flows through it (because it is an OPEN circuit). On the other hand, a
Normal Closed contact allows the current to flow when the contact is still. Bellow i
illustrate both of these contacts:

You may notice that the NC contact is turned upside-down compared to the NO contact.
This is done in purpose. This way, both contacts (NO and NC) will change state if a force is
applied to the left metal heading from UP to DOWN. The following animation shows how a
NO contact operates by lighting a light bulb:

41
 As for the NC contacts, it works exactly opposite as the NO contact:

7.LOUD SPEAKERS

A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that produces sound in

response to an electrical audio signal input. Non-electrical loudspeakers were developed as
accessories to telephone systems, but electronic amplification by vacuum tube made
loudspeakers more generally useful. The most common form of loudspeaker uses a paper
cone supporting a voice coil electro magnet acting on a permanent magnet, but many other
types exist. Where high fidelity reproduction of sound is required, multiple loudspeakers
may be used, each reproducing a part of the audible frequency range. Miniature
loudspeakers are found in devices such as radio and TV receivers, and many forms of music
players. Larger loudspeaker systems are used for music, sound reinforcement in theatres and
concerts, and in public address systems.

42
8. LIGHTEMITTING DIODE

In a forward biased diode, free electrons cross the junction and fall in to
holes. As these electrons fall from a higher to a lower energy level, they
radiate energy. In ordinary diodes this energy goes off in the form of heat.
But in the light emitting diode (LED) the energy radiates as light. LEDs that
radiate red, green, yellow, blue, orange or infrared are manufactured by
using elements like gallium, arsenic, and phosphorous. LEDs that produce
visible radiations are useful with instruments, calculators etc. The infrared
LED finds application in burglar systems and other areas requiring invisible
radiations. The seven segment displays uses 7 LEDs.

The symbol of LED

43
4.1.4. OTHER REQUIRED COMPONENTS

1. SPARK PLUG

A spark plug (sometimes in British English a sparking plug, colloquially a plug) is a

device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of
a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while
containing combustion pressure within the engine. A spark plug has a metal threaded shell,
electrically isolated from a central electrode by a porcelain insulator. The central electrode,
which may contain a resistor, is connected by a heavily insulated wire to the output terminal
of an ignition coil or magneto. The spark plug's metal shell is screwed into the
engine's cylinder head and thus electrically grounded. The central electrode protrudes
through the porcelain insulator into the combustion chamber, forming one or more spark
gaps between the inner end of the central electrode and usually one or more protuberances
or structures attached to the inner end of the threaded shell and designated the "side",
"earth", or "ground" electrode(s).

Spark plugs may also be used for other purposes; in Saab Direct Ignition when they are not
firing, spark plugs are used to measure ionization in the cylinders - this ionic current
measurement is used to replace the ordinary cam phase sensor, knock sensor and misfire
measurement function. Spark plugs may also be used in other applications such
as furnaces where in a combustible fuel/air mixture must be ignited. In this case, they are
sometimes referred to as flame igniters.

44
The spark plug is quite simple in theory: It forces electricity to arc across a gap, just like a
bolt of lightning. The electricity must be at a very high voltage in order to travel across the
gap and create a good spark. Voltage at the spark plug can be anywhere from 40,000 to
100,000 volts.

The spark plug must have an insulated passageway for this high voltage to travel down to
the electrode, where it can jump the gap and, from there, be conducted into the engine block
and grounded. The plug also has to withstand the extreme heat and pressure inside the
cylinder, and must be designed so that deposits from fuel additives do not build up on the
plug.

Spark plugs use a ceramic insert to isolate the high voltage at the electrode, ensuring that
the spark happens at the tip of the electrode and not anywhere else on the plug; this insert
does double-duty by helping to burn off deposits. Ceramic is a fairly poor heat conductor, so
the material gets quite hot during operation. This heat helps to burn off deposits from the
electrode.

Some cars require a hot plug. This type of plug is designed with a ceramic insert that has a
smaller contact area with the metal part of the plug. This reduces the heat transfer from the
ceramic, making it run hotter and thus burn away more deposits. Cold plugs are designed
with more contact area, so they run cooler.

The carmaker will select the right temperature plug for each car. Some cars with high-
performance engines naturally generate more heat, so they need colder plugs. If the spark
plug gets too hot, it could ignite the fuel before the spark fires; so it is important to stick
with the right type of plug for your car.

45
2. BATTERY

1.It used a 9V dry battery .

2.This dry battery is called 006P in japan. Maybe this dry battery is called as 1604(NEDA)
or 6F22(IEC).

3. DRY BATTERY PLUG

The pole of the 9V dry battery connects with the special plug.

4. STUD

These studs are used to fix a printed board on the case.

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 4.2 COMPONENT LIST

COMPONENTS QUANTITY PRICE

( IN RS.)
1. IC’s
1. IC1 UM3561 1 30
2. IC2 NE555 1 5

3. IC3 LM7809 1 5

2. TRANSISTOR
1. T1 BS170 1 1
2. T2 BT169 2 1

3. T3 BC548 1 1

4. T4 BEL187/SL100 1 1

3. RESISTOR(IN OHMS)
1. 470 2 1
2. 220 1 0.5

3. 2.2K 1 0.5

4. 220K 1 0.5

5. 1.5M 2 1

6. 1K 2 1

7. 4.7K 1 0.5

4. CAPACITOR
1. 10 μF, 25v 1 1
2. 10 μF,16v 1 1

3 68μF,40v 1 2

5. DIODE
1. D1 1N4148 1 1
2. D2 1N4007 1 1

3. ZENER(ZD1, 3.3V) 2 1

6. SWITCH
1. PUSH SWITCH 1 5
2. TILT SWITCH 1 50

47
7. RELAY
1. RL1 12V, 2C/O 1 50
2. RL26V 1 30

8. SPEAKER
LS1 4ohms/.5w 1 35
9. CDMA MOBILE PHONE 1 1500
10 BATTERY 1 450
11. LED 2 2
12. PRESET 47K 1 2

48
CHAPTER-5

CHAPTER-5

49
5.1. ADVANTAGES

1. Less expensive and is guaranteed to perform the best of the duration of their life
time.
2. A project that will protect your dear motorbike from theft or malicious damage.
3. It has a very small size and can easily be concealed on any type of motorbike.
4. It is use to protect any other objects, which are not to be moved.
5. It suits all bikes as long as they have a battery.

6. This circuit is easy and simple to understand.

7. The most obvious benefit is that it can thwart would-be thieves and prevent your bike
and other belongings from being stolen.

8. Having a anti theft system also helps you to have some peace of mind when it comes to
your vehicle.

5.2. DISADVANTAGES

50
 1. It requires a battery source.
2. Continuous power supply is needed to the circuit for operation.
3. Mobile Network coverage is lost some times.
4. Sometime you forget to recharge your mobile phone which is connected to the
circuit.

5.2. APPLICATION

51
1. A project that will protect your dear motorbike from theft or malicious damage.
2. To provide security for vehicles.
3. This circuit can also be used for home securities too.

52
CHAPTER-6

CHAPTER-6

53
6.1. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

1. In future we can develop more security system with more reliability.

2. Mechanical and Electronic immobilizer.
3. Vehicle tracking.
4. Use of GSM technology.

6.2. CONCLUSION

54
The circuit has to found to have greater application in security reliable and less expensive
and is guaranteed to perform the best of the duration of their life time. Our team effort and
guidance of lecturers have helped us in completion of our project. This project is accessible
to anyone with an average expense and a bit of dedicated work, as we have realized in
materializing it. The project has been an enriching experience for us. We conclude that this
project will be useful to everyone.

6.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY

55
1. www.electronicsforyou.com

2. www.howstuffworks.com

3. www.wikipedia.org

4. www.circuits-today.com

5. www.freedatasheets.com

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 CHAPTER 7

DATA SHEET

57