Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 54) Vol.

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(A Special Issue on The Second Scientific Conference of The College of Arts /2010 )

Tense Shift in Quanic Translation

Into English
Assist. Lecturer
Isra' M. Salman
College of Arts University of Basrah

Abstract:
The study deals with tense shift in Quranic translation into English: The term
“ Quranic Translation” is used instead of the translation of Quran because the
former is a general term and the study involves three Quranic translations .The
glorious Quran specifically, Part 30 has been chosen as the data because of the
availability of various authentic translations of its, the concentration is on the
form specifically not meaning. For practical reasons, the study is going to cover
Part 30 only.

The study begins with a review of the tenses in English and Arabic,
focusing on the present and the past tenses in particular. Moreover, it gives a
detailed description of the term "translation shifts" as first initiated by Catford.
Besides, the two types of translation shifts have been shed light on, namely,
level shifts , and category shifts .In addition, the subtypes of each level of shift
have been exposed .The study surveys three translations: Ali's, Shakir's, and
Pickthall's.
The citations include only those verses that contain shifts. It has been
found out that the translation of Shakir contains more shifts in tenses than the
other two translations . It is worth mentioning that the researcher does not
evaluate the translators ;rather, it shows the shifts .Four types of tense shifts
have been realized in this sample, namely, from past to present , from present to
past , from past to future forms, and from present to future forms .The study
ends with some conclusions .

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(A Special Issue on The Second Scientific Conference of The College of Arts /2010 )

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' ($% ) * & !" #$ % #
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3 A5 7 81 ; < 63 = : > 6 /% 63-,? @ > & 9:
& H 1 I !" #J 2 K 63 & 2D< E FG & B ; C2
F %LM 2 / K % 1 / # %LM E<
: R 1Q # Q ' ($ ,$"% O P ( 7 FG & 2 N 1
# !. 1 23 2 @3N S 5 : 1 Catford !<9 /% 1E B% *
& $" # 1 T3 5
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/% % X$ # ?KE 2 R3 I KP 6 Y &/% #J #
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] 1 2 % X$ # \3E E : 1& % X$
#J F /%1^ F \ N /%L /%1^\ N F /%L /% U
&; _< ` &!< 5 #J \ N /% =E 1 ^!< 5

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Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 54) Vol. (1)
(A Special Issue on The Second Scientific Conference of The College of Arts /2010 )

I-Tenses in English and Arabic

1.1 Tenses in English

It is important to distinguish between time and tense .Quirk and
Greenbaum(1999:40) draw this distinction. The former, is a universal, non-
linguistic concept with three divisions: past, present, and future. Tense, on
the other hand , refers to the correspondence between the form of the verb
and our concept of time .

Crystal(1997:459) defines tense as “ a category used in the grammatical

description of verbs ( along with aspect and mood) referring primarily to the
way grammar marks the time at which the action denoted by the verb took
place ” .For Aziz(1989:39)tense refers to time by means of contrast in verb
forms. So, to determine how a verb form refers to time , a point of reference
must be known .That indicates what is meant by past , present and future
.Accordingly, tenses which use the moment of speaking as the point of
reference are called " absolute " and those using other moments as point of
reference are termed "relative" .Thus, English tenses are absolute while
Arabic tenses can be either absolute or relative (ibid:40).

On the basis of the verb forms, two tenses are distinguished in English ,
namely, the present tense , and the past .

1.1.1 The Present Tense in English

The present has its point of reference the present moment of speaking (it is
absolute)(Aziz,1989:40).Three basic types of present can be distinguished
.First, a timeless act is expressed in the simple present form. For example,
-I always write with a special pen( Quirk and Greenbaum,1999:41).
Second, this tense is used for a universal statement like,
- The sun sets in the west .
Third, an action with a limited duration is expressed in the present
progressive as in :
I am writing with a special pen .
Fourth, habitual action. as in I get up at 7 o'clock.

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Fifth, an instantaneous act is expressed either in the simple present or in

the progressive form ,for instance,
As you see , I am dropping the stone into the water( Quirk and
Greenbaum,1999:42).
It is worth mentioning that the simple present tense can be used to
express actions or customs and there are some other uses with verbs of
sensation , comments and recipes, and performative acts .The present tense ,
however, can be sometimes used to refer to past in " communicative verbs"
like , tell, hear etc., for example,

-I hear you are engaged (Quirk and Greenbaum,1999:43).

English has two aspects expressed in its grammar by means of combining

verb forms : the progressive and the perfective . The former, can be
expressed by means of the verb: (be+ ing) form; furthermore, this aspect
can be combined with two tenses, the past and the present .The perfective
aspect is expressed by the verb (have+ the past participle) .So, we will have
the present perfect and past perfectas in :

-I have written the letter.

-I had written the letter.

Alexander (2005:130) presents two uses of the present perfect :

1- Actions beginning in the past and continuing up to the present moment

.For instance, I have received20 cards so far.

2- Actions which happened at un specified time in the past .As in, Have
you passed your driving test?

Moreover, two aspects can be combined yielding perfective progressive

aspect in the present or past tense as in :

I have been writing.

I had been writing (Aziz,1989:56)

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1.1.2 The Past Tense in English

“An action in the past may be seen as having taken place at a particular
point of time or over a period , and if the latter extends up to the present or
relating only to the past ”(Quirk and Greenbaum, 1999:42).

The past tense is sometimes used to refer to the present time in three ways :

1- In the indirect speech as in : He said that he was ready to help you.

2- Polite attitude as in 'Did you want to discuss the matter with me" .
3- Unreal situation for example " If I had enough money , I would buy the
house"(Quirk and Greenbaum,1999:42).

Alexander(2005:127) lists two uses of the past tense , the first is to

describe actions which happened in recent or distance past .The second,
to describe past habits .

To sum up, the past tense in English can be found in different forms
namely, simple past, past progressive ,and past perfect. The same is true
with the present .

1.2 Tenses in Arabic

There are two kinds of tenses in Arabic, namely, structural tense /% a
b < K )and morphological tense b a$ /% ) .The former is determined
by the form ,while, the latter, depends on the structure and the general
context of speech i.e., the particle that precedes the verb and its effect on it
(Noor Al Deen,1984:100).In Arabic, there are two verb forms : the perfect
aF , and the imperfect \ aN which express among other things , time
reference. The imperfect Aaa and the perfect Aaa K express present/past
contrast when they are used as absolute tenses(Aziz,1989:43).
The imperfect "A a " can be used to express absolute and relative tenses in
the following :
- My brother goes there ()3 !K c =E A )(absolute).
- Then I knew that my brother went there every day .
- b)3 !K c A =E 6E c e 2d
( relative , the point of reference is past e 2)
(Ibid)

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Tahan (1972:101) says the use of the Arabic terms "past ,present ,and
imperative to refer to tenses can be confused in the sense that both the past
and the present sometimes cannot be determined only by their forms because
the past form may refer to other tenses that can be specified from the context
.In this study, the researcher is after the form of the verb only, not the
meaning that the verb expresses with the reference of the context of the
situation .

1.2.1The Present Tense in Arabic

The imperfect refers to present time if the point of reference is the moment
of speaking .As in English, the present tense refers to the general present
namely, a repeated action, customs, a fact or an ability in the present
(Aziz,1989:43) For example,
- I go to the market once a week .(\3< E !K C % f35 A 8 )

Unlike the English present tense , the Arabic present tense may often refers
to the present moment like,
-He is writing a long poem .( 3g C $9 A B E)

There are two minor uses of the Arabic present tense as presented by Noor Al
Deen(1984:78) : future as in ,
bi E^ IN C 3 db F 7 7 ( h35 1)

past times as in ) bni E^ g d b m /% `l 2 c % 3<5K W j = k 3 1d

1.2.2The Past Tense

The perfect form refers to actions, states, and situations before the present
(absolute). Aziz(1989:45) presents the uses of Arabic past tense as follows:
1- All types of acts use Arabic past tense :long acts , short acts, repeated acts
etc., which indicate definite past time .like ,

John lived in Paris when he was a child

(!"g 3 1 H 63 o 2)

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2- Past actions in the indefinite past may be connected with the present by
means of their effect or result ." 9 " is occasionally used with the perfect
form , but its use is restricted to affirmative statements .For instance,
- The plane has arrived (C p ( e J1 )
- Have you seen him before now? (6 E !<9 B ! )

3- Wishes, prays and curses .

-May God have mercy on him (j B O )
-God bless you (7 j c )

4- A secondary use of the past tense in Arabic is for future actions of which
the speaker is so certain he uses the perfect form .This is usually found in
negative promises like,

- By God I shall not stay in this town .( C < ` e 9E j 1)

5- Past tense can be used for proverbs, maxims ,or what is in print for
example, Al- Mutanabi says …( < U9)

In sum, the main difference between English and Arabic tenses is that in
English , the two main tenses: present and the past are absolute .In Arabic ,
on the other hand, the two tenses expressed by the imperfect and perfect may
be absolute or relative .Moreover, Abdul Kareem(1999:32) stresses that the
tense of the verb in Arabic can be determined by the context not by the form
as in English , for him , the form plays a secondary role .

1.3 Comparison of Tenses in English and Arabic

Aziz (1989:50) presents eight important points in which he compares English
and Arabic tenses .They are as follows:

1-The present tense in English & Arabic when used in absolute tense, they refer
to general present time , which includes the present moment. This can express
facts ,habits, customs , but not necessarily actions happening at the present
moment.

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2- The Arabic present tense often refers to an action taking place at the moment
of speaking (now).In English, this use of the present tense is confined to a
limited number of verbs of sensation .The English equivalence is expressed by
the progressive aspect .For example,

6 ER.
Layla is preparing the tea .
q3F3 7 E
I hear you clearly.

3-Both in English and in Arabic , the present tense may refer to future time,
usually with the help of an adverbial of futurity as in :
rC =E m #
My brother leaves for Cairo tomorrow.

4- In few cases (newspaper headlines) the English and Arabic present tenses
(absolute)are used to express past time .For instance,

H !$ f = L1
H O < f = L1 !J1

The foreign Minister of Iraq arrives in Paris.

The Iraq foreign minister arrived in Paris yesterday.

5- The English past tense refers to a definite past which excludes the present
moment .The Arabic past tense refer to a definite past , as in :

F ) ! eE
I saw this man last year.

6- The Arabic past tense, in contrast with the English one , may refer to an
indefinite past time , normally, connected with the present in one way or
another. For example,
R h3 s% ` 1 &/ % ! eE
I have seen this man twice , his face is familiar to me .
The English equivalent is normally expressed by means of the present perfect
aspect.
$ /% B :
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I have not finished the story yet.(Aziz,1988:51)

7- Arabic often uses the past tense ,while English uses the present tense. This
can be found in proverbs, maxims , and what is in print , and certain verbs of
emotions.

Shakespeare says <5 P U 9

I love this girl C " e<<OE

The most important differences between English and Arabic tenses is that
English tenses are absolute , the relative tenses are expressed by means of
different forms , the non- finite forms .The Arabic tenses use the same forms in
absolute and relative constructions as in :

The boy said: " Ali likes jazz music"(direct speech)

The boy said that Ali liked jazz music (indirect speech)

In indirect speech the verb "like" becomes "liked" because the action is now in
the past , and the tense is absolute (Aziz,1988:52).
L> 3% AI 2] 3 U 9
L> 3% AI 2 6 3 U 9

II-Translation Shift

This term is used by Catford ; he was the first scholar who used this
term . He (1956: 73) defines shifts as “ the departures from formal
correspondence in process of going from SL to TL”. Formal correspondence
can be defined as “ any TL category ( unit ,class, structure , element , of
structure etc ) which can be said to occupy as nearly as possible the same place
in the " economy " of the TL as the given SL category occupied in the SL ” (
Catford , 1965 :27).

Hatim and Munday (2004 :26) define translation shift as " the small
linguistic changes that occur between SL and TT " .For them ,a shift is said to
occur if in a given TT , a translation equivalent other than the formal
correspondent occurs for a specific SL element (Ibid: 28) . Newmark (1988:85)

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called the shift as " transposition" . For him, transposition can be defined as "
translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL ".

There are two kinds of shifts in Catford' s view (1965: 73):

1. Level shifts ( between the levels of grammar and lexis ).
2. Category shifts ( unbounded and rank – bounded ) .

1. Level shifts : The shifts occurs between the levels of the language if
SL item at one linguistic level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level
. We are concerned here with the shifts from grammar to lexis and vice-versa
(Hatim and Munday ,2004:142). Such kind of shifts can be seen in the
translation of verbal aspects of Russian and English ( past tense – past
continuous ), ( imperfective and perfect ).

2. Category shifts (unbounded ) : means free or normal translation in which

SL.TL equivalences are set up at whatever rank is appropriate, for example,
sentence to sentence equivalence, whereas, rank- bound translation refer to those
special cases where equivalences is deliberately limited to ranks below the
sentence thus , leading to " bad translation " (Hatim and Munday ,2004- 144) .
Changes of rank include: unit changes of structure, class ,changes of term in
systems . Hence, category– shifts are the departures from formal correspondence
in translation.

Category –shifts can be classified into four types , namely : structure shifts
,class ,unit(rank-changes) and intrasystem-shifts(ibid:145).Amongst the most
frequent category shifts are the structure shifts at all ranks in translation . They
occur in phonology and graphological translation as well as in total translation .
Structure shifts can be found in English and French in a case in which English
has a modifier followed by the head , whereas , in French the modifier and head
are followed by a quantifier .

The second type of category shifts is class shifting which occurs when the
translation equivalent of an SL item is a member of a different class . For
instance , the colour "white " in English may be translated as " blanche" in
French . So, there is a class shift . Similarly, the translation of a noun group
from English to French .

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The third type of shifts is called unit – shifts . It means changes of rank ,
departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a
unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL.
The last type of shifts is called "intra- system shifts " . It is used to refer
to cases where a shift occurs internally , within a system where SL and TL
possess systems which approximately correspond formally as their constitution b
Hatim and Munday ,2004:46).

Newmark ( 1988 :85) classified transpositions into four types . Type one
involves a change from singular to plural, or in the position of the adjective .
Such a change is automatic and offers the translator no choice .

The second type of shift is required when SL grammatical structure does

not exist in the TL . In this case , there are options . For example , the neutral
adjective " interesting" can be translated as follows:

- What interesting thing is that

- The interesting thing is that
-It's interesting that
- The interest of the matter is that

Similarly , the English gerund can be translated into French as verb-

noun or subordinate clause .

The third type of shifts happened when the literal translation is

grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL .
This case can be observed in SL verb and TL adverb . Vinally and Darbelents as
cited in Newmark (1988: 86) present six types :

1. SL verb , TL noun .
2 . SL conjunction, TL indefinite adjective .
3 . SL clause , TL noun group .
4 . SL verb group , TL verb .
5 . SL noun group , TL noun .
6 . SL complex sentence ,TL simple sentence .

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It is not possible to standardize translations in the way that Vinay and

Darbelents do since so many overlap and convert to lexis .However, there are a
number of standard transpositions from Romance Languages into English .
The replacement of a virtual gap by a grammatical structure is the fourth
type of shifts. Certain transpositions appear to go beyond linguistic differences
and can be regarded as general options available for stylistic consideration .
Thus , a complex sentence can be converted to a co- ordinate sentence , or two
simple sentences ( Newmark , 1988 :84).

Briefly speaking ,transposition is the only translation procedure concerned

with grammar , and most translators make transpositions intuitively .

III-The Analysis of Tense Shift in Quranic Translation

The present study depends on three translations of the glorious

Quran :by Pickthall, by Shakir, and by Ali. This study covers only the citations
which contain a shift in tense .The study of tense shift is restricted to Part 30.
Throughout the analysis of this part , it has been found out that the shift in tense
took the following four patterns.

1- There is a shift from past to present as table (1)shows. The shift is either to
simple present tense or to present perfect .Both Shakir's and Pickthall's
translations happened to include (77) tense shifts, while, Ali's shift in tenses
contains only (61)items. To sum up, the total shift from past to present in all of
the three translations is (215).It is noticed that when the Arabic verbs preceded
by the particle ( 8 d , the reference of the verb can be either present or
future(Noor Al Deen,1984:62) as in the following :

-The shout cometh

bnn E^H<2 C 3 dbt =
u $
u ;
v @w w 8w xvw d
- it departs
bz{ E^ 3 C 3 ) bH
w w y52
w 8w v !
v y u 1w d )

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2- There is a shift from present to future form as expressed in table (2). It is

observed throughout the analysis of this pattern of shift whenever there is the
word “)3a ” , there is a shift to future forms. Besides, if the verb preceded by a
conditional particle , there is a shift . In this respect, Shaker's translation
includes(52),a Ali's (44), and Pickthall's is (26).In brief, there are 122 tense
shifts in all three translations .

3- There is a shift from past to future form as seen in table (3). Whenever the
researcher found a question in the holy verses , there is a shift to future form
.The shift in Ali's translation is (7), in Pickthall's(6), and in Shakir's(2).The total is(
15) .

4- There is a shift from present to past as indicated in table (4).The majority

of shift is in the form of the simple past . Pickthall's translation is (8),
while in Shaker's (7), and in Ali's (3).The total is (18).

5- As far as the translation of the conditional sentences is concerned, and

since English and Arabic differ in the structures of their conditional
sentences , the researcher is not dealing with conditional sentences
themselves; rather , with the verb phrases which occur in conditional
sentences specifically .

To sum up ,it has been found out that tense shift in Shaker's translation is
more than in other two translations . Moreover, the four types of translation
shifts as shown above can be arranged from the more frequent to the less as the
results of the analysis showed:

1- Tense shift from past to present.

2- Tense shift from present to future form.
3- Tense shift from present to past .
4- Tense shift from past to future form.

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Table (1): Tense shifts from past to present

) )* ) &%'( "# $%

We have created ( | 1w yLEw y:Kt w y w=

w 1w d s< 8 Pickthall

…and have appointed ( | <w t y:t %w y3w w y w w 1w d s< 9 Pickthall

…and have appointed (P

| w %w w `w u w y w w 1w d s< 10 Pickthall

And we have built ( m| w P

v | y<w y:t 9w y3w w y w w 1w d s< 12 Pickthall

And have appointed ( | u 1w | w v w y w w 1w d s< 13 Pickthall

And have set down (| >

u -w @| %w ;
v w$
v yty /
w %v d s< 14 Pickthall

..the day of decision is ( | w %v 6

w Kw !
v y$"w y )w y3w 6
uv d s< 17 Shakir
appointed
…becometh ( | 3w y Ew yew w w @t w 5
u e
v I
w v t 1w d s< 19 Pickthall

…become as a mirage ( | w w yew w w U

t <w >
vy ;
v w } t 1w d s< 20 Pickthall

And all things have we ( | w Kv t w y $

w yOEw @~ y P
w !
u Kt 1w d s< 29 Ali
preserved
And we have recorded ( | w Kv t w y $
w yOEw @~ y P
w !
u Kt 1w d s< 29 Shakir

Everything have we recorded ( | w Kv t w y $

w yOEw @~ y P
w !
u Kt 1w d s< 29 Pickthall

t w pv ww y 1w qt 1• )t 3t w )w y3w d
…who speaks the rights 6
w 8v Ew y/%w uv 6 w 3t uw w w w € "• J
w s< 38 Shakir
( | 3w Jw U w 9w 1w /t ‚w yOu Bt w
t w pv ww y 1w qt 1• )t 3t w )w y3w d
…alloweth and speaketh
6
w 8v Ew y/%w uv 6 w 3t uw w w w € "• J
w s< 38 Pickthall
the right
( | 3w Jw U w 9w 1w /‚w yOu Bt w
@w Pw y/w w € 4 •I w y )t y3w y 7
w v8‚w d
Let him take s< 39 Ali
( | ƒw% Bv } w ‚ wv w * wu
@w Pw y/w w € 4 •I w y )t y3w y 7
w v8‚w d
Whoever desires s< 39 Shakir
( | ƒw% Bv } w ‚ wv w * wu
t w pv ww y 1w qt 1• )t 3t w )w y3w d
May take 6
w 8v Ew y/%w uv 6 w 3t uw w w w € "• J
w s< 38 Ali
( | 3w Jw U w 9w 1w /t ‚w yOu Bt w
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„„„let him b K8 @ P / d H<2 12 Shakir

…..hath he created bB = @ P RE /%d H<2 18 Ali

…..doth he create him bB = @ P RE /%d H<2 18 Pickthall

he has made b 5 ! <5 :- d H<2 20 Shakir

he pleases bC . @ P 8 :- d H<2 22 Shakir

Hath commanded bt w %w Ew %w _
v y w u w uKw d H<2 23 Ali

He has not done bt w %w Ew %w _

v y w u w uKw d H<2 23 Shakir

Hath not done bt w %w Ew %w _

v y w u w uKw d H<2 23 Pickthall

We pour forth b <• J

w @w w y w y<<w J
w u Ewd H<2 25 Ali

We pour down b <• J

w @w w y w y<<w J
w u Ewd H<2 25 Shakir

We pour water b <• J

w @w w y w y<<w J
w u Ewd H<2 25 Pickthall

We cleave the earth b •P

w …
w y swy w y w P
w :u -t d H<2 26 Shaker

We cause to grow b <• O

w `w v w y <w y sww d H<2 27 Shakir

We cause the grain to grow b <• O

w `w v w y <w y sww H<2 27 Pickthall

…comes the deafening bt =

u $
u ;
v @w w 8w xvw d H<2 33 Ali

The shout cometh bt =

u $
u ;
v @w w 8w xvw d H<2 33 Pikthal

What hath made him bt w "w yKEw %w 6

t 5
w y xvy !
w v 9t d H<2 17 Ali

He hath created him bt w u w w Bt w w=

w ~ "w y(t y/%v H<2 19 Ali

Putted him in grave bt w <w y9sww Bt w %w Ew :u -t d H<2 21 Ali

He causeth him to die bt w <w y9sww Bt w %w Ew :u -t d H<2 21 Ali

And produce there in grain b <• O

w `w v w y <w y sww d H<2 27 Ali

It has put y;w N

w yOEw %w †Hy"w yew v2
wd 3 14 Ali

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has prepared by;w N

w yOEw %w †Hy"w yew v2
wd 3 14 Shakir

has made by;w N

w yOEw %w †Hy"w yew v2
wd 3 14 Pickthall

it departs bH
w w y52
w 8w v !
v y u 1w d 3 17 Shakir

wills b:w v w y5w y6Ew y:t y %v @w P

w y/w vd 3 28 Ali

…who pleases b:w v w y5w y6Ew y:t y %v @w P

w y/w v d 3 28 Shakir

..you will to walk b:w v w y5w y6Ew y:t y %v @w P

w y/w v d 3 28 Pickthall

.. And the night as it bH

w w y52
w 8w v !
v y u 1w d 3 17 Ali
dissipates
…hath sent by;w =
u Ew1w ye%w u 9w %w †Hy"w yew v2
wd (" 5 Ali

…hath sent by;w =

u Ew1w ye%w u 9w %w †Hy"w yew v2
wd (" 5 Shakir

…hath sent by;w =

u Ew1w ye%w u 9w %w †Hy"w yew v2
wd (" 5 Pickthall

…he will does b7

w <w Ku w @w P
w %w C~ w 3tJ R
} Ew v d (" 8 Ali

..what has seduced thee 7

w }w v c
w ur
w %w 6 t 5 w y xvy `w • Ew w d (" 6 Ali
b:v v w y
..take the measure W
v u w2 w 3t w yK 8w v / w vu d / ""( 2 Shakir
b6
w 3t y3w y5w
…they take W
v u w2 w 3t w yK 8w v / w vu d / ""( 2 Pickthall
b6
w 3t y3w y5w
When they have to give b6
w 1t 5
v y*t y:t 3tLw 1w y1Ew y:t 3t Kw 8w v1w / ""( 3 Shakir

..they measure weight y:t 3t Lw 1w y1Ew y:t 3t Kw 8w v1w d / ""( 3 Pickthall

they cause them b6
w 1t 5 v y*t
…he says b/w v1u swy t g v w Ew U
w 9w d / ""( 13 Shakir

…saith b/
w v1u swy t g
v w Ew U
w 9w d / ""( 13 Pickthall

…has become , they have %w y:`v v 3t9t ‚ w2w 6w w ‡ y!w € uKw d / ""( 14 Shakir
earned b6
w 3t<5v y w 3t Kw
…who believe /
w %v 3t Kw 3t%w y Ew / w vu 6 u vd / ""( 29 Pickthall
b6w 3t I w yNw 3t %w / w vu
…who believe v "u t y / w %v 3t %w / w v u )w y3w y w d / ""( 34 Shakir
b6w 3t I
w yNw
( 30 )
Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 54) Vol. (1)
(A Special Issue on The Second Scientific Conference of The College of Arts /2010 )

…who believe v "u t y /

w %v 3t %w /w v u )w y3w y w d / ""(
34
Pickthall
b6
w 3t I
w yNw
… hath cast out byeu*
w w 1w `w v %w yew y Ew1w d f . 4 Pickthall

…does b| $
v w Bv v 6
w Kw Bt u w 6
u v ‚ ww d f . 5 Shakir

Who believes, do good 3tv 2w 1w 3t %w / w v u uvd f . 15 Pickthall

b;v Iw v$ u
Who believes, do good 3tv 2w 1w 3t %w / w v u uvd f . 25 Shakir
b;v Iw v$ u
..those who persecute /
w v %v ykt y 3t w w / w vu 6 u vd ˆ1 < 10 Ali
b 3t 3t w y:w :u -t ;v w %v ykt y 1w
..those who persecute /
w v %v ykt y 3t w w / w vu 6 u vd ˆ1 < 10 Shakir
b 3t 3t w y:w :u -t ;
v w %v ykt y 1w
For these who believe 3tv 2 w 1w 3t %w / w vu 6 u vd ˆ1 < 11 Ali
b;v Iw v$ u
Who believe ,do right 3tv 2 w 1w 3t %w / w vu 6 u vd ˆ1 < 11 Shakir
b;v Iw v$ u
Who believe 3tv 2 w 1w 3t %w / w vu 6 u vd ˆ1 < 11 Pickthall
b;v Iw v$ u
…has come to you bmv 3t >
ty [ t vO w c w w Ew y!w d ˆ1 < 17 Shakir

Hath there come bmv 3t >

ty [
t vO
w c
w w Ew y!w d ˆ1 < 17 Pickthall

..who disbelieve bA
~ v y w v 1t "w Kw /
w vu !
v wd ˆ1 < 19 Pickthall

..who disbelieve bA
~ v y w v 1t "w Kw /
w vu !
v wd ˆ1 < 19 Shakir

Has the story reached thee bmv 3t >

ty [
t vO
w c
w w Ew y!w d ˆ1 < 17 Ali

Who hath created , given bTu35

ww4
w w=
w Rv u d 2M 2 Ali
orders
Who creates ,makes bTu35
ww4
w w=
w Rv u d 2M 2 Shakir

Who create, then dispose bTu35

ww4
w w=
w Rv u d 2M 2 Pickthall

Who has measured bTw `w w w u 9w Rv u 1w d 2M 3 Ali

Who has guides bTw `w w w u 9w Rv u 1w d 2M 3 Shakir

Who has guideth bTw `w w w u 9w Rv u 1w d 2M 3 Pickthall

( 31 )
Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 54) Vol. (1)
(A Special Issue on The Second Scientific Conference of The College of Arts /2010 )

Who bringth out b 2

w y wy ˆ
w w y=Ew Rv u 1w d 2M 4 Ali

Who brings forth b 2

w y wy ˆ
w w y=Ew Rv u 1w d 2M 4 Shakir

Who bringeth b 2
w y wy ˆ
w w y=Ew Rv u 1w d 2M 4 Pickthall

Makes it bTw3yOEw @| ?w r
t Bt ww >
w wd 2M 5 Shakir

..then turneth bTw3yOEw @| ?w r

t Bt ww >
w wd 2M 5 Pickthall

Allah wills (Bt u @w P

w %w uvd 2M 7 Ali

Allah pleases (Bt u @w P

w %w uvd 2M 7 Shakir

Allah willeth (Bt u @w P

w %w uvd 2M 7 Pickthall

Remember , the name prays ( u$

w w Bv } w :w y w Kw 8w 1w d 2M 15 Ali

Magnifies, prays ( u$
w w Bv } w :w y w Kw 8w 1w d 2M 15 Shakir

Remembereth, prayeth ( u$
w w Bv } w :w y w Kw 8w 1w d 2M 15 Pickthall

The admonition profits (Tw yK} e

v w "w w y6v y K} w w d 2M 9 Ali

Has the story reached (v w P

v #w y [
t vO
w c
w w Ew y!w d P# 1 Ali

Has the story come (v w P

v #w y [
t vO
w c
w w Ew y!w d P# 1 Shakir

..turn back (w "w Kw 1w ‚ u3w w y/%w uvd P# 23 Shakir

..is averse and disbelieveth (w "w Kw 1w ‚ u3w w y/%w uvd P# 23 Pickthall

Who clove the rock (m 3w y v w y*$

u 3t w /
w v u mw 3t -w 1w d >" 9 Pickthall

Let down (D
~ w2
w ‰
w y3w 7
w • w y:`v y w2
w A
u $
w wd >" 13 Shakir
Thy Lord cometh ( "• J
w "• J
w 7
t ww y 1w 7
w • w @w w 1w d >" 22 Ali

Lord come ( "• J

w "• J
w 7
t ww y 1w 7
w • w @w w 1w d >" 22 Shakir

…has sent forth ( v wI

wve
t y%u 9w v w y w w U
t 3t w d >" 24 Shakir

…my Lord hath honored me Bt • w t ww y %w 8w v 6t 5 w y xvy %u sww d >" 15 Ali

(/
v %w w yKEw } w U t 3t w w Bt w u w 1w Bt %w w yKsww
We have created man (~ <w Kw v 6
w 5
w y xvy w y w=
w y w wd < 4 Ali

We have created man ( ~ <w Kw v 6

w 5
w y xvy w y w=
w y w wd < 4 Pickthall

We have created man (~ <w Kw v 6

w 5
w y xvy w y w=
w y w wd < 4 Shakir

I have wasted ( | <w t | %w e

t y wy Ew U
t 3t w d < 6 Shakir

Wealth have I b | <w t | %w e

t y wy Ew U
t 3t w d < 6 Ali
( 32 )
Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 54) Vol. (1)
(A Special Issue on The Second Scientific Conference of The College of Arts /2010 )

squandered
I have destroyed ( | <w t | %w e
t y wy Ew U
t 3t w d < 6 Pickthall

And guide him (/

v y w y>u t w y w w 1w d < 10 Pickthall

Who believe ,enjoin (v w O

w y w y v y3J
w 3w w 1w d < 17 Ali

He is , who believe charge (v w O

w y w y v y3J
w 3w w 1w d < 17 Shakir

Who believe and exhort (v w O

w y w y v y3J
w 3w w 1w d < 17 Pickthall

Who reject y:t w v w ƒv 1t "w Kw /w v u 1w d < 19 Shakir

(v %w swy.w y D
t I w yJEw
Who disbelieve y:t w v w ƒv 1t "w Kw /w v u 1w d < 19 Ali
(v %w swy.w y D
t I w yJEw
Those who disbelieve y:t w v w ƒv 1t "w Kw /w v u 1w d < 19 Shakir
(v %w swy.w y D
t I w yJEw
…he succeeds ( w Ku Lw y/%w 'w wy Ew y 9w d H. 9 Ali

…he is successful ( w Ku Lw y/%w '

w wy Ew y 9w d H. 9 Pickthall

…he fail that corrupts ( w u mw y/%w D

w =
w y 9w 1w d H. 10 Ali

…he is a failure ,who ( w u mw y/%w D

w =
w y 9w 1w d H. 10 Pickthall
stuneth it
…the moon as she ( w uw 8w v v `w u 1w d H. 3 Shakir
follows him
…hath created ( ?w y sty 1w w Kw u 4
w w=
w %w 1w d ! 3 Pickthall

…who gives , fears ( w u 1w ‚ (

w y2Ew y/%w %u sww d ! 5 Ali

…who gives away and

( w u 1w ‚ (
w y2Ew y/%w %u sww d ! 5 Shakir
guards
…who giveth ( w u 1w ‚ (
w y2Ew y/%w %u sww d ! 5 Pickthall

….testifies ( w y5I
tyvf
w uJ
w 1w d ! 6 Ali

Believeth in goodness ( w y5I

tyvf
w uJ
w 1w d ! 6 Pikthal

…who hoardeth ( w y#w y 1w !

w*
v w y/%w %u Ew1w d ! 8 Pickthall

…gives the lie ( w y5I

tyvD
w u Kw 1w d ! 9 Ali

…reject ( w y5I
tyvD
w u Kw 1w d ! 9 Shakir

…disbelieveth ( w y5I
tyvD
w u Kw 1w d ! 9 Pickthall

( 33 )
Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 54) Vol. (1)
(A Special Issue on The Second Scientific Conference of The College of Arts /2010 )

…he falls (Tumw w 8w v Bt t %w Bt y 2

w v y#t %w 1w d ! 11 Ali

….he perishes (Tumw w 8w v Bt t %w Bt y 2

w v y#t %w 1w d ! 11 Shakir

….have I warned you ( Š

u ww | w y:t t y w y sww d ! 14 Pickthall

…I warn you ( Š
u ww | w y:t t y w y sww d ! 14 Shakir

…gives the lie ,turn ( u3w w 1w D

w u Kw Rv u d ! 16 Ali

…who gives the lie ( u3w w 1w D

w u Kw Rv u d ! 16 Pickthall

….he denieth trueth away ( u3w w 1w D

w u Kw Rv u d ! 16 Shakir

..Lord hath not forsaken ( w9w %w 1w 7

w •w 7
w2
w mu 1w %w ) IN 3 Ali

…Lord has not forsaken you ( w9w %w 1w 7

w •w 7
w2
w mu 1w %w d IN 3 Shakir

…Thy Lord hath not ( w9w %w 1w 7

w •w 7
w2
w mu 1w %w d IN 3 Pickthall
forsaken thee
…give thee (Tw1ƒw | v w c
w y>
v w y:wEw d IN 6 Ali

…protect thee (Tw1ƒw | v w c

w y>
v w y:wEw d IN 6 Shakir

…direct thee (Tw `w w • F

w c
w w w 1w 1w d IN 7 Shakir

When you are free (yA$

w ywe
w yrw w 8w xvw d q . 7 Shakir

/
v5
w yOEw v 6w 5 w y xvy w y w= w y w wd
..we created man / 4 Ali
( :~ 3v y w
..we abase him (/w vv w !
w "w y Ew t w ymmw w :u -t d + 5 Ali

…we render him (/

w vv w !
w "w y Ew t w ymmw w :u -t d + 5 Shakir

3tv 2w 1w 3t %w / w v u uvd
…believe , do good t yr
w † y Ew y:`t ww ;
v I w v$u + 6 Ali
(6 ~ 3t y %w
3tv 2
w 1w 3t %w / w v u uv d
…those who believe , do
t yr
w † y Ew y:`t ww ;
v I w v$u + 6 Shakir
good
(~ 63t y %w
3tv 2w 1w 3t %w / w v u uvd
…those who believe , do
t yr
w † y Ew y:`t ww ;
v I w v$u + 6 Pickthall
good
(6~ 3t y %w
…who createth (4
w w=
w Rv u 7 w }w :v y v yEw y9 d , 1 Pikthal

( 34 )
Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 54) Vol. (1)
(A Special Issue on The Second Scientific Conference of The College of Arts /2010 )

…createth man (4
~ w2
w y/%v 6
w 5
w y xvy 4
w w=
wd , 2 Pickthall

…who teacheth by pen (:v ww y v :w u2

w Rv u d , 4 Pickthall

…he know not (y:wy w y:w %w 6

w 5
w y xvy :w u2
wd , 5 Shakir

…teacheth man (y:wy w y:w %w 6

w 5
w y xvy :w u2
w , 5 Pickthall

….he sees himself ( w y#w y t w y6Ew d , 7 Shakir

…he thinketh ( w y#w y t w y6Ew d , 7 Pickthall

…to pray ( uJ
w 8w v | y<2
w d , 10 Ali

…he prays ( uJ
w 8w v | y<2
wd , 10 Shakir

…he denies and turns

( u3w w 1w D
w u Kw y6v e
w y Eww Ew d , 13 Ali
away
…turns his back ( u3w w 1w D
w u Kw y6v e
w y Eww Ew d , 13 Pickthall

…hast thou seen him , he ( u3w w 1w D

w u Kw y6v e
w y Eww Ew d 13
, Shakir
deneieth
…look upon himself ( w y#w y t w y6Ew d , 7 Shakir

We have indeed revealed (v y w y v wy w v t w y w y Ew u v d 1 Ali

y/%v 1t "w Kw / w vu / v t w y:w d

Those who disbelieve /
w Kv v y.t y 1w D v wv y ! v y Ew B < 1 Pickthall
( t w } <w y :t `t w v ysw ‚ uO w / w } "w y %t
D
w w v y 3t 1tE / w vu f w u "w w %w 1w d
…come to them B < 4 Ali
(t w } <w y :t `t y @w w %w v y w y/%v uv
D
w w v y 3t 1tE / w vu f w u "w w %w 1w d
…come unto them B < 4 Shakir
t w } <w y :t `t y @w w %w v y w y/%v uv
"| I
tJ t 3ty w Bv u / w %v †U3t w d
…who believe B < 2 Shakir
( C| w `u (w %t
….who disbelieve (D
v wv y !
v y Ew y/%v 1t "w Kw /
w vu 6
u vd B < 6 Ali

!
v y Ew y/%v 1t "w Kw /
w vu 6
u vd
….who disbelieve B < 6 Shakir
(D
v wv y
3tv 2
w 1w 3t %w /w vu 6
u vd
….do deeds B < 7 Ali
(;v I
w v$ u
….do deeds 3tv 2
w 1w 3t %w /
w vu 6
u vd B < 7 Shakir

( 35 )
Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 54) Vol. (1)
(A Special Issue on The Second Scientific Conference of The College of Arts /2010 )

(;
v I
w v$
u
…who fears his Lord (Bt u w w .
v=
w y/w v 7
w v8‚w d B < 8 Shakir

…who fearth is Lord (Bt u w w .

v=
w y/w v 7
w v8‚w d B < 8 Pickthall

…the earth brings forth ( `w w w y-Ew …

t y swy e
v w w y=Ew1w d B 2 Ali

…earth yield up her ( `w w w y-Ew …

t y swy e
v w w y=Ew1w d B 2 Pickthall

…the earth up throws ( `w w w y-Ew …

t y swy e
v w w y=Ew1w d B 2 Shakir

…Man cries ( `w w %w 6
t 5
w y xvy U
w 9w 1w d B 3 Ali

…Man Says , what has

( `w w %w 6
t 5
w y xvy U
w 9w 1w d B 3 Shakir
befallen her
….saith ( `w w %w 6
t 5
w y xvy U
w 9w 1w d B 3 Pickthall

…to visit the graves (w v w w y :t t y Lt ‚ u O

wd - 2 Ali

…. You come to (w v w w y :t t y Lt ‚ u O
wd - 2 Shakir

….You come (w v w w y :t t y Lt ‚ u O
wd - 2 Pickthall

3tv 2
w 1w 3t %w / w v u uvd
…do righteous ,have faith 4
}I
w y v y3Jw 3w w 1w ;v Iw v$ u $ 3 Ali
y<$
u v y3J w 3w w 1w
3tv 2
w 1w 3t %w / w v u uvd
Those who believe and
4
}I
w y v y3Jw 3w w 1w ;v Iw v$ u $ 3 Shakir
do good ,enjoin each
( y<$u v y3J w 3w w 1w
3tv 2
w 1w 3t %w / w v u uvd
Who believe ,do good
4
}I
w y v y3Jw 3w w 1w ;v Iw v$ u $ 3 Pickthall
works ,enhort
( y<$u v y3J w 3w w 1w
Who amasses wealth (t mw u 2
w 1w | %w Zw w w Rv u d ` 2 Shakir

Who hath gathered (t mw u 2

w 1w | %w Zw w w Rv u d ` 2 Pickthall

\
~ 3t y/%v y:`t w w ygEw Rv u d
…who provides them ‹ 9 4 Ali
(h
~ y3=w y/%v y:`t w %w 1w
…who feeds them, gives \
~ 3t y/%v y:`t w w ygEw Rv u d
‹ 9 4 Pickthall
them (h
~ y3=w y/%v y:`t w %w 1w
Have you considered (/
v } vD
t } w t Rv u e
w y Eww Ew d 632 1 Shakir

Hast thou observed (/

v } vD
t } w t Rv u e
w y Eww Ew d 632 1 Pickthall

( 36 )
Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 54) Vol. (1)
(A Special Issue on The Second Scientific Conference of The College of Arts /2010 )

..have we granted (w -w y3w y c

w wy (
w y2Ew u v d -3 1 Ali

We have give you (w -w y3w y c

w wy (
w y2Ew u v d -3 1 Shakir

We have given thee (w -w y3w y c

w wy (
w y2Ew u v d -3 1 Pickthall

Which ye worship (y:t y <w 2

w %w † v 2
w w Ew w1w d 61 4 Pickthall

When comes the help ('

t y "w y 1w Bv u t y$w @w w 8w v d $ 1 Ali

..there comes the help ('

t y "w y 1w Bv u t y$w @w w 8w v d $ 1 Shakir

The triumph cometh ('

t y "w y 1w Bv u t y$w @w w 8w v d $ 1 Pickthall

v6 w 3t=t yw W w u e w y Eww 1w d
…dost see $ 2 Ali
( | 3w y Ew Bv u / v mv
Πt y "v y#w y 1w 7 w }w v y I
w v y'<} 5w wd
..he is $ 3 Ali
( | 3u w 6
w Kw Bt u v
Πt y "v y#w y 1w 7 w }w v y I
w v y'<} 5w wd
..he is $ 3 Pickthall
( | 3u w 6
w Kw Bt u v
…he earns (A
w 5
w Kw %w 1w Bt t %w Bt y 2
w w yrEw %w d 5 2 Shakir

…he has created (4

w w=
w %w } P
w y/%v d 4" 2 Ali

..he practices envy (w 5

wOw 8w v ~ v O
w }P
w y/%v 1w d 4" 5 Shakir

…he envies (w 5
wOw 8w v ~ v O
w }P
w y/%v 1w d 4" 5 Shakir

…he envith (w 5
wOw 8w v ~ v O
w }P
w y/%v 1w d 4" 5 Pickthall

Table (2): Tense shifts from present to future form

* &%'( "# $%
Ye shall come b | 3w y Ew 6
w 3t ysw w v 3•$ v•
t "w y t )w y3w d s< 18 Ali
…you shell come b | 3w y Ew 6
w 3t ysw w v 3•$ v•
t "w y t )w y3w d s< 18 Shakir
…nothing cool shall
b|wP
w w1w m| y w `w v 6
w 3t91t w wd s< 24 Ali
they taste
…they shall not taste b|wP
w w1w m| y w `w v 6
w 3t91t w wd s< 24 Shakir
No verily shall they hear b | u Kv w1w 3| y#w `w v 6
w 3t w y5w wd s< 35 Ali
There shall not hear b | u Kv w1w 3| y#w `w v 6
w 3t w y5w wd s< 35 Shakir

( 37 )
Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 54) Vol. (1)
(A Special Issue on The Second Scientific Conference of The College of Arts /2010 )

None shall have power (|(

w=
v Bt y %v 6
w 3t vy w w d s< 37 Ali
They shall not be able
(|(
w=
v Bt y %v 6
w 3t vy w w d s< 37 Shakir
to address
"• J
w t w pv ww y 1w q t 1• )t 3t w )w y3w d
They Day ..will stand,
/
t w yOu Bt w 6 w 8v Ew y/%w uv 6 w 3t uw w w w s< 38 Ali
shall speak ,will say
( | 3w J w U w 9w 1w
"• J
w t w pv ww y 1w q t 1• )t 3t w )w y3w d
…shall stand , shall not
/
t w yOu Bt w 6 w 8v Ew y/%w uv 6 w 3t uw w w w s< 38 Pickthall
speak
( | 3w J w U w 9w 1w
tŠt y w )w y3w <| v 9w | w 2 w y:Kt w y w y Ew u vd
…will see , will say t v wy U t 3t w 1w t w w ye%w u 9w %w @t y w y s< 40 Ali
(|wte t y Kt v w y w w
tŠt y w )w y3w <| v 9w | w 2 w y:Kt w y w y Ew u vd
..man will look , will cry s< 40 Pickthall
(t v w y U t 3t w 1w t w w ye%w u 9w %w @t y w y
…shall quake (t "w v u Ž
t t y w )w y3w d ; 2L 6 Shakir
…shall follow (t w mv u `w t <w y w d ; 2L 7 Shakir
…I will guide ( .
w y*w w 7
w }w wv 7
w w v y Ew1w d ; 2L 19 Pickthall
…shall remember ( w w %w 6
t 5
w y xvy t Ku w w w )w y3w d ; 2L 35 Ali
…come shall recollect ( w w %w 6
t 5
w y xvy t Ku w w w )w y3w d ; 2L 35 Shakir
…man will call ( w w %w 6
t 5
w y xvy t Ku w w w )w y3w d ; 2L 35 Pickthall
…could tell , might grow ( Ku u w Bt uw w 7
w v y t %w 1w d H<2 3 Ali
…would make you
(Tw yK} Bt w "w y w w t Ku u w y1Ew d H<2 4 Shakir
know , he would purify
…he would not purify ( Ku u w uEw 7
w y w2
w %w 1w d H<2 7 Shakir
..shall a man flee (Bv =
v Ew y/%v @t y w y • "v w )w y3w d H<2 35 Ali
…will enter (/
v } )w y3w `w w y3wy$w d (" 15 Ali
…they shall enter (/
v } )w y3w `w w y3wy$w d (" 15 Shakir
…they will burn (/
v } )w y3w `w w y3wy$w d (" 15 Pickthall
0| y P
w H
~ y"w v †Hy"w 7 t vy w w )w y3w d
...shall have power (" 19 Ali
(Bv uv ~ 0v %w y3w t y%swy 1w

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0| y P
w H
~ y"w v †Hy"w 7 t vy w w )w y3w d
…No soul shall control (" 19 Shakir
(Bv uv ~ 0v %w y3w t y%swy 1w
…man kind will stand (/
w vwwy D
} wvW
t u )t 3t w )w y3w d / ""( 6 Ali
…men shall stand (/
w vwwy D
} wvW
t u )t 3t w )w y3w d / ""( 6 Shakir
…shall witness (63t u w t y t t `w y.w d / ""( 21 Shakir
…will they command (6
w 1t Š
t yw 7
v pv w swy w2
wd / ""( 23 Ali
…they shall gaze (6
w 1t Š
t yw 7
v pv w swy w2
wd / ""( 23 Shakir
They will command and
(6
w 1t Š
t yw 7
v pv w swy w2
wd / ""( 23 Pickthall
a sight
v "u t y /w %v 3t %w / w v u )w y3w y w
…will laugh / ""( 34 Ali
(6
w 3t Iw yNw
v "u t y /w %v 3t %w / w v u )w y3w y w d
…shall laugh / ""( 34 Shakir
(6
w 3t Iw yNw
…will look (6
w 3tw y"w 3t Kw %w t "u t y D
w 3} -t y!w d / ""( 35 Shakir
And he will turn b | 1t y5%w Bv vy Ew wv A
t vw y w 1w d f . 9 Ali
…he shall go back b | 1t y5%w Bv vy Ew wv A
t vw y w 1w d f . 9 Shakir
… will return b | 1t y5%w Bv vy Ew wv A
t vw y w 1w d f . 9 Pickthall
And he will enter b| vw wy$w 1w d f . 12 Ali
…he would mot have to
bw 3tIw y/w y6Ew /
ul
w Bt u vd f . 14 Ali
return
…he would never
bw 3tIw y/w y6Ew /
ul
w Bt u vd f . 14 Shakir
return
..ye shall surely travel b4
~ <w g
w y/2
w | <w g
w /
u <t Kw y w wd f . 19 Ali
…you shall enter b4
~ <w g
w y/2
w | <w g
w /
u <t Kw y w wd f . 19 Shakir
…you shall journey on b4
~ <w g
w y/2
w | <w g
w /
u <t Kw y w wd f . 19 Pickthall
….will deny b6
w 3t } w t 1t "w Kw /
w vu !
v wd f . 22 Pickthall
..they will make b | y Kw 6
w 1t v w y:`t u vd f ( 15 Shakir
… will make b | y Kw 6
w 1t v w y:`t u vd f ( 15 Shakir
…shall not forget b 5
w y w ww 7
w pt v y t w d 2 6 Ali

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Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah No. ( 54) Vol. (1)
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…you shall not forget b 5

w y w ww 7
w pt v y t w d 2 6 Shakir
Thou shall not forget b 5
w y w ww 7
w pt v y t w d 2 6 Pickthall
…will make you bTw y5t y v c
w t5
} w t 1w d 2 8 Ali
…will make you bTw y5t y v c
w t5
} w t 1w d 2 8 Shakir
…we shall ease bTw y5t y v c
w t5
} w t 1w d 2 8 Pickthall
…will be avoided b w yPswy `w <t u >
w w w 1w d 2 11 Ali
..will avoid it b w yPswy `w <t u >
w w w 1w d 2 11 Shakir
…will flout it b w yPswy `w <t u >
w w w 1w d 2 11 Pickthall
Who will enter bTw y<t y w u wy$w Rv u d 2 12 Ali
…shall enter bTw y<t y w u wy$w Rv u d 2 12 Shakir
..he will neither die or live b w yIw w1w `w v ;
t 3t w w :u -t d 2 13 Ali
..shall neither live nor die b w yIw w1w `w v ;
t 3t w w :u -t d 2 13 Shakir
…will neither nourish
b\
~ 3t y/%v v y#t w1w /
t v y5t wd P# 7 Ali
nor satisfy
..will neither fatten nor
b\
~ 3t y/%v v y#t w1w /
t v y5t wd P# 7 Shakir
avail
…shall hear b| w r
v w `w v Zt w y5w wd P# 11 Ali
…shall not hear b| w r
v w `w v Zt w y5w wd P# 11 Shakir
..will they not regard Ž
w y Kw !
v v xvy wv 6
w 1t Š
t y w ww Ewd
P# 17 Pickthall
the camels byew v=
t
…shall man be mindful b Bt w u Ew1w 6
t 5
w y xvy t Ku w w w ~ 0v %w y3w d >" 23 Shakir
…man will remember b Bt w u Ew1w 6
t 5
w y xvy t Ku w w w ~ 0v %w y3w d >" 23 Pickthall
…he will say b v wI
wve
t y%u 9w v w y w w U
t 3t w d >" 24 Ali
…he shall say b v wI
wve
t y%u 9w v w y w w U
t 3t w d >" 24 Shakir
…he will say b v wI
wve
t y%u 9w v w y w w U
t 3t w d >" 24 Pickthall
…shall not one chastise b† O
w Ew Bt w w 2
w D
t } w t w ~ 0v %w y3w w d >" 25 Shakir
…none shall bind with b† O
w Ew Bt 9w -w 1w 4
t -v 3t w1w d >" 26 Shakir
…he shall say b | <w t | %w e
t y wy Ew U
t 3t w d < 6 Shakir

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Nor will wealth profit bTumw w 8w v Bt t %w Bt y 2

w v y#t %w 1w d ! 11 Pickthall
..his wealth will not a vail bTumw w 8w v Bt t %w Bt y 2
w v y#t %w 1w d ! 11 Shakir
…will not save bTumw w 8w v Bt t %w Bt y 2
w v y#t %w 1w d ! 11 Ali
…none shall burn b w yPsw y uv w wy$w wd ! 15 Pickthall
…none shall enter b w yPsw y uv w wy$w wd ! 15 Shakir
..must endure b w yPsw y uv w wy$w wd ! 15 Ali
..will give the lie b/
v } v ty w 7
w t} w t w w d / 7 Pickthall
…will she declare b w w <w y=Ew +
t }I
w t ~ 0v %w y3w d 4 Ali
…she shall tell her b w w <w y=Ew +
t }I
w t ~ 0v %w y3w d 4 Shakir
…she will relate b w w <w y=Ew +
t }I
w t ~ 0v %w y3w d 4 Pickthall
y1w t v | w yPEw W
t u t t y$w ~ 0v %w y3w d 6
…will men proceed Ali
by:`t w w y2Ew
y1w t v | w yPEw W
t u t t y$w ~ 0v %w y3w d 6
..men shall com Shakir
by:`t w w y2Ew
..man kind will issue y1w t v | w yPEw W
t u t t y$w ~ 0v %w y3w d 6 Pickthall
forth by:`t w w y2Ew
…will see bt w w | y =
w C~ u 8w U
w w y?%v y!w y w y/w w d 7 Pickthall
…shall see bt w w | y =
w C~ u 8w U
w w y?%v y!w y w y/w w d 7 Shakir
o
v w "w y Kw W
t u 6 t 3t w )w y3w d
..men will be like 2 4 Ali
b+
v 3t?y<w y
…shall be like b+
v 3t?y<w y o
v w "w y Kw W
t u 6
t 3t w )w y3w d 2 4 Shakir
…will be like bo
v w "w y Kw W
t u 6
t 3t w )w y3w d 2 4 Pickthall
…mountains will be like bo
v 3t"y w y /
v y`v y Kw U
t <w >
vy 6
t 3t w 1w d 2 5 Ali
…mountains shall be like bo
v 3t"y w y /
v y`v y Kw U
t <w >
vy 6
t 3t w 1w d 2 5 Shakir
…mountains will be come bo
v 3t"y w y /
v y`v y Kw U
t <w >
vy 6
t 3t w 1w d 2 5 Pickthall
…would that ye know b/
v v w y :w y 2
v 6
w 3t wy w y3w uKw d - 5 Pickthall
… shall see hell b:w I
v>wy 6
u 1t w w wd - 6 Ali
…you should have seen
b:w I
v>wy 6
u 1t w w wd - 6 Shakir
the hell
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…ye will behold hell fair b:w I

v>wy 6
u 1t w w wd - 6 Pickthall
..you shall most
b/
v v wy /
w y2
w `w u 1t w w w :u -t d - 7 Shakir
certainly see it
…ye shall see it b/
v v wy /
w y2
w `w u 1t w w w :u -t d - 7 Ali
..you shall be
b:v v u /
v2
w ~ 0v %w y3w /
u tswy5t w :u -t d - 8 Shakir
questioned
Will make him bt w wy=Ew Bt w %w 6
u Ew A
t 5
w yIw d C ` 3 Shakir
Will render him bt w wy=Ew Bt w %w 6
u Ew A
t 5
w yIw d C ` 3 Pickthall
…he shall be hurled bv w (
wI
ty v6
u w <w y t w € uKw d C ` 4 Shakir
And I shall not worship by:t y <w 2
w %w † v 2
w w Ew w1w d 61 4 Pickthall
..his wealth ..will not
bA
u w 1w A
~ `w w v Ew w w ye<u w d 5 1 Ali
exempt him
For increase shall we
b | w2
w uv y:Kt w v w y/ww 3t91t w d s< 30 Ali
grant you
And I will guide you to your
b .
w y*w w 7
w } w ‚ wv 7
w w v y Ew1w d ; 2L 19 Shakir
Lord ..you should fear
…thou should fear ? b .
w y*w w 7
w } w ‚ wv 7
w w v y Ew1w d ; 2L 19 Ali
..ye shall come b | 3w y Ew 6
w 3t ysw w d s< 18 Ali
…ye shall come b | 3w y Ew 6
w 3t ysw w d s< 18 Shakir
…Nothing cool shall
b|wP
w w1w m| y w `w v 6
w 3t91t w wd s< 24 Shaker
they taste
…they shall not taste b|wP
w w1w m| y w `w v 6
w 3t91t w wd s< 24 Shakir
…No varity shall they hear b | u Kv w1w 3| y#w `w v 6
w 3t w y5w wd s< 35 Ali
They shall not hear b | u Kv w1w 3| y#w `w v 6
w 3t w y5w wd s< 35 Shakir
w `t w y w d %w 1w …
v y swy 1w ; v 1w w 5
u D } wd
..none shall have power s< 37 Ali
b|( w= v Bt y %v 6
w 3t vy w w /
v w yOu
w "• J w t w pv ww y 1w q t 1• )t 3t w )w y3w d
The Day will stand ,
U
w 9w 1w /
t w yOu Bt w 6 w 8v Ew y/%w uv 6
w 3t uw w w s< 38 Shakir
shall speak b | 3w J w
"• J
w t w pv ww y 1w q t 1• )t 3t w )w y3w d
The Day will stand
/
t w yOu Bt w 6 w 8v Ew y/%w uv 6 w 3t uw w w w s< 38 Ali
,shall not speak
b | 3w J w U w 9w 1w

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t w w ye%w u 9w %w @t y wy t Št y w )w y3w d
..will see , will say s< 40 Ali
b|wte t y Kt vwy w w t v wy U t 3t w 1w
t w w ye%w u 9w %w @t y wy t Št y w )w y3w d
Man shall see, shall say s< 40 Shakir
b|wte t y Kt vwy w w t v wy U t 3t w 1w
t w w ye%w u 9w %w @t y wy t Št y w )w y3w d
Man will look , will say s< 40 Ali
b|wte t y Kt vwy w w t v wy U t 3t w 1w

Table (3): Tense shifts from past to future form

* &%'( "# $%
They will dwell b | w yOEw `w v /
w ?v v wd s< 23 Ali
…will say b | 3w J
w U
w 9w 1w d s< 38 Ali
..will should seek w*
w u @w Pw y/w w 4 •I w y )t y3w y 7w v8w d s< 39 Pickthall
b | ƒw% Bv } w wv
What will explain bv y w y t wy w %w c w w ymEw %w 1w d 2 Ali
What will make bv y w y t wy w %w c
w w ymEw %w 1w d 2 Shakir
What will convey bv y w y t wy w %w c
w w ymEw %w 1w d 2 Pickthall
We shall have become bC| w *
v w %| Š
w2
v u Kt 8w vEwd ; 2L 11 Ali
…hell will stand bTw w y/w v :t I
v>wy ;
v Lw } t 1w d ; 2L 36 Pickthall
…will perish bA
u w 1w A
~ `w w v Ew w w ye<u w d 5 1 Pickthall
What will explain bt 2
w v w y %w c
w w ymEw %w 1w d 2 3 Ali
What will make bt 2
w v w y %w c
w w ymEw %w 1w d 2 3 Shakir
What will convey bt 2
w v w y %w c
w w ymEw %w 1w d 2 3 Pickthall
What will explain bf
tv (
u %w c
w w ymEw %w 1w d f ( 2 Ali
What will tell bf
tv (
u %w c
w w ymEw %w 1w d f ( 2 Pickthall

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Table (4): Tense shifts from present to past

) * ) &%'( "# $%

…you gave the lie Bv v y:t y Kt Rv u w w U t w t :u -t ) / ""( 17 Shakir

b6
w 3t } w t
…attended by b6
w 3t u w t y t t `w y.w ) / ""( 21 Pickthall
…they winked at b6
w 1t %w #w w w y:`v v 1• %w 8w v1w ) / ""( 30 Shakir
3t Kw %w t "u t y D w 3} -t y!w )
…used to do / ""( 36 Pickthall
b6w 3tw y"w
3t Kw %w t "u t y D w 3} -t y!w )
… they did / ""( 36 Shakir
b6w 3tw y"w
3t Kw %w t "u t y D w 3} -t y!w )
What they did / ""( 36 Ali
b6w 3tw y"w
…were doing 6
w 3tw y"w %w w2 w y:t 1w ) ˆ1 < 7 Ali
b†m3t`Pt / w v %v ykt y v
6
w 3tw y"w %w w2 w y:t 1w )
… they did do ˆ1 < 7 Pickthall
b†m3t`Pt / w v %v ykt y v
6
w 3tw y"w %w w2 w y:t 1w )
… they did ˆ1 < 7 Shakir
b†m3t`Pt / w v %v ykt y v
A
v y$ • / v y w y/%v ˆ t t y*w )
… that issued from f ( 7 Pickthall
bAv pv w u 1w
Did we not assign
b/
v y wy 2
w Bt w y!w y>w y:wEw) < 8 Pickthall
unto him
… he know not by:wy w y:w %w 6
w 5
w y xvy :w u2
w) 4 5 Pikthal
… he know not by:wy w y:w %w 6
w 5
w y xvy :w u2
w) 4 5 Shakir
… had come bt w } <w y :t `t w v ysw u O
w) < 1 Shakir
…the clear proof
bt w } <w y :t `t w v ysw u O
w) < 1 Pickthall
came unto them
… you had know b/
v v w y :w y 2
v 6
w 3t wy w y3w uKw ) - 5 Shakir
Which pelted them b!
~ >
} v y/%v C~ w >
wIv v y:`v %v y w ) !" 4 Pickthall
.. followed by did bt "w v u Ž
t t y w )w y3w d ; 2L 6 Ali

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IV- Conclusions

1-Four types or patterns of tense shift have been distinguished in analyzing

Part 30 of the holy Quran. They are as follows:

a- Tense shift from past to present.

b-Tense shift from past to future.
c-Tense shift from present to past .
d- Tense shift from present to future.

2- It has been found out that the shift in tense is more from past to present
than the other three patterns. Next , comes the shift from present to future,
then , from present to past .Last, the shift from past to future.

3- The translation of Shakir contains more shifts in tenses translation than

the other two translations .

4-The main differences between English and Arabic tenses is that in English ,
the two main tenses: present and the past are absolute .In Arabic , on the
other hand, the two tenses expressed by the imperfect and perfect may be
absolute or relative .Moreover, English views the form of the verb as playing
a primary role , while Arabic considers the form as a subsidiary .

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Abdul Kareem, Bakri.(1999).Al Zamin fi Al Quran Al Kareem
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Al exander ,L.G. (2005) .Longman English Grammar for Intermediate

Students 5th ed. United Kingdom :Longman Group Ltd.
Ali, Abdullah , Yusuf.(1934). Roman Translation of the Holy Qur'an:
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Aziz, Yowel.Y.(1989).A Contrastive Grammar of English and

Arabic. Mosul: Mosul University .

Catford ,J.C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation .London:

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Crystal ,David.(1997).The Dictionary of Phonetics and Linguistics.

(4thed). London: Blackwell Publisher.

Hatim, Basil and Jeremy Munday.(2004).Translation An advanced

Resource Book .Great Britain :J.J International Ltd.

Newmark, Peter.(1988). A Textbook of Translation .Printice Hall

Noor Al Deen,Esam.(1984).The Verb and the Tense. Beirut: The

University Institute for Studies and Publication.

Pickthall, Mohammed Marmaduke(1930). Holy Quran English

Translation .Karachi: Begum Aisha Bawany Wakf.
Quirk, Randolph and Greenbaum , Sidney.(1999).A University
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Shakir ,M. H.(2006). The Glorious Qur'an with Translation and
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Tahan,Raymon.(1972).Al Alsanyia Al Arabia . Beirut: Dar Al Ketab Al
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