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com
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SELF INDUCTIVE
AND MUTUAL
INDUCTIVE
TRANSDUCER
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=V
rqTAnTf_jc
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SELF INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER

 What is self inductance?
Ans: Self inductance is the production of emf in a
circuit when a magnetic flux linked with the circuit
changes as a result of change of current.
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 It works on principle of self inductance

 Only a single coil is employed.
 Self induction transducers are usually variable
reluctance devices
Application: this can be used as displacement sensor,
proximity sensor etc.
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MUTUAL INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCER

 What is mutual inductance?
Ans: When an emf is induced in an coil because of
change in current in a coupled coil,this effect is called
as mutual inductance
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 A device specifically designed to produce the effect of

mutual inductance between two or more coils is called
a transformer.
 It works on principle of mutual inductance.
 Two or more number of coils are involved.
Applications: LVDT ,transformer-step up and step
down transformer.
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INDUCTIVE TRANSDUCERS
 It is the most simple and most popular type of
displacement transducer in which variation is achieved
as function of displacement.
 Variation of inductance happens due to:
 Change in number of turns
 Change in reluctance
 Change in permeablity
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APPLICATIONS
 Position Detection
 Speed Sensing
 Limit Switching
 Pulse Generation
 Distance Measurement
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LINEAR VARIABLE
DIFFERENTIAL
TRANSFORMER

https://youtu.be/w
ffxmp51ajc
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LVDT
 The linear variable differential transformer is a type of
electrical transducer used for measuring displacement.
 A counterpart to this device that is used for measuring
rotatory displacement is called rotatory variable
differential transformer
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WORKING PRINCIPLE:
 LVDT works under the principle of mutual induction, and the
displacement which is a non electrical energy is converted into an
electrical energy. And the way how the energy is getting converted is
described in working of LVDT in a detailed manner.

 LVDT consists of a cylindrical former where it is surrounded by one

primary winding in the centre of the former and the two secondary
windings at the sides. The number of turns in both the secondary
windings are equal, but they are opposite to each other, i.e., if the left
secondary windings is in the clockwise direction, the right secondary
windings will be in the anti-clockwise direction, hence the net output
voltages will be the difference in voltages between the two secondary
coil. The two secondary coil is represented as S1 and S2. Esteem iron
core is placed in the centre of the cylindrical former which can move in
to and fro motion
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Linear variable differential

transducer circuit diagram
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 Case 1:On applying an external force which is the displacement,

if the core reminds in the null position itself without providing
any movement then the voltage induced in both the secondary
windings are equal which results in net output is equal to zero.

 Case 2:They are used in applications where displacements

ranging from fraction of mm to few cm are to be measured. The
LVDT acting as a primary transducer converts the displacement
to electrical signal directly.

 Case 3: When an external force is applied and if the steel iron

core moves in the right hand side direction then the emf induced
in the secondary coil 2 is greater when compared to the emf
voltage induced in the secondary coil 1.
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ADVANTAGES
 High Range- The LVDT has a very high range for measurement of
displacement. This can be used for measurement of displacement
ranging from 1.25mm to 250mm.
 There is no physical contact between the movable core and coil
structure which means that LVDT is a frictionless device.
 High input and High sensitivity-LVDT gives high input and many a
time there is no need for amplification.
 LVDT has low hysteresis and hence repeatability is excellent.
 The fact that LVDT is a transformer means that there is complete
isolation between excitation voltage given to the primary winding
and the output produced by the secondary windings.This makes
LVDT an effective analog computing
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DISADVANTAGES
 They are sensitive to a stray magnetic field.

 Many a times transducer performance is affected by

vibrations.

 The temperature effects the performance of the

transducer
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APPLICATIONS
 They are used in applications where displacements
ranging from fraction of mm to few cm are to be
measured. The LVDT acting as a primary transducer
converts the displacement to electrical signal directly.
 They can also acts as the secondary transducers. E.g.
the Bourbon tube which acts as a primary transducer
and covert pressure into linear displacement.then
LVDT coverts this displacement into electrical signal
which after calibration gives the ideas of the pressure
of fluid.
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ROTARY VARIABLE
DIFFERENTIAL
TRANSFORMER
(RVDT)
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DEFINITION OF RVDT
 A variation of linear variable differential
Transformer (LVDT) may be used to sense angular
displacement This is the Rotary Variable
Differential Transformer (RVDT).

 The circuit diagram of the RVDT is similar to the

LVDT except that its core is in cam shaped and
may be rotated.

 Most of the RVDT consist of wound , laminated

stator and a salient two-pole rotor. The stator
contains four slots which includes two secondary
windings and both the primary windings
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OPERATION
 The operation of RVDT is similar to that of
LVDT.
 At the primary null position of the core.
 The output voltage of secondary winding S1 and
S2 are equal and in opposition.
 Therefore, the net output is equal to zero Any
angular displacement from the null position
will result in differential voltage output.
 The greater the angular displacement the
greater will be the differential output. Hence
the response of the transducer is linear.
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 Clockwise rotation produce the increasing voltage of

secondary winding of one phase while counter
clockwise rotation produce an increasing voltage of
opposite phase.

 Hence, the amount of angular displacement and its

direction may be ascertained from the magnitude and
the phase of the output voltage of the transducer.

 The RVDT is one application that can measure the

angle precisely within short distance
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ADVANTAGES
 Low sensitivity to temperature , primary voltages &
frequency variations.
 Sturdiness.
 Low cost.
 Simple control electrons.
 Small size.
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SYNCHROS
AND
MICROSYN
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Synchros
 The term “synchro” is an abbreviation of the word
“synchronous”.
 It is the name given to a variety of rotary,
electromechanical, position-sensing devices.
 Synchro is an inductive device which works on the
principle of rotating transformer.
 The term rotating transformer means the primary to
secondary coupling can be changed by physically changing
the relative orientation of the winding.
 So based on this working principle of syncro it can be used
as POSITION TRANSDUCER
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CONSTRUCTION
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Excitation Voltage
 er = Er*sinωt
 Induced emf = Kt*Kc*Er*sinωt
 Kt = turn ratio
 Kc = coupling coefficient, it depends on rotor angular
position.
 es1 = Kt*K1*cosθ*sinωt
 es2 = Kt*K2*cos(θ + 120)Er*sinωt
 es3 = Kt*K1*cos(θ + 240)Er*sinωt
 es1s2 = √3*K*Er*sin(θ + 240)sinωt
 es2s3 = √3*K*Er*sin(θ + 120)sinωt
 es1s3 = √3*K*Er*sinθsinωt
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Applications
 Detection of winding length
 Position detection of stackers
 Angle detection : antenna bearing angles, and
elevation angles
 Position detection of an automated carriage
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Microsyn
 It is a variable reluctance transducer.
 It is most widely used in sensitive
gyroscopic instruments
 At null position, voltage induced in
coils 1 and 3 is balanced by those of 2
and 4.
 Motion of input shaft from null
position increases reluctance of 1
and 3 and decreases that of 2 and 4
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CAPACITIVE
TRANSDUCER
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=e
kIYaHgzt5c
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DEFINITION
 The capacitive transducer is used for measuring the
displacement, pressure and other physical quantities.
 It is a passive transducer that means it requires
external power for operation.
 The capacitive transducer works on the principle of
variable capacitances.
 The capacitance of the capacitive transducer changes
because of many reasons like overlapping of plates,
change in distance between the plates and dielectric
constant.
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WORKING PRINCIPLE:
 The principle of operation of capacitive transducers is
based upon The familiar equation for capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor.

Capacitance C=Ʃ A/d

 Where ,

 =Ʃr ƩoA/d

A=overlapping area of plates d=distance between two

plates Ʃ=Ʃr Ʃo=permittivity of medium
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Types:
The capacitive transducer works on the principle Of
capacitance which may be caused by:
 Change in overlapping Area
 Change in the distance between the plates
 Change in dielectric constant
Uses of Transducers
 It can be used for measurement of both linear and angular
displacement.
 It can be used for measurement of force and pressure.
 It can be used for measurement of humidity in gases.
 It is commonly used in conjunction with mechanical
 modifiers for measurement of volume , density , weight
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Change in overlapping Area

 Examining the equation for capacitance it is found
that the Capacitance is directly proportional to the
area , of the plates .
 Thus the capacitance changes linearly with change in
area of plates . Hence this type of capacitive transducer
is useful for measurement of moderate to large
displacement
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Change in the distance between

the plates
 Figure shows the basic form of a capacitive transducer utilizing
the effect of change of capacitance with change in distance
between the two plates .
 One is a fixed plate and the displacement to be measured is
applied to the other plate which is movable .
 Since , the capacitance , varies inversely as the distance y small
displacement between the plates the response of this transducer
is not linear .
 Thus , this transducer is useful only for measurement of
extremely small distance
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Change in dielectric constant

 The third principle used in capacitive
transducers is the variation of
capacitance due to change in dielectric
constant .
 Fig. shows a Capacitive transducer for
measurement of linear displacement
working on the above mentioned
principle .
 These capacitive Transducer is normally
used for measurement of liquid levels.
 Fig. shows a transducer used for water
level measuring .
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Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages
 They require small force to  The capacitance of transducer
operate & hence are very useful may be changed on account of
in small system. presence of materials like dust .
 The capacitive transducers are
 They are extremely sensitive.  temperature sensitive .
 They have a good frequency  The instrumentation circuitry
response . used with these transducers is
 They have a high input very complex
impedence and therefore the  The capacitive transducer show
loading effects are minimum . non-linear behaviour many a
times on account of edge effects
 A resolution of the order of  The metallic parts of the
2.5*10^-3mm can be obtained transducer must be insulated from
with these transducers . each other.
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CAPACITOR
MICROPHONE
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Principle
 Capacitor microphone works on the
principle as that of the capacitance
transducer.
 It contains a movable diaphragm and a
fixed plate
 When the sound waves hit the
microphone, the diaphragm moves
backwards and forwards.
 This changes the level of capacitance
and as a result voltage changes are seen
across the resistor connected.
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Applications
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Advantages Disadvantages
 Typical output impedance is  High sensitivity, which causes
aro overload due to loud noise.
 Frequency ranges from 20Hz  Internal construction is
to 20KHz and moreund 200 delicate.
ohm or less  Sensitive to humid
 High quality sound recording.  environment.
 It is less robust  They are damaged more
easily than dynamic
microphones