xyvolbliaan a:Kesources and development. Resources: Everything available to our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, providing it is technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable. TACAEF Resources can be classified into following way : On the Basis of Resources. Biotic: The resources obtained from the biosphere and have life, such as Human beings, flora, fauna, etc. Abiotic : All those things which are composed of non-living things are called Abiotic resources Ex -Rock and minerals. On the Basis of Exhaustibility. 1 Renewable resources : Resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical, or mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources. Ex -solar, wind, water, forest, and wildlife. Non-Renewable resource: These resources take millions of years in their formation and get exhausted with their use. Ex: Mineral and fossil fuels. On the basis of Ownership Individual Resources: the resources which are owned by people individually. Ex House, Plots, Farm Land, etc. Community-owned resources: These resources are accessible to all members of the community. e.g., Village ponds, picnic spots, grazing grounds, etc. National resources :These resources are accessible to all citizens of the nation. Ex:- roads, railways, canals, and oceanic areas up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km), etc. International resources: These resources can be used by all nations of the world Ex: exclusive a On the Basis of the Status of Development 4 economic zone beyond 200 km (oceanic). Potential resources: These resources are available in a region, but have not been utilized yet. Ex: Rajasthan and have great potential for the development of wind and solar energy. Developed resources: These resources are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilization. Downloaded from padhleakshay.com] G Stocks : The resources who have potential. satisfy human needs but People do not have appropriate technology to access these. Ex water a compound of two inflammable gaseous hydrogen and oxygen can be used as a rich source of energy. D1@ Reserves: The Subset of stock which can be accessed with the help of existing technology but their use has not been started. Ex River water can be used for generating hydroelectricity, but presently. it is utilized only to a limited number of users.. #Topic | Done Resources are important for human survival as well as for maintain the quality of life Excessive and indiscriminate use of resources has created a major problem such as * Depletion of resources for fulfilling the greed of few individuals * Accumulation of Resources in a few hands; dividing society into rich and poor. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological imbalance. For example, Global warming, Ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution, and Land degradation How to get out of this problem? Resource planning Inequitable Distribution of Resources & Rio de Janeiro Carth Summit, 1991 In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met for the first international Farth Silminsit in Rio de Janeiro, brazil. The summit was held to address urgent problems of environmental protection and Socio Economic development at the global level. The Summit was the Declaration on Global Climate Change and Biological Diversity. Rio supports the Global forest principle and adopted agenda21 for achieving sustainabledevelopment in the 21st century.Agenda 2. Agenda 21 is the declaration (1992) at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It aims at achieving global sustainable development Every local government should draw its own Local Agenda 21. Sustainable development: development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise With the need for future generation Resource planning (7) It is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. In a country like India, it is very important to make and execute resource planning where there is a great diversity in the availability of resources The states ofJharkhand ,Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh has an abundance of water but lacks in Infrastructural development The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources. The cold desert of Ladakh has very rich cultural heritages but is deficient in water infrastructure and some vital minerals. Availability of resources when accompanied by proper technological development and institutional change. can contribute to development. In India, development involves the availability of resources, technology, quality of human resources and the historical experiences of the people. Resource planning in India & Resource planning is a complex process, which involves Identitication and inventory of resources across the region of the country Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill, and Institutional Set up for implementing resource development plan. Matching the resource development plans with the overall national development plans&y Conservation of resources Resource conservation at various levels is very important to overcome the problems caused due to irrational consumption and overutilization of resources. Gandhiji said that "There is enough for everybody's needs but not for anybody's greed." According to him, the root cause for resource depletion at the global level is greedy, selfish people, and the exploitative nature. of moderator technology. International efforts ¢ The club of Rome's advocated resource conservation for the first time in 1968. « In 1974, Gandhian Philosophy was presented by Schumacher in his book "Small is beautiful.” In 1987, the seminal contribution at the global level was made by the Brundtland Commission Report. Topic 2 Done ’and Resources The land is an important natural resource that supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transport, and communication system. BB Piains India had the following land relief features: BB Mountains Plains 43% ED Plateaus Mountain 30% Plateau regions 27% AX Ic an d utiliz ation one Cet Tete tet titres Combe Repo Utilization of land resources in the following ways: seas i) forests ii) Land not available for cultivation: barren and wasteland non-agricultural land iii) other cultivated land (including fallow land) iv) fallow land v) Net sown area The land use pattern in India Use of land determined by physical and human factors. Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km. The Land under permanent pasture also has decreased. NSA in India comes to about 54% of the total reporting area. NSA varies greatly from one state to another, with Punjab and Haryana, ENSA 80% Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram Manipur and Andaman Nicobar Islands (NSA 10%)+ Forest area is less than desired 33% of geographical area. band Degradation Continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures to conserve and manage it has resulted in land degradation. Degraded land, * There are about 30 million hectares of degraded land in India. * Forest degraded area (28% of it) + Water eroded area (56% of it © Saline and Alkaline deposit (16% of it) ¢ use land determined by Physical anab human factor. NATIONAL FOREST POLICY, 1922 <> Human Activities For :and Degredation Are : * Deforestation ¢ Overgrazing ¢ Mining, Quarrying and Over Irrigation e The Method to Overcome Land degeradation ‘ ¢ Afforestation ¢ Control on Overgrazing ¢ Control of mining_and Quarrying + Establishment of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes + Dispose of industrial Effluents after treatment #Topic 3 DoneSoil as a Resource. ge Soil is a vital natural resource which supports different types of living organisms. e It takes millions of years to form. ¢ It also consists of organic humus and inorganic material _Important factors in the formation of Soil ¢ Relief, Parent rock and Bedrock And Climate. * Vegetation and other forms of life. Change in temp, action of running water, Activities of decomposers and Chemical and organic change . Classification of soil features Alluvial Soil S + These have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems- The Indus, the Ganga and the Bramphaputra. It consists of various proportions of sand, silt, and clay. It is very fertile soil. It contains potash, phosphoric acid and lime. This soil is ideal for the growth of sugar cane, wheat, and other cereal and pulse crops. extend in Rajasthan and Gujrat. Deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri BlackSoil /Regur soil /Black cotton soil. (gggaet + These soils are black in color. They have been formed due to the withering of lava. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton. The black soil is made up of extremely fine clayey material. They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. They are rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium phosphate and lime. Cover:- plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa Plateau, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Godavari and the Krushna Valleys.Red And Yellow Soil * Red soil develops on crystallized igneous rocks in areas of low Rainfall « This soil develops a reddish color due to diffusion of Iron in crystalline and metamorphic Rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form and is found in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and the southern part of the middle Ganga Plain. Laterite Soil «= ae Laterite soils are mostly shallow to very deep, acidic ( pH < 6.0 ), It is generally deficient in plant nutrients. This is very useful for growing tea and coffee in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. It is humus rich but under sparsh vegetation and Semi arid environment, It is humus poor. Found Western ghat region of Maharashtra, Odisha, Some part of West Bengal. Arid soils + Arid Soils range trom red to brown in color. * They are generally sandy in Texture and Saline in Nature. Due to the dry climate, evaporation is faster. Soil lacks humus and moisture. The kankan layer formation restricts the infiltration of Water. * Found in Parts of Western Rajasthan Forest Soils They are Loamy and silty. And coarse grained in the upper Slopes. These Soils experience denudation and are acidic with low humus content. found in Hilly and mountainous areas. Soil erosion and loss of conservation The removal of erosion of top fertile soil is called soil erosion. Factor responsible for soil erosion. Downloaded from padhleakshay.comNatural factor: Wind , Glacier and Water, Human factor: Deforestation, Overgrazing, Construction and Mining. Other factors: defective method of farming and plowing in the wrong way. Gullies :The running water cuts through the Clayey soils and makes a deep channel known as gullies Sheet erosion: When water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope and topsoil is washed away. Wind Erosion: The wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land, called Wind erosion. Badland: The land has become unfit for cultivation and is known as Bad Land. Measures to control Soil Crosion Contour plowing: Plowing along the contour lines decelerates the flow of water down the Slopes. Terrace cultivation: Steps can be cut out on the Slopes making terraces, and it i i loughing restricts erosion. Contour Fvstion . . , SE belts Strip cropping: Strips of grass are left to grow between the shelics crops. This Breaks up the force of Wind. Shelterbelts : Planting rows of trees to create Shelter. =i #Ghapter Done