CONTENT

S PAGE
No. TOPIC No.
1 CHAPTER 1( INTRODUCTION)
1.1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.2 CHAPTERIZATION 9

2 CHAPTER 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION 10
2.2 PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL SETTINGS 10-16
2.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 17
2.4 METHODOLOGY 17

3 CHAPTER - 3 ( Epidemiology of coronavirus in the world)

3.1 INTRODUCTION 18
3.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CORONAVIRUS IN WORLD 19
3.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CORONAVIRUS IN INDIA 22

4 CHAPTER -4 ( AFTER AFFECTS OF CORONAVIRUS IN INDIA)

4.1 INTRODUCTION 28
4.2 ANALYSIS

CHAPTER – 5 ( IMPACTOF COVID 19 ON PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH

5 OF
PEOPLE )
5.1 INTRODUCTION 37
ANALYSIS
6 SUMMARY 48
7 APPENDIX 50

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S PAGE
No. LIST OF FIGURES No.
1 TIMELINE OF GLOBAL SPREAD OF CORONAVIRUS 8
2 ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF INDIA 14
3 STATUS OF COVID 19 AROUND THE WORLD 15

3.1 POPULATION IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS 19

3.2 TOTAL CASES OF COVID -19 IN THE WORLD 21
STATUS OF COVID 19 IN INDIA : TOTAL CASES , TOTAL CURED AND TOTAL
3.3 DEATH 23
3.5 RISE IN COVID 19 CASES IN INDIA 23
3.6 STATE WISE STATISTICS OF COVID 19 IN INDIA 24
4.0 TOTAL CORONAVIRUS DEATHS IN INDIA. 25
4.1 INFLUENCE OF VOVID 19 ON GDP OF INDIA 27
4.2 INFLUENCE OF COVID 19 ON EDUCATION SECTOR. 28
4.3 PRIMARY BUSINESS CONCERNS RELATED TO COVID 19 OUTBREAK. 29
4.4 5G INFRASTRUCTURE MARKET : PRE VS POST COVID 29
4.4 FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS IN INDIA 31
4.6 VISIT INDEX OF HEALTHCARE RETAIL SITES. 31
4.7 RISE IN DEMAND FOR ESSENTIAL ITEMS. 33
4.8 AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS. 34
5.1 GENDER OF RESPONDENTS. 36
5.2 LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF RESPONDENTS 37
5.3 REACTION OF RESPONDENTS TO FAKE RUMOURS 38
CAUSE AND DEGREE OF INTENSITY OF EMOTIONAL CRISIS FACED BY
5.4 RESPONDENT DURING THE PANDEMIC 38
5.5 PROBLEMS FACED BY PEOPLE DURING THE PANDEMIC 39
EFFECT ON MENTAL HEALTH OF RESPONDENTS DURING THE PERIOD OF
5.6 SOCIAL ISOLATION 39
STATE OF MIND OF THE RESPONDENTS DURING HOME ISOLATION AND
5.7 QUARANTINE 40
STATE OF MIND OF THE RESPONDENTS DUE TO THE ATROCITIES FACED BY
5.8 FAMILY MEMBERS. 41
ATTITUDE OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS THE CHANGE IN PATTERN OF
5.9 EDUCATION SYSTEM. 41
5.10 ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN OVERCOMING STRESS 42
5.11 PARTICIPATION IN ONLINE COMPETITIONS. 43
5.12 DIGITAL LITERACY COURSES 44
5.13 DEVELOPING NEW SKILL SET 44
5.14 STATE OF MIND OF THE RESPONDENT 45
5.15 POSITIVE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC 46

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 5.16 COVID 19 : BOON OR BANE 47
LIST OF TABLES
2.2 GLOBAL STATUS OF COVID 19 CASES 19

CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
In December 2019, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was first found in Wuhan (Hebei
Province, China). COVID-19 continued to spread throughout China after the initial outbreak, and
it swiftly expanded to other Asian and non-Asian countries. Over 45 million instances of
infection have been confirmed in over 180 countries, resulting in over one million deaths .
Although the disease's foundations are extremely similar to the severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS) virus that swept Asia in 2003, it has been demonstrated to spread far more
quickly, and there is currently no vaccination.
Covid-19 has a disruptive socioeconomic influence, and the entire world is looking forward to
the crisis' end. Its spread among the Indian populace is clear, as it is in other countries. The main
question is what will happen to it in India, which accounts for one-fifth of the world's population.
According to a recent assessment, India's fate is in jeopardy because the overall number of
recorded cases is ten times lower than the entire number of affected people . As a result of its
complexity, India is one of the most closely watched countries during the pandemic.In terms of
overall number of cases, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh are among the worst 20 nations
impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic; yet, as of June 18, 2020, they are rated 138, 139, and 147,
respectively, in tests per million population . It's worth noting that countries like Bangladesh
reached a milestone of 10,000 tests per day on May 20, an incredible 74 days after the first
confirmed case was discovered, despite the fact that this was still a fraction of the number of
tests conducted by countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Italy.

FIGURE 1.1 : TIMELINE OF GLOBAL SPREAD OF CORONAVIRUS

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Source : GOOGLE

The sickness has spread swiftly since the first report from China, and the number of cases has
exploded. The first case outside of mainland China was reported in Thailand on January 11,7 and
the disease spread to all continents except Antarctica within months. On January 30, 2020, India
reported its first case of COVID-19. By February 3, 2020, there were three cases. In February
2020, no new cases were recorded. However, by mid-March, the number of infected cases had
begun to rise, with numerous cases recorded across India. On March 12, 2020, the first COVID-
19-related death in India was reported.

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 CHAPTERISATION

CHAPTER - I : First chapter of this project file deals with the “EPIDEMIOLOGY OF
CORONAVIRUS AND ITS EFFECT ON INDIA” .

CHAPTER - II: Second chapter of this project deals with the physical and cultural features of
the study area. It includes its geographical location (latitude- longitude, area, location in map,
surrounding states); physical setting: geomorphologic division (landforms), river, drainage , soil
, vegetation ( map included), climatic conditions. It discusses the aims and objectives, database
and methodology and analyses the work of researchers on the same.

CHAPTER - III: Third chapter of this project file deals with the first objective that is “To see
the epidemiology of coronavirus in the world and India .” It aims at analysing the data collected
during field surveys and representing it using pie charts , bar graphs and other statistical
methods.

CHAPTER - IV: Fourth chapter of this project file deals with the second objective that is “To
assess the after effects of coronavirus in India” It aims at analysing the data collected during
field surveys and representing it using pie charts , bar graphs and other statistical methods.

5
CHAPTER - V: Fifth chapter of this project file deals with chapter of this project file deals
with the third objective that is “To analyse the impact of COVID 19 on psychological health of
people.” It aims at analysing the data collected during field surveys and representing it using pie
charts , bar graphs and other statistical methods.

CHAPTER - VI :Sixth chapter of this project file deals with the outcomes and findings of the
analysis done in chapter - III , IV and V. It summarises the nature of the problem and suggests
measures to combat it.

CHAPTER – II: STUDY AREA

INDIA
INTRODUCTION
India is a South Asian country that encompasses the majority of the continent. Its capital, New
Delhi, was established in the twentieth century to serve as India's administrative centre, just
south of the historic city of Old Delhi. Its government is a constitutional republic that
represents a population that is extremely varied, with thousands of ethnic groups and
hundreds of languages. India is the world's second most populous country, after China, with
nearly one-sixth of the global population.

From around 2600 to 2000 BCE, a highly developed urbanised culture known as the Indus
civilization controlled the northwestern section of the subcontinent, according to
archaeological evidence. From that point forward, India served as a virtually self-contained
political and cultural arena, giving rise to a distinct heritage linked principally with Hinduism,
with roots that may be traced back to the Indus civilization. Other religions, like Buddhism
and Jainism, have their origins in India, though their presence there is now rather limited, and
Indians have built a rich intellectual life in subjects such as mathematics, astronomy,
architecture, literature, music, and the fine arts over the years.

LOCATION:
India is located on the Asian continent. Between latitudes 84° N and 37°6'N and longitudes
68°7′ E and 97°25′ E, it lies entirely in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres.The Tropic of
Cancer, 23°30′ N, divides India into nearly equal halves. The climate in the upper part is

6
moderately colder, while the climate in the lower half is tropical. The 'Indira point,' the
southernmost point of the Indian union, was inundated in the 2004 Tsunami. In the Bay of
Bengal, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in India's south-east. The Arabian Sea
lies to the southwest of the Lakshadweep Islands.India is immense in size; as we discussed, it
is the world's seventh largest country by landmass. India has a total size of 3.28 million square
kilometres. With a land boundary of 15,200 km and a coastal limit that includes the islands of
7,516 km, India covers 2.4 percent of the world's land area. When we look at the contour of
India on a map, we can plainly notice natural characteristics such as young fold mountains
that border the country in the north, northwest, and northeast.

The east-west stretch of India and the north-south stretch of India are both roughly 3000
kilometres long. However, the east-west track is significantly shorter than the north-south
stretch. The large distance between the country's eastern and western ends causes a time
difference in the country's local time.There is a two-hour time difference between Gujarat and
Arunachal Pradesh. Their clocks, however, reflect the same time. Because India adheres to a
conventional time zone. Along longitude 82.30° E, Indian Standard Time is observed. It runs
through the Uttar Pradesh city of Mirzapur.

PHYSICAL FACTORS :

CLIMATE :
The country has a tropical climate for the most part, with a mix of wet and dry tropical
weather over most of the interior. A humid tropical climate prevails in the north, while wet
tropical zones dot the western coast. A semi-arid climate runs across the country's centre and
extends towards the north-west. Although traditional images of India conjure up thoughts of
scorching heat, the country may also endure bitter cold. This occurs primarily in the northern
mountainous regions, which include the Himalayas, which are cold, arid, and
windswept.Summer months, which run from March to June, may be quite hot, with maximum
temperatures reaching at least 40°C in some areas. It's the pre-monsoon season right now
(though thunderstorms are experienced in the north-eastern and eastern parts of Bihar, Assam
and West Bengal while in the plains of north-west India, hot and dry winds are common).The
monsoon rains arrive in July and August, accounting for around three-quarters of the country's
annual rainfall. Autumn lasts from October through December and signals the beginning of
the winter season. Temperatures are gradually cooling, and humidity levels are dropping
across the country. Rainfall is still a typical occurrence in several areas. Winter can start as
early as December, although most locations experience it in January and February, with
typical temperatures ranging from 10°C to 15°C in the northwest and 20°C to 25°C in the
southeast of mainland India. Between these months, the mountainous regions receive the most
snowfall, and temperatures can plunge well below zero.

SOIL :

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The kind of parent material, climate, general topography of the region, and organism activity
all have a role in the production of distinct types of soils. These elements differ in their degree
of function from place to location, resulting in a variety of soil types in India. The soils of the
Extra-peninsular and Indo-Gangetic plains are relatively new, whereas those in the Peninsular
sections are older and more mature. The following are the major soil types found in India:

Alluvial soils, which are abundant in the Indo-Gangetic plains as well as coastal deltaic areas.
The Deccan Lava tract, which covers sections of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh, and some areas of Tamil Nadu, is known for its regur or black cotton soil.
It's really fertile. The presence of iron in ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks causes red
soils. Red soils encompass nearly all of Tamil Nadu, Kamataka, sections of Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa, eastern Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra's south-eastern region. Karnataka, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly districts of Orissa and Assam are
also known for their lateritic soils.Rajasthan is known for its desert soils.Apart from the
aforementioned categories, the soils of India's mountainous regions also constitute an
important type of soil.

RELIEF:
Plate tectonics—the shifting of massive, hard crustal plates over the Earth's underlying layer of
molten material—is now widely regarded as the cause of India's geographic position, continental
form, and basic geologic structure. Several hundred million years ago, India's landmass, which
constitutes the northwestern portion of the Indian-Australian Plate, began to move steadily
northward toward the much larger Eurasian Plate (after the former broke away from the ancient
southern-hemispheric supercontinent known as Gondwana, or Gondwanaland). The northern
border of the Indian-Australian Plate was shoved under the Eurasian Plate at a low angle when
the two ultimately clashed (about 50 million years ago). The incoming plate's speed was
decreased by the impact, but the plate's underthrusting, or subduction, persisted.India’s present-
day relief features have been superimposed on three basic structural units: the Himalayas in the
north, the Deccan (peninsular plateau region) in the south, and the Indo-Gangetic Plain (lying
over the subsidence zone) between the two.

VEGETATION:

India’s biological diversity is reflected in the heterogeneity of its forest covers. It is one of the
12 ‘mega-diversity’ countries of the world. India is also at the meeting zone of three major
biogeographic realms, namely the Indo-Malayan (the richest in world) , the Eurasian and the
Afro tropical.India also has the two richest biodiversity areas, one in the north east and other
in the Western Ghats. India’s biological diversity which is estimated to be over 45,000 plant
species represents about 7% of the world flora and 6.5% of the world fauna respectively.

DRAINAGE:
The rivers in India have been more or less adjusted to its physical conditions. It is largely
influenced by the evolution of three fold physiography. India has about 113 river basins, the
most conspicuous of which are the Ganga and Brahmaputra Basins. Mr. K.L. Rao, an eminent
engineer, has divided the river basins of India into three broad groups on the basis of their

8
catchment areas. River basins with catchment areas of 20,000 sq. km or more are classified as
major or larger river basins. There are 14 large river basins.
River basins with catchment areas between 20,000 river basins. River basins with catchment
areas between 20,000 sq. km. and 2000 sq. kms. Are called medium basins and there are 44 such
river basins in the country. Rivers with catchment areas below 2,000 sq. km are termed as rivers.
These are by and large, coastal rivers. There are 55 minor rivers which originate generally in the
coastal mountains.

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS:

Our country currently has 28 states and 8 union territories, which are further divided into
districts.India has 640 districts, according to the 2011 Census of India.
The states and Union territories are founded primarily as a result of the spoken language,
administrative convenience, and specific emphasis on development in the various regions.States
are further divided into districts, which are grouped together for administrative purposes to form
a zone or region within that state.

FIGURE 2.1 : ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF INDIA

Source : created by researcher

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DEMOGRAPHY,LANGUAGE AND RELIGION :

India population in 2022 is estimated to be 1.40 Billion (140 Crores), According to Unique
Identification Aadhar India, updated Dec 2020, by mid of year 2020 the projected population
is 1,370,508,600. With roughly one-sixth of the world's total population, India is the second
most populous country, after China and US is the third populous country in the world. It's
located in South Asia bordering with Bay of Bengal to the east, Arabian Sea in the west and
Indian Ocean in the south. India is 7th largest by land and occupies 2.41% of the world's land
area but supports over 18% of the world's population. 68% of population lives in villages and
32% lives in cities and towns. Currently population growth rate is 1.13% as on 2017 and
expected to rise more than 1.5 billion people by 2030, and is set to reach 1.7 billion by 2050.
India has more than 65% of its population below the age of 35 compared to 38 in China
Population and 49 in Japan.
The population of India uses numerous languages to converse across the county. These
languages include English, Hindi, and Tamil along with many additional tongues and dialects;
however, the former two languages (English and Hindi) are the official languages of the Indian
Government. Additionally, 44% of the population uses Hindi as their mother tongue.The current
ranking of India's quality of life is 49 out of 66, giving it a quality of life index of 121.61. The
health care ratio is 68.04, and the cost of living index is 23.81.

FIG. 2.1: POPULATION IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS :

Source : C2 and C14 Table, India, Census of India 2001.

ECONOMY:
According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), India's GDP would be valued at $2.7
trillion in nominal terms in 2020, making it the sixth-largest by market exchange rates and the
third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). India is one of the world's fastest-growing
economies, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the last two decades and a
peak of 6.1 percent in 2011–2012. However, the country's nominal GDP per capita is 139th in
the world, and its PPP GDP per capita is 118th. All Indian administrations adopted protectionist
policies influenced by socialist economics till 1991. State intervention and regulation were

10
widespread, effectively isolating the economy from the rest of the world.According to the
Economist Intelligence Unit's (EIU) Worldwide Cost of Living Report 2017, which was
generated by comparing more than 400 unique prices across 160 products and services, India had
four of the cheapest cities: Bangalore is ranked 3rd, Mumbai is ranked 5th, Chennai is ranked
5th, and New Delhi is ranked 5th (8th).

INDUSTRIES :
With over 1.2 billion subscribers, India's telecommunications industry is the world's second
largest. It accounts for 6.5 percent of India's GDP. The second-fastest-growing automobile sector
in the world, India's, boosted domestic sales by 26% in 2009–2010 and exports by 36% in 2008–
2009. India's pharmaceutical sector has grown into a worldwide player. India is the world's third-
largest pharmaceutical producer, largest producer of generic medicines, and supply up to 50%—
60% of global vaccine demand as of 2021, with 3000 pharmaceutical companies and 10,500
manufacturing units. These all contribute up to US$24.44 billions in exports, and India's local
pharmaceutical market is estimated to be worth US$42 billion.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES :

 To see the epidemiology of coronavirus in the world and India .

 To assess the after effects of coronavirus in India.
 To analyse the impact of COVID 19 on psychological health of people.

DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY:

Research databases are organized collections of computerized information or data such as
periodical articles, books, graphics and multimedia that can be searched to retrieve information.
Databases can be general or subject oriented with bibliographic citations, abstracts, and or full
text. The sources indexed may be written by scholars, professionals or generalists. A research
methodology gives research legitimacy and provides scientifically sound findings. It also
provides a detailed plan that helps to keep researchers on track, making the process smooth,
effective and manageable.

Objective -1 : The data for the first objective has been extracted from World Health organization
(WHO) COVID-19 database made available through WHO official website under global
research on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) global research database as a data source for
identifying the relevant literature on COVID-19. The search results retrieved various results for
the search term. The database was search on May 12, 2020. The data was exported from. CSV
format to excel sheet for further refinement of data and analysis. The given data was then used to
construct statistical diagrams to accurately present the work of the researcher.
Objective – 2 : The data for the first objective has been extracted from various sources such as
world odometer , newspaper articles and some suggestions from UNDP. To assess the after
effects of COVID-19 in India, various sectors were explored and their official website was
accessed to retrieve the data . The data collected was then segregated according to the demand of
the paper and presented using diagrams , pictures and methods of statistical analysis.

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Objective – 3 : To shed light on mental health of respondents during the time of pandemic , we
conducted surveys with a representative sample of 295 respondents ,India, starting at the onset
of late february and continuing through the early march .To avoid direct contact with the
respondents, all interviews were conducted by google forms . It was also convenient because
most members were only available in the evenings. The detailed data collection allows us to
create representative data on our topic and trace out the effects of the pandemic in our study area
overall. The data collection took place through a questionnaire method. The data collected
through these have been represented using pie charts, graphs and tabular formats. A
‘questionnaire’ is the instrument for collecting the primary data.Questionnaires have many uses,
most notably to discover what the masses are thinking. These include: market research, political
polling, customer service feedback, evaluations, opinion polls, and social science research .

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 CHAPTER - III

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CORONAVIRUS IN THE WORLD

INTRODUCTION

The coronavirus belongs to a family of viruses that may cause various symptoms such as
pneumonia, fever, breathing difficulty, and lung infection. These viruses are common in animals
worldwide, but very few cases have been known to affect humans. The World Health
Organisation (WHO) used the term 2019 novel coronavirus to refer to a coronavirus that
affected the lower respiratory tract of patients with pneumonia in Wuhan, China on 29
December 2019. The WHO announced that the official name of the 2019 novel coronavirus is
coronavirus disease (COVID-19) . And the current reference name for the virus is severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was reported that a cluster of patients
with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a local Huanan South China Seafood Market in
Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019.In response to the outbreak, the Chinese
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) dispatched a rapid response team to
accompany health authorities of Hubei province and Wuhan city to conduct epidemiological and
etiological investigations. The WHO confirmed that the outbreak of the coronavirus epidemic
was associated with the Huanan South China Seafood Marketplace, but no specific animal
association was identified . Scientists immediately started to research the source of the new
coronavirus, and the first genome of COVID-19 was published by the research team led by Prof.
Yong-Zhen Zhang, on 10 January 2020.Within 1 month, this virus spread quickly throughout
China during the Chinese New Year – a period when there is a high level of human mobility
among Chinese people. Although it is still too early to predict susceptible populations, early
patterns have shown a trend similar to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle
East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses.

TABLE 2.2 : GLOBAL STATUS OF COVID 19 CASES

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 GLOBAL STATUS OF COVID-19 CASES
TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL ACTIVE
CONTINENTS CASES DEATH RECOVERED CASES CRITICAL
Europe 164,563,814 1,737,959 145,229,368 17,596,487 12,056
North America 95,691,887 1,425,787 68,709,572 25,556,528 10,305

Asia 125,963,749 1,371,554 112,326,625 12,265,570 29,143

South America 55,207,731 1,267,669 49,881,886 4,058,176 12,413

Africa 11,628,590 251,697 10,777,784 599,109 1,559

Australia 3,596,466 5,587 3,303,437 287,442 108
Russia 17,290,197 360,215 15,351,778 1,578,204 2,300

SOURCE : https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/world/

FIGURE 3.1 : STATUS OF COVID 19 AROUND THE WORLD

Source : SELF

Distribution :

The first coronavirus death was officially recorded in China on January 11. Over one million
people have died in the eight months after the disease was discovered in Wuhan, China, in
December 2019. The Sars-Cov 2 virus, which causes Covid-19, began spreading quickly in
China, notably in the city of Wuhan. One thousand people died in the course of a month in the
country. The initial death toll was 774 people. Outside of mainland China, countries and
territories were generally unaffected at the time, but the virus had already begun to spread.

14
On February 2, the Philippines filed the first case, followed by Hong Kong two days later, Japan
and France on February 13 and 14, respectively.Countries such as Japan, Thailand, Singapore,
Taiwan, and South Korea are among the first countries involved due to their proximity to China.
Japan is one of the countries most affected by COVID-19, where officials say it was the first to
have a cruise ship. According to Japanese officials, the first cases belonged to cruise ship
passengers.Afghanistan, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Lebanon
are among the countries involved in disease. Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, were
reported to be worse off than other countries with 33 cases and 13 cases, respectively. The
spread of the virus is not limited to countries close to China or even the continent of Asia, and
the number of infected people is increasing in Europe and the United States. The first European
country involved was France, where all patients reportedly had contact with colleagues from
China.

FIGURE 3.2 : TOTAL CASES OF COVID -19 IN THE WORLD

Source : https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/india/

FIGURE : 3.3 COVID 19 OUTBREAK IN THE WORLD

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Source : nations online project

PATTERN : Since the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-
CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) it has become
increasingly clear that bats are important reservoirs of CoVs. Despite this, only 6% of all CoV
sequences in GenBank are from bats. The remaining 94% largely consist of known pathogens of
public health or agricultural significance, indicating that current research effort is heavily biased
towards describing known diseases rather than the 'pre-emergent' diversity in bats.

CAUSE : Coronaviruses are often found in bats, cats and camels. The viruses live in but don’t
infect the animals. Sometimes these viruses then spread to different animal species. The viruses
may change (mutate) as they transfer to other species. Eventually, the virus can jump from
animal species and begin to infect humans. In the case of SARS-CoV-19, the first people
infected are thought to have contracted the virus at a food market that sold meat, fish and live
animals.Coronavirus is likely spread as the virus travels in respiratory droplets released into the
air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, sings or breathes near you. You may be
infected if you inhale these droplets.You can also get coronavirus from close contact (touching,
shaking hands) with an infected person and then touching your face.

RISK FACTORS: Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that can cause illnesses such as the
common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome
(MERS). In 2019, a new coronavirus was identified as the cause of a disease outbreak that
originated in China.
The virus is known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The
disease it causes is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In March 2020, the World
Health Organisation (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.The severity of
COVID-19 symptoms can range from very mild to severe. Some people may have only a few
symptoms. Some people may have no symptoms at all, but can still spread it (asymptomatic
transmission). Some people may experience worsened symptoms, such as worsened shortness of
breath and pneumonia, about a week after symptoms start.

16
Some people experience COVID-19 symptoms for more than four weeks after they're diagnosed.
These health issues are sometimes called post-COVID-19 conditions. Some children experience
multisystem inflammatory syndrome, a syndrome that can affect some organs and tissues,
several weeks after having COVID-19. Rarely, some adults experience the syndrome too.
People who are older have a higher risk of serious illness from COVID-19, and the risk increases
with age. People who have existing medical conditions also may have a higher risk of serious
illness.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CORONAVIRUS IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION:
On January 30, India reported the first laboratory-confirmed case of COVID-19 from Kerala
with a history of travel from Wuhan, China..The first three cases in India were reported between
30 January and 3 February in Kerala. All three patients had returned from Wuhan, China — the
epicentre of what has now been declared a pandemic.
More than 3,400 people who were suspected to have come in contact with the three patients were
put in quarantine to contain the outbreak.
The country’s next two cases were reported nearly a month later, on 3 March — one patient in
Delhi who had a travel history to Italy, and the second in Hyderabad, who had travelled from
Dubai.The same day, another case was later confirmed as positive for COVID-19 from Jaipur.
The government recorded 23 new cases on March 4th, the most in a single day thus far. There
were fifteen Italian visitors in Rajasthan, as well as an Indian driver they had hired. The first six
secondary cases' – Agra locals who had been exposed to the Delhi patient discovered on March 2
— were also among the 23 instances.

Since then, more instances have been reported every day, with people carrying the virus in from
Thailand, Iran, and Oman.While the initial three patients in Kerala recovered, the state reported
five new COVID-19 cases on March 8th, including three members of the same family and two
relatives. Three of them had visited Italy before, and the other two had got the sickness from
them in India.

On the 9th of March, five further instances were recorded, one each from Kerala, Delhi, Uttar
Pradesh, Jammu, and Punjab. The patients from Kerala and Punjab had travelled to Italy, while
the Jammu patient had travelled to Iran. The other two had contracted the disease in India.Six
more instances were recorded in India on March 10th, bringing the total number of infected
people to 50. Three of these cases were recorded in Bengaluru, and the patients had recently
returned to India via Dubai after visiting the United States. Another example was discovered in
Bengaluru, with the patient claiming to have travelled to the United States and returning via
Heathrow Airport in London. Two positive cases with a travel history to Dubai have been
documented in Pune.

On March 11th, ten additional cases of COVID-19 were reported, followed by another 13 on
March 12th, bringing the total number of cases to 73.However, as of March 11, the ministry has
stopped disclosing information on how these instances began.

17
FIGURE : 3.4 COVID 19 CASES IN INDIA : FIRST CASE , DATE , SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION ( COUNTRY )

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India

Around 4,000 stranded pilgrims returned to Punjab on May 2nd from Hazur Sahib in Nanded,
Maharashtra. Many of them, including 27 bus drivers and conductors who were part of the
transportation arrangement, tested positive. Based on antibody tests, it was predicted in July
2020 that at least 57 percent of the residents of Mumbai's slums had been infected with COVID-
19 at some point.

In October 2020, a government commission on COVID-19 claimed that the epidemic has peaked
in India and that it could be under control by February 2021. This prediction is based on the
"Indian Supermodel," a mathematical simulation that assumes India achieves herd immunity. A
novel SARS-CoV-2 strain, Lineage B.1.617, was discovered in the country that month.
FIGURE 3.5 : STATUS OF COVID 19 IN INDIA : TOTAL CASES , TOTAL CURED AND TOTAL DEATH

Source : SELF

18
FIGURE 3.6 : RISE IN COVID 19 CASES IN INDIA

Source : https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/india/

Distribution :

The colours show the number of confirmed positive COVID-19 cases in each state in India. It is
observed that the states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu and Delhi recorded the
maximum number of cases as compared to other states. Maharashtra state recorded the highest
numbers with 80229 followed by Tamilnadu with 28694 and Delhi with 26334 cases. In many
other states the number found to be in the range 1000–10000cases except few states like
Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand and all states in north east India (except Assam)
where the number of cases are below 1000. The cumulative positive cases of COVID-19 in India
along with the daily new positive cases (secondary y-axis) reported for the period 10th March to
10th June 2020 (3 months) and the moving average (5day and 7day) of cumulative cases are also
combined to compare the temporal variations in the COVID-19 spread in the country. This
clearly indicates the progression of the disease will become exponential in April and May 2020
over India. The 5-day average value is found to be 222 on 1st April rising to 1689 on 1st May
and peaked to 7753 on 1st June supporting the exponential rise of the disease progression. The
curves also show the growing situation in India and the flattening of the curve is still long away
as on 10th June 2020. The corresponding state wise spatial analysis at an interval of 1 week
starting 28th March to 31st May 2020 are presented, which indicate the epidemic progressed
rapidly and severely in the states of Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Delhi, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh describing the west and south part are more endemic during the three month analysis
period. Keeping this in mind the state wise temporal progression of COVID-19 over these
selected 6 states are estimated .The analysis shows in Maharashtra, Delhi and Tamilnadu the
cases are rapidly growing stage with average daily new cases around 2500, 1000 and 1000
respectively in the early June 2020.
FIGURE 3.7 : DISTRIBUTION AND PATTERN OF COVID 19 IN INDIA

19
Source : research gate

FIGURE : 3.8 STATE WISE STATISTICS OF COVID 19 IN INDIA

Source : SELF

20
India's vaccination campaign began on January 16, 2021. Lakshadweep became the final region
of India to report its first case on January 19, 2021, over a year after the country's first case was
recorded. Daily cases had dropped to 9,000 per day by February 2021. However, by early April
2021, a huge second wave of infections had taken hold in the country, wreaking havoc; on April
9, India surpassed 1 million active cases, and by April 12, India had surpassed Brazil as the
country with the second-highest number of COVID-19 cases worldwide. India had crossed 2.5
million active cases by late April, with an average of 300,000 new cases and 2,000 deaths every
day. Some observers speculated that the number was undercounted. India recorded almost
400,000 new cases on April 30.By late May, the number of new cases had started to decline
steadily; on May 25, the country reported 195,994 new cases, the lowest daily increase since
April 13th. The mortality rate, however, has remained high; by May 24, India had documented
over 300,000 deaths linked to COVID-19. Around 100,000 people had died in the previous 26
days, and 50,000 in the previous 12. Soumya Swaminathan stated on August 25, 2021 that India
"may be entering some type of stage of endemicity where there is low level or moderate level
transmission going on" but nothing as terrible as before, implying that India is learning to live
with the virus.

On January 16, 2021, India began its vaccination programme with the AstraZeneca vaccine
(Covishield) and the indigenous Covaxin. Sputnik V and the Moderna vaccine were later
approved for use in an emergency. The country had delivered approximately 1.5 billion vaccine
doses as of January 8, 2022.

21
 CHAPTER – IV
AFTER AFFECTS OF CORONAVIRUS IN INDIA
INTRODUCTION :

The impact of coronavirus pandemic on India has been largely disruptive in terms of economic
activity as well as a loss of human lives. Almost all the sectors have been adversely affected as
domestic demand and exports sharply plummeted with some notable exceptions where high
growth was observed. Following are a few examples :

LOSS OF LIFE :
The analysis, from the Center for Global Development, a think tank in Washington, D.C., looks
at the number of "excess deaths" that occurred in India between January 2020 and June 2021 —
in other words, how many more people died during that period than during a similar period of
time in 2019 or other recent years. Drawing death data from civil registries and other sources, the
report came up with three estimates for undercounts. The conclusion is that between 3.4 and 4.7
million more people died in that pandemic period than would have been predicted. That's up to
10 times higher than the Indian government's official death toll of 414,482.
FIGURE 4.0 : TOTAL CORONAVIRUS DEATHS IN INDIA

22
Source : https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/india/

ECONOMY :

Ultimately, India’s gain from low oil prices might be moderate, as it also reduces tax revenues
and stimulates currency depreciation relative to US$.More than 80 percent of India’s workforce
earn their money in the informal sector and are particularly affected by the lockdown.The INR
1.7 lakh crore (US$ > 22.5 billion) relief package under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana
provided food security measures and direct cash transfer. The volume of the package amounted
to approximately 1% of the country’s GDP, which aims to help the poorest segment of the
population. Quantifying the magnitude of the economic impact is difficult as it depends on the
development of the COVID-19 outbreak and the proactive measures taken by the Government.
Given India’s limited fiscal room, economic stimulus measures increase the country’s debt level,
and thus, might slower pace of recovery.

FIGURE 4.1 : INFLUENCE OF COVID 19 ON GDP OF INDIA

Source : https://www.statista.com/chart/24918/covid-worries-india/

23
EDUCATION :

To combat COVID-19, lockdown was imposed on March 25, 2020 which has adversely affected
the education system in the country. It has changed the traditional education system to the
educational technologies (EdTechs) model, where teaching and assessments are conducted
online. This paper aims to identify the barriers faced by teachers during online teaching and
assessment in different home environment settings in India.To support their decision Ministry of
Human Resource Development in their press release (March 21, 2020) shared various free digital
e-learning platforms such as the National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning, Study
Web for Active Young Expiring Minds (SWAYAM), e-Pathshala, DIKSHA portal, SWAYAM
Prabha, National Repository of Open Educational, etc. for students so that they may capitalise
and continue their learning during lockdown (MHRD, 2020a). Availability of electricity is a
significant challenge to taking advantage of education online. In a recent 2017-18 survey, the
Ministry of Rural Development found that only 47% of Indian households receive more than 12
hours of electricity and more than 36% of schools in India operate without electricity. This
suggests that while students from families with better means of living can easily bridge the
transition to remote learning, students from underprivileged backgrounds are likely to accede to
inefficiency.

FIGURE : 4.2 INFLUENCE OF COVID 19 ON EDUCATION SECTOR

Source : https://www.statista.com/chart/24918/covid-worries-india/

PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:

China delivers almost 70 percent of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) for medicines
produced by Indian companies, leaving them vulnerable in maintaining its supply chain.
Considering the production capacities of Indian pharmaceutical companies, preventing

24
impairments of their production and supply chains will increase the preparedness for large scale
production for COVID-19 diagnostic tools and potential vaccines. Consequently, this will not
only support India’s economy, but also contribute to the global response in tackling this outbreak
[69]. There is a political will to incentivize the industry to increase domestic API manufacturing
capacity to decrease dependence on Chinese imports and strengthen national security.For India,
the Medicine Quality Monitoring Globe Index reported issues related to substandard or falsified
medical products. There were reports on fake vaccines or hand sanitizers sold at exorbitant prices
. India initially banned the export of hydroxychloroquine from meeting the domestic demands;
however, the ban was partially lifted after the US government requested the export of
hydroxychloroquine for virus prevention. The drug was to be exported to 20 more countries
placing requests for the tablets . India supplies 70% of the world’s hydroxychloroquine and is
aiming to export 250 million hydroxychloroquine tables to countries seeking medicine.
FIGURE : 4.3 PRIMARY BUSINESS CONCERNS RELATED TO THE COVID 19 OUTBREAK

Source : https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/coronavirus-epidemic-india-lockdown-state-wise-data-cases-deaths-
cure-6385459/

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DISRUPTION :

As the stringent lockdown began in Wuhan, Indian air fleet Air India evacuated over 700 Indian
and foreign nationals stranded in the city by carrying multiple batches of flight.Air India also
repatriated Indian crew and passengers trapped in the ill-fated Diamond Princess cruise ship.
Indian Air Force evacuated 112 nationals stranded in Wuhan, 76 Indians, and 36 foreign
nationals to Delhi, while also providing 15 tonnes of medical equipment and safety kits to
China.On 14 March 2020, all public gathering areas, such as cinemas, malls, marriage halls,
pubs, marathons, and night-fests, were closed .Xenophobic racism has risen towards the North-
eastern citizens of India, possessing Mongoloid facial features, by mainlanders as per reports by
Rights and Risk Analysis Group (RRAG).The government of India launched a mobile
application called Aarogya Setu on 2 April 2020, for citizens to be informed about their potential
risk of infection, medical advisories, and health practices to contain COVID-19, to self-assess
their symptoms, as well as contact tracing.

25
Amid the government’s controversial CAA bill, passed at the end of 2019, aiming at providing
Indian citizenship to people of certain religious backgrounds, civil unrest arose before the
pandemic hit the country, stigmatisation persisting as Muslims were initially blamed for the
spread of infection in India

TELECOM :
There has been a significant amount of changes in the telecom sector of India even before the
Covid-19 due to brief price wars between the service providers. Most essential services and
sectors have continued to run during the pandemic thanks to the implementation of the ‘work
from home’ due to restrictions. With over 1 billion connections as of 2019, the telecom sector
contributes about 6.5 per cent of GDP and employs almost 4 million people. Increased
broadband usage had a direct impact and resulted in pressure on the network. Demand has been
increased by about 10%. However, the Telco’s are bracing for a sharp drop in adding new
subscribers. As a policy recommendation, the government can aid the sector by relaxing the
regulatory compliances and provide moratorium for spectrum dues, which can be used for
network expansions by the companies.

FIGURE 4.4 : 5G INFRASTRUCTURE MARKET – PRE Vs POST COVID

Source : press release , investor relation presentation . annual report , expert interview and markets and market analysis

TOURISM:

On opening day of Parliament, the tourism ministry referenced the NCAER report in response to
a question raised by Lok Sabha MPs Ramesh Kaushik and Raju Bista in which it said 14.5
million jobs were lost during the first quarter, followed by 5.2 million jobs during the second
quarter and another 1.8 million jobs during the third quarter of 20-21, after the lockdown was
imposed.India’s travel and tourism sector, which accounts for nearly 2.5% of the GDP, has made
repeated appeals to the government seeking succour for travel and tourism businesses tottering
on the brink of collapse due to the coronavirus pandemic.From hotels to travel and tour operators
and tour guides, representative bodies from the tourism sector have given multiple petitions to

26
the government highlighting the deep financial stress caused by the pandemic on the travel and
hospitality sector during 2020-21. Throughout 2019, foreign tourist arrivals (FTAs) in India
stood at 10.89 million, achieving a growth rate of 3.2 % year-on-year. During January-February
2020, Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) were 21, 33,782. In 2019, a total of 29, 28,303 tourist
arrived on e-Tourist Visa registering a growth of 23.6 per cent. As of 2019, 4.2 crore jobs were
created in the tourism sector in India which was 8.1 % of total employment in the country. The
number is predicted to rise by 2% annually to 52.3 million jobs by 2028. International hotel
chains are increasing their presence in the country, as it will account for around 47 % share in the
Tourism & Hospitality sector of India by 2020 & 50% by 2022.

FIGURE : 4.5 FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS IN INDIA

Source : rajya sabha

BUSINESS : Coronavirus has largely impacted the growth of almost every country and is
responsible for the slump in GDP worldwide. Like other countries, India is also impacted by this
virus but not largely. Almost every industry sector has seen a fall in their sales and revenue.
India’s GDP growth has fallen to 4.7% in the third quarter of 2020.

INFLATION AND AFFECTED INDUSTRIES :

China is one of the largest exporters of many raw materials to India. Shutting down of factories
has damaged the supply chain resulting in a drastic surge in the prices of raw materials. Some of
the other products that have seen a rise in their prices are gold, masks, sanitizers, smartphones,
medicines, consumer durables, etc. The aviation sector and automobile companies are the hardest

27
hit among the rest. With no aeroplane landings or take-offs globally and restricted travel has
brought the aviation and travel industry to a halt.

SHARE MARKET :

Share markets that include Sensex and Nifty are on nose dive since the occurrence of this
pandemic (COVID-19). Sensex has declined close to 8000 points in a month. As of 12 March
2020, share market investors have lost approximately Rs. 33 lakh crore rupees in a month. This
could be the beginning of a recession that the Indian market will never want to witness. Investors
are advised to stay safe and invested in this virus-infected stock market. Few industries that can
benefit from novel coronavirus during the time of the market crash are pharmaceuticals,
healthcare, and Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG).

CASH FLOW :

Due to this outbreak, almost 80% of Indian companies have witnessed cash flow difficulty and
over 50% of companies are facing operations issues. As per the Federation of Indian Chambers
of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), 53% of companies are impacted by COVID-19. Slow
economic activity is resulting in cash flow problems eventually impacting repayments, interest,
taxes, etc.

OTHERS:

Over 82% of small businesses have experienced a negative impact, and 70% believe it will take
them nearly a year to recover demand levels prior to covid-19, according to a survey by Dun &
Bradstreet, a provider of commercial data, analytics, and insights for businesses.

HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY:

The Indian healthcare sector was adversely impacted in financial year 2020-21 with the sudden
outbreak of the pandemic. An uncertainty engulfed the sector, adding distress to the already
exisiting economic slump. The virus outbreak resulted in a 70-80% drop in footfall, test volumes.
Despite the initial blow, the healthcare system in India managed to withstand the pandemic. The
robustness of the Indian healthcare system helped it to quickly innovate and adapt to the rapid
transformation. With steep fall in hospital footfalls, the healthcare sector shifted to virtual care,
remote medicine, tele consultations and remote monitoring. After a tough year, the Index of
Industrial Production (IIP) witnessed a growth of 22.4% in March 2021. On the other hand, the
retail inflation rate measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), eased to 4.29% in April 2021,
which was recorded at 5.52% in March 2021. The GDP growth witnessed a positive momentum
in the last quarter of 2020-21. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) collection for March 2021

28
touched an alltime high of ` 1.23 lakh crores. Exports witnessed a growth of 56.93% to `
2,50,756.40 crores, as compared to ` 1,59,784.62 crores in March last year, according to the data
compiled by the Department of Commerce.

FIGURE : 4.6 VISIT INDEX OF HEALTHCARE RETAIL SITES

Source : research gate

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR :

While the digital marketplace was already thriving pre-pandemic, the shift has been accelerated
by the many COVID-19 restrictions put in place time and again. Consumers have turned to
digital platforms for their grocery shopping, banking needs and virtually everything else. This
has been supported by local mop and pop stores going digital. Demand for necessities, hygiene,
cleaning, and healthcare products has rocketed while the sale of non-essential goods and services
has witnessed a plunge. Demand for home care products such as furniture and appliances has
also risen in a bid to make the habitat more appealing. Food, mental and physical health have
become priorities. Even with reduced incomes, consumers are inclined towards increasing or
maintaining their previous level of savings. Hence, the pandemic has seen an increased
investment in saving instruments.

FIGURE : 4.7 RISE IN DEMAND FOR ESSENTIAL ITEMS

29
Source : research gate

INFORMAL SECTOR : The greatest casualty of state initiated formal planning during the
COVID-19 crisis have been the informal sector workers in cities. They are not recognised in
India’s economy though they are 80% of the labour force and their contribution is over 70% to
India’s economy. The lockdown led to the loss of livelihood for millions of informal sector
workers and labourers. This spurred a mass exodus of these workers, who packing all their
essentials took an arduous journey back home sometimes on foot, sometimes on bicycles and
sometimes packed inside trucks. They walked across cities, states, and over 1000 kilometres on
foot.

FIGURE : 4.8 ACCESS TO MEDICAL RESOURCES AND SANITATION AND HYGIENE FACILITIES

Source : https://www.abbott.com/corpnewsroom/sustainability/better-sanitation-better-health.html

AGRICULTURE: At All-India level, agriculture production in almost half (47%) of sample

districts was adversely affected by the impact of COVID-19. Magnitude wise, agriculture
production (-2.7%) had not been adversely impacted significantly, mainly due to the fact that
harvesting of rabi crops like wheat was almost complete by the end of April 2020. However,
production in allied sector had declined significantly, especially in poultry sector (-19.5%),
followed by fisheries sector (-13.6%) and Sheep/Goat/Pig (S/G/P) sector (-8.5%), primarily due
to drastic decline in demand for these products possibly due to the widespread fear circulating in

30
the wake of COVID 19 regarding safety of non-vegetarian food, particularly poultry meat, for
health related concerns. Similarly, production in the dairy (-6.6%) and horticulture (-5.7%) sub-
sector also reduced, owing to reduced demand for these products and disruption in their supply
chain. Due to restrictions imposed on movement of men/material and closure of shops,
availability of agri inputs viz. seeds (-9.2%), fertilisers (-11.2%), pesticides (-9.8%), fodder (-
10.8%), etc. declined in the range of 9 to 11 per cent.

FIGURE : 4.9 DECREASE IN MAGNITUDE OF FARMGATE PRICES IN COMMODITIES IN AGRICULTURE

AND ALLIED SECTORS

Source : https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/1211203145Impact%20Assessment%20of%20COVID.pdf

MENTAL HEALTH :

The COVID-19 outbreak has introduced additional stressors that further impinges the mental
health status of the general population, making them vulnerable to psychological disorders.
Studies have revealed that high distress and anxiety due to COVID-19 has resulted in poor
psychological well-being , increase in suicidal tendencies , exasperated pre-existing mental
health conditions to name a few. It has also severely affected the family relationships and social
dynamics , increase in cases of domestic violence , and abuse of alcohol .This can further aid in
delivering targeted psycho-social interventions for the identified vulnerable groups (which
includes females, 21–35 years old citizens, the ones with pre-existing medical conditions, and
those working on site). Several initiatives are currently being undertaken by the Government
such as providing toll free helplines and tele counselling services for mental health assistance
during the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, resource materials and manuals on managing stress
during COVID, yoga and meditation, etc. are available to the public on the MOHFW-GOI
website . However, for effective reachability of such interventions, the services and facilities
need to be curated to the specific needs of the identified susceptible groups.

31
 CHAPTER - V
The impact of COVID 19 on psychological health of people

INTRODUCTION :
Individuals' physical and emotional health, as well as the health of economies around the world,
have all been affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. While young people are less likely to develop
severe forms of the condition, with milder symptoms, lower morbidity, and a better prognosis
than adults, they have also seen an increase in stress, which has resulted in loneliness, anxiety,
and depression in many. COVID-19's effect on young people's mental health could be more
damaging in the long run than the infection itself, because emotional symptoms in adolescence
have been linked to a variety of serious mental health outcomes, including suicide, long-term
physical health consequences, and a significant healthcare burden.Measuring early symptoms of
mental health concerns in young people, such as fears and negative emotions, is thus a top focus
for academics and policymakers, as is identifying those who are most vulnerable to mental health
issues. While this data is important for both high- and low-income countries, those with fewer
resources committed to mental health may benefit more from early forecasts.
Studies based on primary data that has been collected through a field survey related to the
impact of covid-19 on the private sector in India. Respondents from diverse backgrounds
have been chosen for the study .Table 1.1 shows the demographic profile of the respondents.
It can be seen that a total of 20 respondents participated in the survey . In terms of gender
63.1% of the respondents are Male whereas 36.9% of the respondents are female.

FIGURE : 5.1 GENDER OF THE RESPONDENTS

32
Source : GOOGLE FORMS

The majority of respondents fall under the middle age group ( 97.6 %) , as the majority of
people in this section were more affected by the onset of coronavirus . It is closely followed by
the old ( 1.7 %) and young age category (0.7%).

FIGURE : 5.2 LEVEL OF EDUCATION OF RESPONDENTS

Source : GOOGLE FORMS

EFFECT ON MENTAL HEALTH :

Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we
think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make
choices. The time during the pandemic has been hard on the mental wellbeing of people . This
section of my research explores the same .In the survey it can be observed that 34.6 % of the
respondents had a family member that contracted COVID - 19 and about 9.8% of the
respondents lost someone to it . These times have taken a toll on the mental health of people due
to numerous factors. 58.3 % of the people felt overwhelmed due to the fake rumours on
televisions and newspapers as there was no initial clarification or broad knowledge on the issue
which made people anxious and depressed while 20.7 % people occasionally felt disturbed by it .
On the other hand 21% of the respondents were never really bothered about it .

33
FIGURE : 5.3 REACTION OF RESPONDENTS TO FAKE RUMOURS

Source : GOOGLE FORMS

CRISIS FACED BY THE RESPONDENTS DURING THE PANDEMIC

The next part of the survey dealt with the kind of emotional crisis faced by people during the
pandemic period and the degree of its intensity. The primary reason for this was the non -
availability of conventional entertainment which added to the boredom of people closely
followed by social isolation , work pressure in the family , changing lifestyle and social
isolation . Since the majority of the respondents are middle aged students, loss of job , travel ban
and availability of food was not a cause of immediate concern among them . Since only 15 % of
the respondents were married, domestic violence was surprisingly not highlighted enough in
this .

FIGURE : 5.4 CAUSE AND DEGREE OF INTENSITY OF EMOTIONAL CRISIS FACED BY THE RESPONDENT
DURING THE PANDEMIC

Source : GOOGLE FORMS

COVID -19 came with its own set of personal problems . In the next part of our survey we
explored the problems faced by people during this phase . The most common problem reported
was the issue of weight gain. Sitting around with limited options of physical activities
contributed to the problems of weight gain , insomnia , oversleeping and neglect in personal
hygiene. The monotonous routine also affected people’s performance at work combined with the
issues of mood swings , weight loss due to loss of appetite , high blood pressure and diabetes
due to stress eating . The ban on physical classes also triggered the virtual world affecting
people's eyesight and inducing behavioural changes .

34
FIGURE : 5.5 PROBLEMS FACED BY PEOPLE DURING THE PANDEMIC

Source : GOOGLE FORMS

A Set of economic problems were faced by people due to the sudden imposition of lockdown
and the uncertainty of livelihood around them . The economy crashed and people were left with
issues of poverty . 32.9 % of the respondents reported the inability to provide support and food
security to people whereas 33.9 % of them were under the constant stress of losing their jobs .
13.6 % of them dealt with unpaid debts due to salary cuts and 5.8 % of them faced bankruptcy
whereas 13.9 % dealt with poverty during this time .
FIGURE : 5.6 ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES FACED BY THE RESPONDENTS DURING THE PANDEMIC

Source : GOOGLE FORMS

MENTAL HEALTH OF THE RESPONDENTS DURING THE PANDEMIC :

Almost three quarters respondents said that changes in their way of life given the pandemic have
been moderately, very, or extremely stressful, while more than half said they are bothered by
being nervous, anxious or on edge more than half the days or nearly every day. About 42 percent
say their mental health has worsened ‘very much’ or ‘extremely’ as a result of the pandemic.
Around 68.8 % people felt a sudden change in their emotions and behaviour during this time .

35
FIGURE : 5.7 EFFECT ON MENTAL HEALTH OF RESPONDENTS DURING THE PERIOD OF SOCIAL
ISOLATION

Source : GOOGLE FORMS

We also found that essential workers and older age groups report faring better than non-essential
workers, and the youngest respondents report the highest levels of anxiety and low mood.
Despite this, a large portion of users also indicate that the pandemic has helped them identify
personal strengths, increased their appreciation of life and strengthened their interpersonal
relationships or spiritual connections , whatever spiritual connection means for the individual.

FIGURE : 5.8 STATE OF MIND OF THE RESPONDENTS DURING HOME ISOLATION AND QUARANTINE

Source : GOOGLE FORMS

People had a tough time coping with the news of covid being contracted by their loved one
which added to the stress during these times . 54.6 % of the respondents felt afraid while 32.9
%.

FIGURE : 5.9 STATE OF MIND OF THE RESPONDENTS DUE TO THE ATROCITIES FACED BY FAMILY
MEMBERS

36
Source : GOOGLE FORMS

of them were unhappy and 12.5 % felt no change probab;y due to shock or belief in themselves .

CHANGE IN PATTERN OF EDUCATION AND IT’S EFFECT ON RESPONDENTS :

Educational institutions took to online teaching. The start of this change felt rather very enticing
for the students with not having to rush and get ready to reach the institutions, and being in the
comfort of their homes.However, this peace didn’t last as long. Online education has taken a
huge toll on the mental and physical health of students as well as their teachers.The pressure of
after-school homework and assignments has triggered a great toll on the mental health and
mood.The pressure to concentrate and produce the required results has resulted in a great amount
of stress and anxiety. Tasks, assignments, and homework slacked.

FIGURE : 5.11 ATTITUDE OF RESPONDENTS TOWARDS THE CHANGE IN PATTERN OF EDUCATION

SYSTEM

Source : GOOGLE FORMS

Most children were seen lagging behind and succumbing to the pressure. The mental state of the
children was fragile and tampered with.Increased screen time has increased the strain on the
eyes, resulting in major headaches. This was applicable not only to the students but also to

37
teachers.The classroom ethics have been compromised to great lengths. The posture, regularity,
lack of routine, attentiveness has all resulted in health hazards. Constant sitting has caused
weight concerns as well.The lack of physical activities has caused children to become obese.
Thanks to binge eating and watching, it's only gotten worse.
In the traditional classroom setup, students follow a routine schedule during school days. When
it’s time to wake up, time to go to school, time for class, time to do homework, lunchtime to
interact with friends and attend extra-curricular activities. It’s never the same with online
learning. Staying focused on online classes is a challenge. Separating home life and class time,
not following a routine schedule, the distractions at home, caused students not to be able to
concentrate well with their classes. As a result, students tend to procrastinate and set things aside,
then deadlines are missed. This causes pressure, stress, and anxiety to both students and their
parents.
FIGURE : 5.12 ONLINE TEACHING
Source : GOOGLE FORMS

METHODS OF OVERCOMING THE STRESS :

Given the social isolation and anxiety during the COVID-19 lockdown, adolescents especially
self regulated their emotions using social media. The lack of human contact and fallacy around
the virus triggered a need for immediate support which was not being fulfilled due to social
distancing protocols . So people resorted to social media , OTT platforms to distract themself
from death and gore around them .
FIGURE : 5.13 ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN OVERCOMING THE STRESS

38
Source : GOOGLE FORMS
Given the ample opportunity and luxury of time , people also resorted to digital literacy as a
method of coping with stress . various e - portals like swayam provided the opportunity for
certificate courses at the comfort of home . It not only acted as a good means of distraction but
also helped in enhancing the knowledge bank .People also participated in various activities to
relieve the budding stress and to utilise their potential .

FIGURE : 5.14 PARTICIPATION IN ONLINE COMPETITIONS

Source : GOOGLE FORMS

FIGURE : 5.15 DIGITAL LITERACY COURSES

39
Source : GOOGLE FORMS

Amid the surging cases of COVID-19 in the country, several industries and companies opted for
the work from home option for their employees. At the same time, schools and colleges
remained shut, which allowed working professionals as well as students to work or study from
the comfort of their homes respectively and make the quarantine period as creative as possible.
There are a lot of people who started unleashing their creative sides and exploring their passion
for satisfying their innovative self. From rediscovering hobbies and learning new skills through
online courses and YouTube tutorials to trying hands-on painting, sketching, yoga, meditation,
singing and cooking, people did it all to cherish their quarantine period. Previously, the busy
schedules of humans restricted them to concentrate on their hobbies and passion, but this
lockdown came as a blessing in disguise for them to enhance their learning experience and
nurture self-development.
The respondents from our survey learnt following skills during this phase :

FIGURE : 5.15 DEVELOPING NEW SKILL SET

Source : GOOGLE FORMS

40
RESPONDENT’S PERCEPTION OF COVID- 19 :

Indulging in recreational and stress reducing activities has helped people to a great extent . The
reminiscent stress from lockdown seems to be easing away with time .68.5% of the respondents
have reported a relaxed state of mind .
FIGURE : 5.16 STATE OF MIND OF RESPONDENT

Source : GOOGLE FORMS

We note that the amount of pollution in the air, water, soil, and noise showed a significant
decline during the pandemic. Global air quality improved due to lower anthropogenic emissions
of air pollutants and atmospheric particles. Water ecosystems also demonstrated signs of
recuperation in many countries. Less commercial fishing internationally resulted in the
restoration of some aquatic life. Additionally, significant reduction of solid and water waste led
to less soil pollution. Some places experienced cleaner beaches and ocean water while wildlife
sightings in urban areas across the world occurred more often. Lastly, the COVID-19 pandemic
lockdown also led to a worldwide decline in noise pollution. However, the beneficial
environmental effects will not be permanent as the world gradually returns to its pre-pandemic
status quo.

FIGURE : 5.17 POSITIVE IMPACTS OF THE PANDEMIC

41
Source : GOOGLE FORMS

COVID has been both a boon and bane for us .In last one-and-a-half years, coronavirus has hit
the world hard. Be it the downturn in the economy or loss of precious lives to the disease, several
people have been adversely affected by the spread of this dreadful ailment. In the beginning,
several people lost their jobs and loved ones to the disease and as slowly the world tried to stand
up on its feet, the rising prices of commodities, such as fuel, etc have taken a huge toll on people.
But it was a boon for animals, who could live freely and safely in lockdown. Technological
innovation also got a great boost in this period. It gave birth to several new processes, such as
online classes, work-from-home, etc. It actually taught us a new way of life and has been
teaching the importance of taking precautions. People also realised the true importance of loved
ones, although in a harsh way. It also brought out the best in mankind as several people like actor
Sonu Sood and others could be seen helping the needy. It also makes us realise that the world
should unite if it needs to fight any such pandemic or hardship in future successfully.The world
also learnt the value of cleanliness and honoured the work of all the corona warriors, such as
healthcare professionals, security personnel, delivery men, etc.

FIGURE : 5.18 IS COVID 19 A BOON OR A BANE ?

42
Source : GOOGLE FORMS

CHAPTER – VI

43
 CONCLUSION

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which originated in the city of Wuhan,China,
has quickly spread to various countries, with many cases having been reported worldwide. As of
May 8th, 2020, in India, 56,342 positive cases have been reported.India, with a population of
more than 1.34 billion—the second largest population in the world—will have difficulty in
controlling the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among its
population. Multiple strategies would be highly necessary to handle the current outbreak; these
include computational modelling, statistical tools, and quantitative analyses to control the spread
as well as the rapid development of a new treatment. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
of India has raised awareness about the recent outbreak and has taken necessary actions to
control the spread of COVID-19. The central and state governments are taking several measures
and formulating several wartime protocols to achieve this goal. Moreover, the Indian government
implemented a 55-days lockdown throughout the country that started on March 25th, 2020, to
reduce the transmission of the virus. This outbreak is inextricably linked to the economy of the
nation, as it has dramatically impeded industrial sectors because people worldwide are currently
cautious about engaging in business in the affected regions.The impact of COVID-19 on the
Indian economy is still unfolding. Measures to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 (e.g., 21-day
lockdown) will pressure down India’s growth projections.Despite the pressure on currency
fluctuations and price level stability, India is expected to benefit from the tumbling oil prices.
India covers 80% of its oil demand with foreign sources, and is thus, a significant petroleum
importer.A rapid increase in the COVID cases and its debilitating impact on the psychological
health necessitates an empirical investigation to explore the prevalence and determinants of
psychological distress. Such an investigation will help identify the vulnerable groups at risk. This
will enable policy makers to design interventions with a targeted approach. Further, the insights
of such a study will aid in promoting the protective and minimising the risk factors. With the
impending uncertainty about the end of the pandemic and the emergence of a new strain of the
virus, there is a potential for yet another wave, which demands preparedness at the individual
and community level.This can further aid in delivering targeted psycho-social interventions for
the identified vulnerable groups (which includes females, 21–35 years old citizens, the ones with
pre-existing medical conditions, and those working on site). Several initiatives are currently
being undertaken by the Government such as providing toll free helplines and tele counselling
services for mental health assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, resource
materials and manuals on managing stress during COVID, yoga and meditation, etc. are
available to the public on the MOHFW-GOI website . However, for effective reachability of
such interventions, the services and facilities need to be curated to the specific needs of the
identified susceptible groups.
As the public's lack of trust towards the Government policies and initiatives around COVID-19
was identified as a significant predictor of distress, thus a constant attempt by the public
authorities to understand the community’s perception of their policies must be undertaken. This
will aid in employing effective strategies to inform, educate and communicate the public about
such initiatives, thereby fostering trust in the Government. People’s perception of the seriousness
of the disease, which was also identified as a major source of distress, is highly influenced by
Government and social media communication. In this regard, greater caution needs to be
exercised while devising risk communication strategies which can include preparedness,

44
response, and recovery phases of a serious public health crisis, rather than just reporting on the
number of infected, recovered and death cases. Dissatisfaction with fulfilment of basic needs was
found to contribute to distress. Therefore, it is proposed that local authorities invest in assessing
the basic needs and reallocating the distribution of basic resources during the crisis.
It is well known that external resources are not in our control, and thus it becomes imperative to
focus on building and strengthening our internal resources to tide through these times. As the
present study recognized positive capacities of resilience, hope, optimism and self-efficacy that
constitute PsyCap as a protective factor during stressful situations, hence the Government, and
systemic organisations/institutes such as schools, organisations and non-governmental
organisations should invest in development of positive capacities for sustainable well-being in
the community

APPENDIX

45
GOOGLE FORM :

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd873qLJbFnCaecBFBNz_XsXps9n6OyP-
atRzRUT-eGumcvIA/viewform?usp=sf_link

DATA:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1TgjWK3ZYuvOy6_hqjqzPC6b7uZsofbaV52rJItpe-
2M/edit?usp=sharing

TABLES :

COVID-19 CASES
TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL ACTIVE
CONTINENTS CASES DEATH RECOVERED CASES CRITICAL
Europe 164,563,814 1,737,959 145,229,368 17,596,487 12,056
North America 95,691,887 1,425,787 68,709,572 25,556,528 10,305

Asia 125,963,749 1,371,554 112,326,625 12,265,570 29,143

South America 55,207,731 1,267,669 49,881,886 4,058,176 12,413

Africa 11,628,590 251,697 10,777,784 599,109 1,559

Australia 3,596,466 5,587 3,303,437 287,442 108
Russia 17,290,197 360,215 15,351,778 1,578,204 2,300

S.no. Month Total cases Total recovery Total deaths

1. 20 Jan 2020
th
987 387 17
2. February 77,549 20,896 2363
3. March 359,297 91,711 11,564
4. April 2,727,153 854,759 194,310
5. May 5,323,875 2,404,540 361,145
6. June 9,386,974 5,601,235 522,763
7. July 15,576,861 9,672,211 685,843
8. August 23,222,005 16,690,634 883,572
9. September 32,057,728 24,739,037 1,057,716
10. October 41,476,935 32,774,344 1,218,591
11. November 58,873,079 44,463,038 1,474,102
12. December 77,493,367 59,696,614 1,821,493
13. 20 Jan 2021
th
96,482,637 76,937,876 2,209,283
14. February 111,558,53 93,750,070 2,597,936
0

46
 15. March 123,735,78 105,347,528 2,862,839
9
16. April 144,667,76 122,091,684 3,173,710
1
17. May 166,439,33 147,433,326 3,598,837
8
18. June 180,479,04 163,647,594 3,901,752
9
19. July 193,473,26 175,616,109 4,144,974
5
20. August 211,664,16 190,902,419 4,443,395
8
21. September 230,671,35 206,450,272 4,726,945
1
22 October 243,221,81 220,985,471 4,952,647
3
23. November 258,915,25 232,689,202 5,175,848
0
24. December 276,853,95 248,171,212 5,386,347
5
25. 20 Jan 2022 348,328,51
th
278,931,018 5,600,154
1
26. February 427,969,16 348,660,428 5,902,392
9
Source:-www.worldometers.info

SN Confirmed Active
State/UT Cured/Discharged Death
O Cases Cases

36 West Bengal 2013789 3437 1989200 21152

35 Uttarakhand 435494 2480 425339 7675

34 Uttar Pradesh 2065412 5693 2036281 23438

33 Tripura 100852 58 99875 919

32 Telangana 787437 4477 778850 4110

47
 SN Confirmed Active
State/UT Cured/Discharged Death
O Cases Cases

31 Tamil Nadu 3446388 12321 3396078 37989

30 Sikkim 39039 109 38489 441

29 Rajasthan 1275989 7518 1258941 9530

28 Punjab 757475 1120 738666 17689

27 Puducherry 165646 321 163365 1960

26 Odisha 1283297 4040 1270221 9036

25 Nagaland 35372 206 34413 753

24 Mizoram 209289 9247 199394 648

23 Meghalaya 93346 291 91482 1573

22 Manipur 136548 596 133848 2104

21 Maharashtra 7860317 17061 7699623 143633

20 Madhya Pradesh 1035808 6172 1018917 10719

19 Lakshadweep 11394 36 11306 52

18 Ladakh 27902 305 27369 228

17 Kerala 6478750 54394 6359953 64403

48
 SN Confirmed Active
State/UT Cured/Discharged Death
O Cases Cases

16 Karnataka 3938032 10443 3887744 39845

15 Jharkhand 434110 620 428175 5315

14 Jammu and Kashmir 452547 1448 446352 4747

India 42867031 164522 42189887 512622

13 Himachal Pradesh 282538 1528 276905 4105

12 Haryana 979355 2855 965969 10531

11 Gujarat 1221276 3925 1206445 10906

10 Goa 244817 533 240489 3795

9 Delhi 1857015 2367 1828542 26106

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

8 11438 3 11431 4
and Daman and Diu

7 Chhattisgarh 1149871 2596 1133253 14022

6 Chandigarh 91608 211 90234 1163

5 Bihar 829803 508 817040 12255

4 Assam 724013 1763 715615 6635

49
 SN Confirmed Active
State/UT Cured/Discharged Death
O Cases Cases

3 Arunachal Pradesh 64341 246 63799 296

2 Andhra Pradesh 2316711 5565 2296430 14716

Andaman and Nicobar

1 10012 29 9854 129
Islands

Source:-Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India

Source:-Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India

S.no. Month Total cases Total Total Deaths

Cured
1. 20 March 2020
th
195 20 4
2. April 17,265 2,547 543
3. May 106,750 42,298 3,303
4. June 395,048 213,831 12,948
5. July 1,118,043 700,087 27,497
6. August 2,836,925 2,096,664 53,866
7. September 5,400,619 4,303,043 86,752
8. October 7,597,063 6,733,328 115,197
9. November 9,004,365 8,428,409 132,162
10. December 10,031,223 9,580,402 145,477
11. 20 Jan 2021
th
10,595,660 10,245,741 152,718
12. February 10,977,387 10,678,048 156,212
13. March 11,555,284 11,107,332 159,558
14. April 15,321,089 13,108,582 180,530
15. May 25,772,440 22,355,440 287,122
16. June 29,881,965 28,766,009 386,713
17. July 31,144,229 30,308,456 414,108
18. August 32,358,829 31,561,635 433,589
19. September 33,478,419 32,715,105 445,133
20. October 34,108,996 33,478,247 452,651
21. November 34,499,925 33,909,708 465,349
22. December 34,746,838 34,187,017 477,554
23. 20 Jan 2022
th
38,218,773 35,807,029 487,693
24. February 42,822,473 42,086,473 511,947

50
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