International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056

Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for the improvement of

the Electrical System performance
Madhyama V. Wankhede
G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
[email protected]
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Abstract - This paper investigates performance of Static feature can be utilized to improve the voltage stability, and
Synchronous Compensator for the transient stability steady state and transient stability of the complex electrical
improvement of the two area multi machine electrical power power system. Therefore FACTS devices are utilized in the
system. The improvement of transient stability of a two-area electrical power system which reduces the need of
multi-machine power system, by using STATCOM (Static constructing new transmission lines which increases the
Synchronous Compensator) which is a superior Flexible AC efficiency of the electrical power system. The voltage control
Transmission System (FACTS) tool capable of controlling the at the required bus can be done by the first generation
active and reactive power flowing in a transmission line by FACTS device Static VAR Compensator (SVC) which results in
controlling appropriate parameters. Simulations are the improvement of the voltage profile of power system. The
accompanied in Matlab/Simulink environment for the two- main function of SVC is used to maintain the voltage at a
area multi-machine power system model with and without particular bus with the help of reactive power compensation
STATCOM to analyze the effects of STATCOM on transient (acquired by changing the firing angle of the thyristors) [2-
stability performance of the system under the different load 4]. Compared with classical shunt compensation, SVCs have
conditions as well as under the faulty conditions. The been used for voltage control of high performance steady
simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and hardiness state and transient condition. By optimized reactive power
of the proposed STATCOM on transient stability improvement control SVCs are also applied for damping power swings,
of the system. improve transient stability and reduce system losses [1]. The
next generation of flexible ac transmission system (FACTS)
Key Words: FACTS, STATCOM, Matlab/Simulink, Two-area devices is Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). The
Two machine power system and PSS. STATCOM is used in the electrical power system for different
purposes such as line loss minimization, reactive power
compensation, power oscillation damping etc. The Static
1. INTRODUCTION Synchronous Compensator is a combination of voltage
source converter in parallel with the capacitor which acts as
a DC energy source link tied to the transmission line. Almost
Modern power system is a huge complex network sinusoidal current of variable magnitude at the point of
comprising of number of generators, transmission lines, connection is injected by the STATCOM. This injected
different types of loads and transformers. Because of the current is almost in 900 phase with the line voltage, which
increasing power demand, nowadays transmission lines are helps in emulating an inductive or a capacitive reactance at
more loaded than was planned when they were built. As the the point of common coupling with the transmission line.
load on the transmission lines is increasing day by day the Although the functions of STATCOM and SVC are same, but
problem of transient stability after a serious fault can STATCOM has more advantages as compared to SVC which
become a transmission limiting factor. Power engineers are are,
much more concerned about transient stability problem


because of the blackout in northeast United States,
Scandinavia, England and Italy. The ability of a system to Responds faster.


maintain synchronous operation in the event of large
disturbances such as switching of lines or multiphase short Space required is less as bulky passive components


circuit faults is called as Transient stability. The response of (such as reactors) are eliminated.


the output resulting system consists of the huge interruption It is inherently relocatable and modular.
of generator rotor angles and is affected by the non-linearity It can be interfaced with real power sources such as
in the power angle relationship. The initial operating fuel cell, battery or Superconducting magnetic


conditions of the system as well as the severity of the energy storage (SMES).
disturbance are important because stability is dependent on As the reactive current can be maintained constant
them [1]. Power electronics has introduced recently the use STATCOM has high quality performance during the
of flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers in low voltage condition. In SVC, the capacitive
electrical power systems. The FACTS controllers operates in reactive current drops linearly with the voltage at
a very fast manner which is a very important and necessary the limit.

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Under transient conditions, it is even possible to increase the L

I
reactive current in a STATCOM if the devices are rated for
transient overload whereas in SVC, the maximum reactive Q I
current is determined by rating of the passive components
reactors and capacitors. Vc Vs Vs IjɷL

Vc
2. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR
(A)
(STATCOM)
Fig. 1 shows the configuration of STATCOM, which consists
of a solid state synchronous voltage source converter (VSC),
a coupling transformer and a dc capacitor. The solid state I

synchronous voltage source converter (VSC) generates a Vs

Q
balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages at the fundamental Vc IjɷL

frequency with rapidly controllable amplitude and phase Vc Vs I

angle.

Vt (B)

TRANSMISSION LINE L
I

Q=0 Vs
COUPLING
Iq TRANSFORMER
Vc Vs
Vc

(C)
VSC
I Vs
I

Vs
Vdc
Idc α IjɷL
α

Cdc Vc Vc
DC ENERGY SOURCE (D) (E)

Fig.1 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

The different modes of STATCOM along with capacitor

charging-capacitor discharging, phasor diagrams and V-I & Vs
V-Q characteristics are shown in the fig.2. In the capacitive
mode, reactive power (Q) is supplied by STATCOM. Similarly
in inductive mode, reactive power is absorbed from the Vref
system. In case of floating mode reactive power is not
supplied as well as absorbed, as there is no demand or gain
of the reactive power. Vs is the system voltage whereas Vc is
the voltage of STATCOM. Icap Iind
(F)

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

BUS 1 BUS 2 BUS 3

Vs GENERATOR1 TRANSFORMER1 TRANSFORMER2 GENERATOR2

TRANSIENT
Vref RATING
TRANSIENT L
O

RATING Fault
STATCOM
A
D

Fig. 3 Single line diagram

Qcap Qind
CAPACITIVE INDUCTIVE SYSTEM DEVICE SYSTEM RATING

(G) Generator 1 1000MVA

Fig.2 Operating principle and control characteristics of Generator 2 5000MVA

STATCOM
Transformer 1 1000MVA, 13.8/500KV
A. Capacitive mode
B. Inductive mode Transformer 2 5000MVA, 13.8/500KV
C. Floating mode
D. Capacitor charging mode Transmission line 1 350km
E. Capacitor discharging mode
F. VI characteristics Transmission line 2 350km
G. V–Q characteristics
Three phase load 5000MW
3. POWER SYSTEM STABILIZERS
A Power System Stabilizer is an additional block of a Table1. Data sheet for the system model
generator excitation controller Automatic Voltage Regulator
The system model consists of 3 phase hydraulic generation
(AVR). The PSS is added in the electrical power system to
plant at the two ends along with the 3 phase transformers
improve the overall dynamic performance, especially for the
which are connected by transmission lines of 500 km. The
control of electro mechanical oscillations. The Power System
hydraulic generation plant at the one end is of 1000 MVA
Stabilizer consists of auxiliary stabilizing signals such as
capacity whereas the other hydraulic generation plant is of
terminal frequency, shaft speed and/or power to change the
5000 MVA capacity. The system model consists of two step
input signal to the automatic voltage regulator. PSS is a very
up transformers which step ups the voltage from 13.8 KV to
effective device of enhancing small-signal stability
500 KV. There are three buses which are connected with the
performance on a power system network. For large power
help of transmission lines of 350 km long. At the third bus,
system, PSS does not give satisfied performance under heavy
three phase load is connected which is of 5000 MW capacity.
load conditions or faulty conditions, therefore FACTS devices
The performance of the system under the different load
have been introduced into the system where STATCOM gives
conditions along with the different types of faults such as
good performance.
ground fault, three phase fault etc., is observed.
4. MULTI MACHINE POWER SYSTEM MODEL
The system model considered for analysis is a two area multi 5. SIMULATION RESULTS:-
machine system which is shown in the fig 3. And the system
The total capacity of the system is 6000 MVA. The
data is shown in the Table 1.
performance of the system under the different conditions
including normal condition and abnormal condition is
observed. The tool used for Simulation is MATLAB Simulink
Software. Simulations are carried out for the different
conditions and observations are done which are shown in
the Simulation results given below.

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5.1 CASE I: - When No fault, No STATCOM, No PSS in voltages are shown in the figure which are increased from 1
System PU to 1.1 PU, 1.2 PU, 1.3PU, which is not desirable. Similarly
The first condition we have taken is when the system is the desired power is 1000 MW, but due to the abnormality
under the normal condition that is there is No fault, No
the line power is reduced to 700 MW.
STATCOM and No PSS in the system. Under the normal
condition the system behavior is abnormal, that is we get
Similarly, rotor angle, rotor speeds, terminal voltages
oscillations for the whole time period because the PSS is not
present in the system. The bus voltages, line power, rotor consists of abnormality even if PSS is present into the system
angle, rotor speeds and terminal voltages are shown in the which is shown on the figure 5.
figure 4. V pos, seq.
V pos, seq.
B1 B2 B3 (pu)
B1 B2 B3 (pu) 1.5
1.5

1
1

0.5
0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Line power (MW)
1000
Line power (MW)
1000 800

800 600

600 400

200
400
0
200 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time

d_theta1_2 (deg)
60
d_theta1_2 (deg)
60
40

55

20
50 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
w1 w2 (pu)
w1 w2 (pu)
1.06
1.04
1.04
1.02 1.02
1
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Vt1 Vt2 (pu)
1.5 Vt1 Vt2 (pu)
1.5
1
1
0.5

0
0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time

Fig. 4 Simulation Results when No fault, No STATCOM, No

PSS in System Fig. 5 Simulation Results Under the light load condition

5.2 CASE II: - When NO FAULT, NO STATCOM, With PSS in 5.2.2 Under the heavy load condition:-
the system Under the heavy load condition the abnormalities into the
As under the normal condition the system behavior is system are increased and system becomes fully unstable. Up
unstable. At the instant when PSS is applied into the system, to 1.5 seconds the system will try to survive but due to heavy
the abnormality in the system is reduced to some extent. load condition it will become unstable. As the total capacity
Therefore the performance of the system is observed under of the system is 6000 MVA, if the load is increased to more
than 6000 MVA the abnormality in the system can be
 Under the light load condition
the two conditions, which are,
observed which is shown in the fig 6.
 Under the heavy load condition

5.2.1 Under the light load condition:-

Under the light load condition the behavior of the system is
shown in the figure below. The system consists of PSS, but
still we get the disturbances because of the reactive power
demand by inductive nature of the three phase load. The bus

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V pos, seq.

2
B1 B2 B3 (pu)
system parameters is shown in the figure 7 which is
1.5
unstable.
1

0.5 V pos, seq.

B1 B2 B3 (pu)
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
1.5
Line power (MW)
2000
1

1000
0.5
0
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-1000
Line power (MW)
-2000 2000
0 0.5 1 1.5
Time
1000

d_theta1_2 (deg) -1000

1500
-2000
1000 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time
500
d_theta1_2 (deg)
0 1500
0 0.5 1 1.5
1000
w1 w2 (pu)
1.06 500
1.04
0
1.02 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

1 w1 w2 (pu)
1.1
0 0.5 1 1.5
Vt1 Vt2 (pu) 1
2
0.9
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1
Vt1 Vt2 (pu)
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 1
Time

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time

Fig. 6 Simulation Results Under the heavy load condition

Fig. 7 Simulation Results Under the faulty condition
As under the heavy load condition the system becomes without STATCOM
unstable even in the presence of PSS. Therefore we can
5.4 CASE IV: - Under the faulty condition with STATCOM
conclude that PSS is not only sufficient to survive the As under the faulty condition the system behavior is fully
electrical power system for heavy load condition. For more unstable even in the presence of PSS. Therefore, STATCOM is
accuracy we need a device which can survive in every applied into the system which is well to do in reducing the
possible load conditions as well as under the faulty instability into the system as shown in the figure 8. As shown
conditions. in the figure the system will become stable when the fault
occurs into the system because of the application of
Therefore, FACTS devices have been introduced in the
STATCOM into the system.
electrical power system which are having abilities to survive
the electrical power system under the different load V pos, seq.
B1 B2 B3 (pu)
1.5
conditions. STATCOM is one of the FACTS device which is
used in the electrical power system for reducing the 1

abnormality into the electrical power system which has 0.5

faster response. 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Line power (MW)

1500
5.3 CASE III:- Under the faulty condition without
STATCOM 1000

500

The system is analyzed under the faulty condition, when PSS 0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
is present in the system but there is no STATCOM. The fault Time

type is three phase fault which is occurred in the system

from 0.1 to 0.18 second. The system behavior is shown in the
figure 7. At the time of fault the system will try to survive as
PSS is present in the system, therefore it survives for 2.5
seconds but due to 3 phase fault the system will get
collapsed which is shown in the figure 7. The nature of the
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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
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100
d_theta1_2 (deg) steady state condition is tested in the MATLAB/Simulink
environment. The system behavior is observed under the
50

various conditions with STATCOM and without STATCOM.

0
0 0.5 1 1.5
w1 w2 (pu)
2 2.5 3
The behavior of the system parameters are then observed.
1.02

1.01
The system parameters are the bus voltages in per unit, line
1 power in MW, rotor angle in degree, rotor speeds in per unit
0.99
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 and terminal voltages in per unit. The system model is
Vt1 Vt2 (pu)
1.5
applicable for voltage stability analysis. The effects of
1

0.5
STATCOM installed in power transmission path are analyzed
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
in this paper and the conclusion as follows:
Time

Fig. 8 Simulation Results Under the faulty condition  Even in the presence of PSS the system behavior
without STATCOM under the heavy load condition as well as in faulty
condition is fully unstable. The STATCOM improves
The nature of the STATCOM voltage and the reactive power the performance of the electrical power system
is shown in the figure 9. When 3 phase fault occurs into the under the heavy load condition as well as in the
faulty conditions.

system, the system voltage drops to few extent. The
The STATCOM gives superior performance for the
STATCOM provides that amount of voltage to the system
power measurement, bus voltages and rotor angle
which is shown in the figure 9. As shown in the figure and terminal voltages of the multi-machine system.
STATCOM balances the amount of voltage which is required  The best performance has been obtained by
by the system to become stable. introducing FACTS devices that is STATCOM which
compensate reactive power, it’s concluded that by
Similarly the nature of reactive power of the STATCOM is introducing FACTS device system behavior, voltage
shown in the figure 9. As the fault occurs into the system the stability and transmission capability improves
reactive power suddenly drops that is reactive power considerably.
required by the load is more. STATCOM provides this
REFERENCES
amount of reactive power to the load and balances the
[1] Prity Bisen and Amit Shrivastava,
amount of reactive power required by the load to become Comparison between SVC and STATCOM FACTS
stable which is shown in the figure 9. Devices for Power System Stability Enhancement ,
International Journal on Emerging Technologies , pp
Vm Vref (pu)
1.05 101-109
1

0.95 [2] K. R. Padiyar, FACTS CONTROLLERS IN

0.9 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION ,
0.85
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS, pp 173-
0.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 177
Qm Qref (pu)
1.5
[3] Prabha Kundur, Power System Stability
1

0.5
And Control , TATA McGRAW-HILL EDITION, pp 335
0
[4] Arindam Chakraborty,1Shravana K.
-0.5

-1
Musunuri,Anurag K. Srivastava, and Anil K.
0 0.5 1 1.5
Time
2 2.5 3
Kondabathini, Integrating STATCOM and Battery
Energy Storage System for Power System Transient
Fig. 9 Simulation Results showing the nature of the Stability: A Review and Application , Hindawi
Publishing Corporation Advances in Power
STATCOM voltage and the reactive power
Electronics
6. .CONCLUSION [5] B. Singh, R. Saha, A. Chandra, K. Al-Haddad, Static
This Paper deals with the applications of Static Synchronous synchronous compensators (STATCOM): a review ,
Compensator for the performance improvement of the The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2009,
Electrical Power System. The detailed model of STATCOM pp 297-324
was implemented and tested in MATLAB/Simulink
environment. The verification of the STATCOM under the

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