> > > > > 7 a potcabn 2 exctiea coma NVERSTONET panes PSU ce et) Inversion of subject and auxiliary verb occurs-in-interrogative-sentences. It-also-occurs..when.the-following.elements-are-used=at=the-beginning of the sentence (for emphasis). iv Avnegative element: 7 i Vint yest = He did not say a word. pun iee Not a word did he say. +They have OF undersicad euncd of auot 35 - I would lend my books to fo on else. \ . To no one else would I lend my books. NOt o wed ud std pave ugy anderscad 2v-Certain.adverbs.or adverbial phrases of negative meaning: never;-hardly, hardly..ever,-scarcely,-seldomy-rarely,-little,-even=lessy-nory-nowhere, at-no-time,.-by-no-means;~not~only,-not-until,-not--since,-no sooner...than,-neither/nor. - I haven't got a ticket. Neither have I. - I had never before been asked to accept a bribe "1 Never before had I been asked to accept a bribe. - They not only rob you, they smash everything too. Not only do they rob you, they smash everything too. = He did not realise he had lost it till he got home. Not till he got home did he realise he had lost it. - He was able to make himself heard only by shouting. only by shouting was he able to make himself heard. - He became so suspicious that... So suspicious did he become that... Note also that a second=negative-verb in a sentence can-sometimes..be expressed»by-ner-with inversion. s " : < Noe lave aseqahve vers at the begiasing. = He had no money ana/sidn’t know anyone he could borrow from. He had no money, (ao did he know anyone he could borrow from. pas ne TO aon aha Fe some Sa2ES made a HRS HY CMS BY Chance, only then, only today, only in this way, only with difficulty, only when. = You will succeed only by working hard. only by working hard will you succeed. - They let people in only when they show their passport. Only when they show their passport do they let people in. 4. "So" in.expressions-of-degree-or:amount (followed by a clause of result). = She looked so stupid that everybody laughed. = So stupid did she look that everybody laughed. Scanned with CamScannerConditional-sentences-have-two-parts: the if-clause-and the main.clause. In 22: TE it re shall. stay at home ‘If it rains” is the if- 1 clause, and “I shall stay at home” is the main Clause. ; ‘There are threeskinds-of»conditional~sentences, each one contains a different pair of tenses. With each type certain variations are possible. Conditional sentence 2 1! probable “if clause appear? , a a QCHOn OF eye w we wage sch sto Keoneuts ancy, Ge) acon OF eve ut 1 figelg to wages? 5 ikelfyS yorb-in-the-if-clause is in the present.tense; the verb-in-the-main, t clause -is-in.the.future.simple. It doesn’t matter which one comers first. - If he runs, he will get there in time. = The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail. wartionel in te The time-reference here is present.or.future. Possiblevariations-of the basic form: | icy, wall uappoa. Might posibility is more Cemok. may less (emmlte OF prota le a. If + present + may/might-(possibility) +sechaps— ~ If the fog gets thicker, the plane may/might be diverted. (perhaps the plane will be diverted.) pwore Fovwral thon b. If +.present + may (permission) o2%can (permission-or-ability) ~ If your documents are in order, you may/can leave at once. (permission) = If it stops snowing, we can go out. (permission or ability) Variations of the main.clause c. If + present + musty-should,-had-better; could or any-expression-of commandy-request~or-advice. apd o: een of abiie- = If you want té lose weight, rane s Jeng per ee éss bread /e&€' Tess" bread. 2 shel him to ring me? es d. If + present + another present tense (automatic-or habitual results) in the present - If you heat ice, it turns to water. ~ If there is a shortage of any product, prices of that product go up. - If you see Tom tomorrow Variations of the if-clause a. If + present-continuous (present~action-or-future-arrangement) ~ If you are waiting for a bus, youd better join the queue. (present) - If you’re looking for Peter, you’1l find him upstairs. (present) Scanned with CamScanner- If you’re staying for another night, I’1l ask the manager to give e you a better room. (future arrangement) @ So b. If + present-perfect action thot could be completed OF rot (we ob ‘Cagy® - If you have finished dinner, 1°11 ask the waiter for the bill. - If he has written the letter, I’1l post it. e - If they haven’t seen the museum, we'd better go today. e © 2. Conditional sentence ysl pe, ditional senkence type 2: ANALY, SHEUAtL OD neacrnese, Wily bist ee Ye Te Tees edenstuvete in" Pee af chats Week The verb in the’f-clause is in the past tense; the verb in the main-clause is in the conditional.tense: - If I had a map, I would lend it to you. (But I don’t have a map. The time reference here is present) - If Someone tried to blackmail me, I would tell the police. (The time reference here is future) There is no difference in time between the first and second types of conditional sentence. Type 2, like type 1, refers to the present or future, and the past tense in the if-clause is not a true past and it indicates unreality (as in the first example above) or improbability (as in the second example above). Note: If + were instead of if + was. Usually was can-be-used, were being more likely in formal-English and more usual in the advice form. - If she was/were offered the job, she would take it. - If I were you, I would wait a bit. Possible variations of the basic form: Variations of the main-clause mignt o¢ could, unseat, totaly ax could » pecmssion A101 lity a. might or could may be used instead-of would: - If you tried again, you would succeed. (certain result) ; - If you tried again, you might succeed. (possible result) wss possible, - If I knew her number, I could ring her up. (ability) - If he had a permit, he could get a job. (ability or permission) b. The continuous conditional form wremphasice the duaton oF theachon a 222200000808 008 8080588008 - If I were on holiday, I would be sunbathing in Mexico. c. If + past tense can be followed by another past.tense (automatic or habitual reactions) = If anyone interrupted him, he got angry. (habitual-reaction)" - If there was a shortage of anything, prices of that thing went up. aeSingle post. labitual reachon Scanned with CamScannerVariations of the if-clause a. If + past.continuous: If + past perfect: ~ If I had taken her advice, I would be rich now. (This is a mixture of types 2 and 3) Kr would 90 +0. cohool this warning « ed bad Conditional sentence type!3: purely imaginary (the consequences did not and could not ever happen because they refer something that didn’t happen in the past. to ‘The verb in the if-clause is in the past»perfect tense; the verb in the main-clause is in the perfect»conditional. The time reference is past. - If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport. - He would have been stopped at the frontier if he had tried to leave the country. Possible variations of the basic forms: > bili Wariations of the mainsclause eee ey a. could.or.might may be used instead of would: - If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life. (ability) Ssth didwl happom ¢might have saved his life. (possiv) b. the continuous form of the perfect conditional: » Would + have - If she hadn’t arrived so early, I would have been sleeping. & had Krown that, 1wolctve done the yo £-clause ns_of the a. If + past perfect continuous - (I was wearing a seat belt.) If I hadn’t been wearing a seat belt, I would have been seriously injured. b. Had can be placed first and the if omitted: - If you had obeyed orders, the disaster wouldn’t have happened. = Had you obeyed orders, the disaster wouldn’t have happened. Ir clause ),- pit SE, pode happen. Scanned with CamScanner