ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 2 LAB
EXPERIMENT NUMBER:1
EXPERIMENT TITLE: AC PEAK, RMS, AND PHASE MEASUREMENT
STUDENT NAME: MOHAMED MEFTAH ALTONSY
LECTURER’S NAME: A. MOHAMMED AL-SHEREEF
Abstract:
The oscilloscope is a device for observing and taking measurements of electrical
signals and waveforms The analog oscilloscope consists of a cathode ray tube
(CRT) which displays a graph, primarily voltage versus time. Its used to study ac
current and voltage waves like sine wave and its have some basic concepts like:
The RMS value (also known as effective or virtual value) of an alternating
current (AC) is the value of direct current (DC), when flowing through a
circuit or resistor for the specific time period and produces same amount of
heat which produced by the alternating current (AC) when flowing through
the same circuit or resistor for a specific time.
AC peak voltage is the maximum or peak voltage the source can or will
achieve.
phase measurement is a relative (ratio) measurement and not an absolute
measurement, Phase measurements compare the phase of the signal going
into a device (the incident signal) to the phase of the device's response
signal.
Objectives:
To become familiar with the use voltage & current measurement devices.
To identify the characteristics of basic sinusoidal & non-sinusoidal
waveforms.
To learn how to determine root-mean-square values.
Required Materials & Equipment:
An AC power sources.
1𝑘Ω resistor and 1𝜇𝐹 capacitor.
Two voltmeters and an oscilloscope.
Introduction:
In alternating current (AC, also ac) the movement (or flow) of electric charge
periodically reverses direction. An electric charge would for instance move forward,
then backward, then forward, then backward, over and over again. In direct current
(DC), the movement (or flow) of electric charge is only in one direction.
Average value: Average value of an alternating current is expressed by that steady
DC current which transfer across any circuit the same charge as is transferred by
that AC during the same time period.
Root Mean Square (RMS) Value: The RMS value of an alternating current is
expressed by that steady DC current which when flowing through a given circuit
for given time produces same heat as produced by that AC through the sane circuit
for the same time period. In the common case of alternating current when I(t) is a
sinusoidal current, as is approximately true for mains power, the RMS value is
easy to calculate from the continuous case equation above. If we define 𝐼𝑝 to be the
peak current, then in general form
1 𝑇2
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ ∫ (𝐼𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇2 − 𝑇 1 𝑇1
where 𝐼𝑝 is the peak value of the current.
For sinusoidal voltage , 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑝sin (𝑡+ 𝜃)
𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2
Required Materials & Equipment:
AC power source or function generator.
Two multimeters.
Oscilloscope.
Resistor and Capacitor.
Procedures:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram of the shown figure.
XSC1
Ext Trig
+
_
A B
+ _ + _
R1
1kΩ XMM1
V1
C1
5Vrms
100Hz 22µF
0°
2. Set the value of frequency in 50 Hz in the power source with 5𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠.
3. Select the Interactive Mode and adjust the simulation time and the
maximum step size.
4. Run the simulation and adjust the Oscilloscope channels for suitable view.
5. Use the Grapher to capture your waveforms.
6. Use the multimeter to take the rms readings.
7. Adjust the frequency to 60Hz & 150 Hz with different rms values and phase
shifts and the repeat the previous steps.
8. Collect your readings and put them in the following table
Measured Voltage
Calculated Multimeter
Frequency Periodic Phase 𝑉𝑝−𝑝 𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 Reading
Time (T) Shift
50Hz 20ms 81.98 2.004 1.002 0.708 713.716mV
60Hz 16.7ms 83.1 1.7 841.892mV 0.595 596.623mV
150 Hz 6.67ms 87.3 0.68 339.536mV 0.240 240.1mV
Observation & Discussion:
There is a shift by 90°between the input and output wave due to the
presence of the capacitor in the circuit.
The capacitor in the circuit will also cause an output wave with a peak
to peak value higher than the input wave.
All the values measured by the measurement devices are RMS values.
.
Conclusions:
The waveform repeats itself every define time and it's called period time.
The frequency of the waveform can be obtained from the inverse of the
period time.
V (peak-peak) are calculated by taken the maximum positive value of the
wave and the minimum value of the wave in one period.
The reason of using the RMS value for calculation is most measuring ac
values give their outputs as RMS.
The relationship between Vrms and Vp has been approved
Answer the following questions:
1. What would be the average value of a sinusoidal signal? Why?
Zero because the average value of a sinusoidal waveform over one
full Cycle the positive half cancel the negative half.
2. Calculate the rms values of square & triangular waveforms?
In the Triangular waveform
Vrms=(0.577Vp)". And in the Square waveform " Vrms = (Vp)".
3. A digital multimeter is used to measure DC voltages up to 1000V, what
would be the maximum AC voltage that can be measured without
harming the device?
Vrms= V/√ 2= 707.1 rms in AC
4. Define the effective value? What is the relationship between the
effective and rms values for a sinusoidal waveform?
The effective value is the square root of the average of the
square of alternating current or voltage values.
The RMS value is the effective value of a varying voltage or current. It is thee
quivalent steady DC (constant) value which gives the same effect.
5. A waveform is given by 𝑣(𝑡) = 5 sin (3.14𝑡 + 50°) + 6. Choose the right
measurement type (effective, average, and/or rms). Discuss your
answer
The Average measurement because we have a dc voltage.
