53

5.0 Environmental Effects Assessment and

Mitigation
An analysis of the potential effects for each of the interactions identified in Table 4-1 is
undertaken in the following sections.
For each of these interactions the
potential impact and boundaries are
identified, the effect prior to
mitigation is evaluated, mitigation is
proposed, and significance of
residual effects were predicted. The
decision process is summarized in
Figure 5-1. The predicted residual
effect assumes that each of the
recommended mitigation measures
has been implemented.
The results of the environmental
effects assessment and mitigation
are presented below.
FIGURE 5-1: SUMMARY OF WTP
IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS

5.1 Methodology
5.1.1 Potential Impact from Interaction
Each action completed during the project phase (or component if applicable) was recognized
and potential interactions with VECs in the environment in the project area were considered. If
the interaction was expected to result in a net negative impact to the VEC it was included in
the potential impact section and carried forward for mitigation and a residual effect was
predicted.

Impacts that were not expected to pose a net change to the project area (i.e. noise levels for
the new WTP are expected to be similar to the existing WTP located approximately 200 m west
of the project area) were not considered under the potential impact section.

5.1.2 Impact Effects Boundaries

5.1.2.1 Spatial and Ecological Boundaries

The spatial and ecological boundaries for the environmental effects assessment (EEA)
encompasses the physical or geographical limit for which impacts related to a proposed project
will be considered and assessed. For the purpose of this assessment the spatial boundary for

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the EIA encompasses a 1 km area surrounding the proposed WTP. This area encompasses the
eastern portion of Oromocto Island, the eastern tip of Thatch Island and the northeastern
portion of the Town. Spatial and ecological boundaries may be extended for certain VECs. The
spatial boundary (the “Study Area”) for the assessment of the potential environmental effects
of the project on the following VECs are as follows:

• Atmospheric Environment: The spatial boundaries of the potential environmental

effects that the project could have on the atmospheric environment were selected by
professional judgment and scientific literature review.
- Change in Air Quality: The spatial boundaries for a change in air quality due to
the project are identified as a zone extending approximately 500 m from the
project’s footprint. The 500 m range should generally provide mixing of
emissions from the project with ambient air.
- Change in Climate from Generation of GHGs: The spatial boundaries for the
assessment of the environmental effects on a change in GHG generation are
the global environment.
• Terrestrial Environment: encompasses the terrestrial environment within the project
footprint boundaries which are directly affected by the project activities.
• Aquatic Environment: encompasses surface water potentially impacted within 30 m of
the project footprint.
• Species at Risk: encompasses the terrestrial or aquatic environment within 100 m of
the project footprint boundaries which have the potential to interact with species at
risk or of conservation concern and/or their habitat.
• Cultural and Heritage Resources: encompasses a 1 km radius for cultural and heritage
resources as well as those areas identified on the predictive modeling with zones of
elevated archaeological potential, totaling 80 m in width, extending back from the
bank of the Saint John River. The first 50 m from the river are ascribed high
potential, while the following 30 m are ascribed moderate potential.
• Socio-Economic: encompasses a 2 km radius around the project footprint within the
community of the Town and the Garrison at the Base.

5.1.2.2 Temporal Boundaries

The temporal boundaries for the EIA define the time periods for which likely
environmental effects of the project are considered, such as; the duration of the construction
phase of the project or lifetime of the WTP. Temporal boundaries vary according to project
phase. In the construction phase, specific construction-related effects are short. For the
purposes of this EIA the construction phase will likely be phased over a subsequent 2-5 years.
Effects associated with the operational period are long term, as the WTP is intended to be
operational for 25 years.

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For purposes of this EIA, it was assumed that the project life-cycle consists of the following two
(2) phases:

• Construction Phase - including Site Preparation and Civil Works, Facilities Construction
and Intake/Waterline Construction; and,
• Operations and Maintenance Phase

Accidents and malfunction events could occur during either phase of the project lifecycle, and
as their nature is unknown, the temporal boundary varies. However, most of these events are
relatively short in duration and as such the effects are considered to be short-term unless
otherwise stated.

5.1.3 Effect Prior to Mitigation

Following the identification of the interaction between the site activity and VEC and the
expected duration of the interaction a potential effect is predicted using professional judgment.
This predicted effect assumes no mitigation has been completed.

The predicted significance of the interaction will be evaluated using the following questions as
a guide;

1. What is the magnitude of the effect?

2. What is the geographic extent of the effect?
3. What is the duration (short or long term) and frequency of the effect?
4. How does the net effect compare to the existing environment? Does it represent a
substantive or order of magnitude negative change in baseline conditions?
5. Is there a substantive public, government or agency concern?
6. What is the ecological and/or social context for the effect?
7. Is the effect reversible?

The predicted effect is then classified on the following scale:

• Negligible – the magnitude of the effect is relatively small spatially or temporally, the
effect will not irreparably impact the surrounding environment, and there are no
substantive public or ecological concerns;
• Limited - the magnitude or frequency of the effect is measurable either spatially or
temporally, however effect will not irreparably impact the surrounding environment or
an alternate environment is available, and there may be some public or ecological
concerns. Species of conservation concern are not expected to be impacted;
• Moderate - the magnitude or frequency of the effect is relatively significant spatially
and/or temporally, and is predicted to impact the surrounding environment, however

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an alternate environment is available. Species of conservation concern may be

impacted. There may be substantive public or ecological concerns; and,
• Significant - the magnitude of the effect is significant spatially or temporally, the effect
will irreparably impact the surrounding environment, and there are substantive public
or ecological concerns.

The quantification of the effect may vary depending on the VEC/VSC.

5.1.4 Mitigation
Mitigation is identified for each interaction and/or effect in an attempt to reduce the severity,
magnitude or duration of the interaction. In addition, several acts, codes, regulations and
guidelines may require appropriate actions be conducted as mitigative measures prior to or
during the interaction. Appendix B provides a summary of acts, codes, regulations and
guidelines that have been reviewed in the development of the mitigative measures. To
minimize impacts to the environment, an environmental management plan (EMP) consisting of
environmental protection and mitigation measures, waste management planning and
emergency response and contingency planning will be developed during the pre-construction
planning phase.

5.1.5 Significance of Residual Effect

The significance of the residual effect of the interaction will be predicted and classified on the
same scale as the effect prior to mitigation, see section 5.1.3.

5.2 Atmospheric Environment Results

The atmospheric environment was selected as a VEC/VSC due to the possible environmental
impacts resulting from:

• A change in air quality due to vehicle and equipment emissions, generation of dust and
other potential air contaminants;
• A change in the existing sound quality during the construction phases of the WTP; and,
• A change in air quality due to an accident or malfunction (i.e. hazardous material spill).

5.2.1 Construction Phase

5.2.1.1 Potential Effects

During the construction phase, the potential for adverse environmental effects exists due to
the release of combustion gases from vehicles and heavy equipment (including earth movers,
excavation equipment and grading equipment), wind raised dust (particulate matter) from

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material handling or stockpiled soil, release of GHG from vehicles and equipment, and noise
from construction equipment and activities.

Potential Effects on Air Quality

Fugitive dust is particulate matter that originates primarily from the movement of mobile
equipment on unpaved surfaces, from material handling, from wind erosion of exposed soils or
stockpiles of friable materials, and from blasting of rock. Construction activities that could
generate fugitive dust include clearing and grubbing, grading, leveling, handling of fill, and
other earth moving activities. Dust raised from construction activities tends to be transient in
nature, both temporal and spatially, and is dependent on factors such as the soil moisture
content, level of construction activities at a particular location, and meteorological conditions
at the time.

It has been shown that particulate matter from construction activities settles out of the
atmosphere quickly and a level of 150 µg/m3 will be exceeded at a distance of 50 m from the
activity only 2% to 3% of the time (Schexnayder and Ernzen, 1999). The province of New
Brunswick has an acceptable level of 120 µg/m3 for a daily averaging period and 70 µg/m3 for
an annual averaging period.

Construction equipment produces gaseous emissions including nitrogen oxides, carbon

monoxide, VOCs and some minor quantities of SO2 and particulate matter. Most of these
primary pollutants are transformed in the atmosphere, through a series of physical and
chemical reactions, to secondary pollutants including smog, ozone and various nitrogen and
sulphur compounds.

Potential Effects on Sound

Construction activities will result in elevated noise levels during the construction period. There
will be temporary changes in sound pressure levels in the vicinity of the project due to
activities such as blasting and the operation of heavy equipment associated with site
preparation work and construction. Preliminary construction information indicates that
excavators, cranes, loaders, bulldozers, concrete tucks and various other trucks will be
required during the construction period. Typical sound pressure levels of some commonly used
construction equipment is provided in Table 5-2.

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TABLE 5-1: TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS AT A

1
DISTANCE OF 4.5 M (15 FT) FROM THE RECEPTOR
Max Sound Pressure Level
Equipment
(dBA)
Backhoe 80
Blasting 94
Compactor (ground) 80
Concrete Mixer Truck 85
Concrete Pump Truck 82
Crane 85
Dozer 85
Dump Truck 84
Excavator 85
Flat Bed Truck 84
Front End Loader 80
Man Lift 85
Paver 85
Pickup Truck 55
Roller 85
Pumps 77
Note: 1 Courtesy of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 2006

5.2.1.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The effect of the potential impacts identified above on the atmospheric environment
(including air quality and noise) prior to mitigation is predicted to be limited. The construction
phase is expected to occur over a relatively short time period and is not expected to result in
lasting or irreparable damage to the atmospheric environment.

5.2.1.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed to reduce the impact to air quality and
noise quality in the area of the subject site prior to commencing the construction phase of the
project:

• As part of the EMP, a noise reduction plan will be established and communicated to
the contractors prior to construction;
• A plan for handling soil and construction materials for the site will be developed (i.e.
excavated soil will be stockpiled and covered in defined areas or removed from site to
a predetermined location) with an intent to minimize soil stockpiled at the site.

The following mitigative measures will be employed during the construction phase of the
project:

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• Vehicles and equipment will be properly muffled and maintained according to emission
and noise suppression standards;
• The estimated hours of construction will be 7am to 7pm. Longer hours may be
required to meet the project schedule but will not go beyond the hours of 7am to
11pm, as specified by the Town noise bylaw (Town of Oromocto, 2013);
• All construction equipment will be turned off when not in active use to minimize
emissions of NOX, CO, VOCs and SO2 and noise levels near the project area;
• Monitoring of weather (wind conditions) and stabilization of stockpiles and bare slopes
will be conducted on an as needed basis. In windy conditions, stabilization or covering
of stockpiles and bare slopes will be completed to reduce fine particulate matter uplift;
• Water will be used on gravel/dirt road and parking areas to reduce fugitive dust, where
necessary;
• Exposed soils will be stabilized as soon as practical;
• Proper labeling of chemical storage containers will be completed and appropriate
MSDS will be stored onsite;
• Rubbish and waste materials will be kept at minimum quantities and burning of this
material will be prohibited;
• Oily rags will be stored in approved receptacles onsite and disposed of at approved
waste facilities;
• Operation requirements will be completed in accordance with the NBDELG Approval to
Operate Certificate; and,
• Complaints related to noise from the construction will be addressed by the contractor.

5.2.1.4 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place the potential atmospheric environmental residual
effects during the construction phase of the project are decreased from limited (prior to
mitigation) to negligible.

5.2.2 Operational Phase

5.2.2.1 Potential Effects

The facility will be operated in accordance with the Certificate of Approval to Operate. It is
expected that the operation of the project will result in a net positive effect by reducing the
production of air emissions by implementing upgraded operating systems.

5.2.3 Accidents and Malfunctions

5.2.3.1 Potential Effects

During both phases of the project there is a potential for accidents to occur, and some have
the potential to significantly impact the ambient air quality. The following accidents and
malfunctions are more likely to impact the air quality and have been considered:

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• Chemical and fuel spills – malfunctions or accidents may result in the loss of petroleum
hydrocarbons, hazardous materials or other substances that may volatilize and
adversely impact the ambient air quality.
• Fires – accidental fires associated with construction, operation or vehicular accidents
at the subject site. Significant fires may result in smoke which could impact the air
quality.

5.2.3.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The effect of the potential impacts of accidents and other unplanned events prior to mitigation
on the atmospheric environment (including air quality and sound) is predicted to be moderate.
Because the nature and outcome of unplanned events is difficult to predict the moderate
effect was selected based on a worst case scenario in which a chemical spill could significantly
impact the air quality at the subject site.

5.2.3.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed prior to construction to reduce the
potential for air quality to be impacted by a hazardous material spill or fire:

• An ERP will be included in the project EMP and the contractor will be required to
provide spill response training to construction personnel;
• Prior to commencing construction, the contractor will be required to ensure that spill
response equipment is readily available onsite and each piece of machinery is
equipped with a spill response kit; and,
• The contractor will be responsible for submitting a fire safety plan for the construction
site prior to commencement of construction work. The fire safety plan must conform
to the National Fire Code of Canada and submitted for review by local fire department.
Any comments by local fire department will be implemented by the Contractor.

The following mitigative measures will be employed during the construction phase of the
project:

• Proper labeling of chemical storage containers will be completed and appropriate

MSDS will be maintained onsite;
• Any spills or leaks that occur will be reported to the appropriate regulatory authorities,
if applicable, as soon as possible;
• Remedial action, or engineered controls, for any spills or leaks that occur will be
completed;
• Rubbish and waste materials will be kept at minimum quantities and burning of this
material will be prohibited;

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• Oily rags will be stored in approved receptacles and disposed of at approved waste
facilities;
• Water will be used on gravel/dirt road and parking areas to reduce fugitive dust, where
necessary; and,
• Exposed soils will be stabilized as soon as practical.

The following mitigative measures will be employed during the operational phase of the
project:

• Chemical and petroleum hydrocarbons will be stored in appropriate containers and in

specifically designated areas to reduce potential for leaks. Where applicable,
secondary containment of chemicals or petroleum hydrocarbons will be employed;
• Proper labeling of chemical storage containers will be completed and appropriate
MSDS will be maintained onsite;
• Any spills or leaks that occur will be reported to the appropriate regulatory authorities,
if applicable, as soon as possible;
• Remedial action, or engineered controls, for any spills or leaks that occur will be
completed;
• All personnel handling fuels and chemicals will be trained in WHMIS to be qualified to
handle the materials in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and applicable
regulations; and,
• Work entailing use of toxic or hazardous materials, chemicals and/or explosives, or
otherwise creating hazard to life, safety of health, will be conducted in accordance
with National Fire Code of Canada to minimize the potential for spills or fires.

5.2.3.4 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place, the potential environmental residual effects of the
accidents, malfunctions and unplanned events during all phases of the project are decreased
from moderate (pre-mitigation) to negligible.

5.3 Terrestrial Environment

The terrestrial environment (flora and fauna and their habitat; including migratory birds and
protected areas) was selected as a VEC as it is located in an area where habitat and wildlife
populations are present. The project area is also located within the “Lower Saint John River
(Sheffield / Jemseg)” IBA. This VEC has the potential to be affected from:

• A change in vegetation (flora) quality and/or quantity due to the activities associated
with the construction of the WTP;

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• Although birds present in the local area are accustomed to disturbance in the area and
are already breeding successfully in disturbed areas, a potential disruption of bird
species inhabiting the project footprint due to the construction of the WTP may occur;
• A change in the wildlife and bird habitat due to the activities associated with the
construction of the WTP; and,
• A change in vegetation and designated habitat from hazardous material spills or fires.

5.3.1 Construction Phase

5.3.1.1 Potential Effects

The local wildlife population (including birds) within the assessment area has the potential to
be permanently and temporarily affected by the site preparation activities for the WTP project.
Clearing and grubbing activities in particular will reduce the quality of habitat within the
immediate area. The construction has the potential to affect the following:

• Construction noise may lead to the temporary disturbance of terrestrial animals;

• Visual impacts from the presence of humans in the area, as well as vehicles and
construction equipment, may cause disruption of sensitive wildlife activity such as
breeding and/or feeding;
• Clearing and grubbing activities may remove or reduce the quantity and quality of
habitat within, and in proximity to, the project area and may result in the permanent
displacement of wildlife;
• Attraction of nuisance wildlife through unsuitable waste management;
• Heavy equipment use during the construction activities may cause direct injury or
death of wildlife through collisions or destruction of dens and food sources; and,
• The construction of the project may interact or cause a temporary disruption in wildlife
migration patterns such as amphibians, reptiles, small and/or large mammals during
sensitive periods in particular feeding and breeding requirements.

5.3.1.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The effect of the potential impacts during construction prior to mitigation on the terrestrial
environment is predicted to be limited. The construction phase is expected to occur over a
relatively short time period and is not expected to result in lasting or irreparable damage to the
terrestrial environment or significantly impact a wildlife population.

5.3.1.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed to reduce the impact to the terrestrial
environment during the construction phase of the project:

• Vegetation will be preserved where possible to provide wildlife habitat;

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• Construction crews and machinery are to use designated roadways and access-points
to limit disturbance off the project footprint and minimize the interactions with wildlife
and wildlife habitat;
• To minimize wildlife encounters site, working areas shall be kept clean of food scraps
and garbage and will be removed from the site daily;
• In the case of wildlife encounters the following shall be implemented:
- No attempt will be made by any worker at the project site to chase, catch,
divert, follow or otherwise harass wildlife by vehicle or on foot;
- Equipment and vehicles will yield the right-of-way to wildlife; and,
- Any wildlife sightings or encounters shall be reported to the site supervisor as
soon as possible.
• Workers will adhere to the Environment Canada's Migratory Birds Convention Act,1994
(MBCA) and the Migratory Birds Regulations (MBR);
• Tree clearing shall not be undertaken between April 1 and August 31without
consultation with a bird specialist or Environment Canada, to minimize impacts to
Migratory Birds. Note: as identified on Environment Canada’s “nesting zone” calendar
this timing has been identified as the most sensitive breeding/nesting periods in
wetland, open and forest habitats for migratory birds in this region (Region C3);
• Grubbing will be initiated as early as possible in the calendar year, and must be
completed in 30 days;
• No one shall disturb, move or destroy migratory bird nests. If a nest or young birds are
encountered, the contractor shall cease work in the immediate area of the nest and
contact a bird specialist or Environment Canada for further mitigation. A 20 m buffer
zone will be flagged around identified active nests and work in the area may be
delayed until after the birds have fledged; and,
• To minimize disruptions with bird/bat activity at night, the project construction
activities will be limited to daylight hours. If construction is required at night or during
twilight hours, lighting will be shielded to shine downwards to minimize the impacts of
birds/bats.

5.3.1.4 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place, the potential environmental residual effects of
construction activities during the project are reduced from limited (pre-mitigation) to
negligible.

5.3.2 Operational Phase

5.3.2.1 Potential Effects

It is not anticipated that operations will result in a net increase in terrestrial environment
activities as interactions would be comparable to current operations at the existing WTP.

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5.3.3 Accidents and Malfunctions

5.3.3.1 Potential Effects

During all phases of the project there is a potential for accidents to occur, and some have the
potential to impact the local terrestrial environment. The following accidents and unplanned
events are more likely to impact terrestrial environment and have been considered:

• Chemical and fuel spills – petroleum hydrocarbons and some chemicals have the
potential to kill vegetation, resulting in a loss of habitat or food sources.
• Fires – Fire may result in a loss of vegetation which has the potential to impact
important riparian areas, food sources and nesting habitats.

5.3.3.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The effect of the potential impacts of accidents and other unplanned events prior to mitigation
on the terrestrial environment is predicted to be moderate. Because the nature and outcome
of unplanned events is difficult to predict the moderate effect was selected based on a worst
case scenario in which a chemical spill could significantly damage the terrestrial environment
(vegetation and habitat) for a significant period of time.

5.3.3.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed prior to construction to reduce the
potential for the local terrestrial environment to be impacted by a chemical spill or fire:

• An ERP will be completed and detailed in the project EMP and the contractor will be
required to provide spill response training to construction personnel;
• Prior to commencing construction, the contractor will be required to ensure that spill
response equipment is readily available onsite and each piece of machinery is
equipped with a spill response kit; and,
• The contractor will be responsible for submitting a fire safety plan for the construction
site prior to commencement of construction work. The fire safety plan must conform
to the National Fire Code of Canada and be submitted to the DCC representative for
review by local fire department. Any comments by local fire department will be
implemented by the Contractor.

The following mitigative measures will be employed during the construction phase of the
project:

• Proper labeling of chemical storage containers will be completed and appropriate

MSDS will be stored onsite;

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• Any spills or leaks that occur will be reported to the appropriate regulatory authorities,
if applicable, as soon as possible;
• Remedial action, or engineered controls, for any spills or leaks that occur will be
completed;
• Refueling, oiling, and maintenance of equipment will be completed in specifically
designated to minimize the potential for terrestrial impacts;
• Servicing of equipment will be completed off-site by a licensed mechanic; however if
required to be completed onsite the work will be completed over an impervious
surface or trap;
• Rubbish and waste materials will be kept at minimum quantities and burning of this
material will be prohibited; and,
• Oily rags will be stored in approved receptacles and disposed of at approved waste
facilities.

The following mitigative measures will be employed during the operational phase of the
project:

• Chemical and petroleum hydrocarbons will be stored in appropriate containers and in

specifically designated areas to reduce potential for leaks. Where applicable,
secondary containment of chemicals or petroleum hydrocarbons will be employed;
• Proper labeling of chemical storage containers will be completed and appropriate
MSDS will be stored onsite;
• Any spills or leaks that occur will be reported to the appropriate regulatory authorities,
if applicable, as soon as possible;
• Remedial action, or engineered controls, for any spills or leaks that occur will be
completed; and,
• Work entailing use of toxic or hazardous materials, chemicals and/or explosives, or
otherwise creating hazard to life, safety of health, will be conducted in accordance
with National Fire Code of Canada to minimize the potential for spills or fires.

5.3.3.4 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place, the potential environmental residual effects of
chemical spills and/or fire incidents during all phases of the project are reduced from moderate
(pre-mitigation) to negligible.

5.4 Aquatic Environment

The aquatic environment (surface water) was selected as a VEC as it is located within 30 m of a
drainage ditch (considered to be a watercourse) which directly discharges to an aquatic habitat

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(Saint John River). In addition, water quality is protected under the NB Clean Water Act. This
VEC has the potential to be affected by:

• A change in surface water quality due to sedimentation events and erosion;

• A change in surface water quality due to runoff from improper stormwater
management; and,
• A change in surface water quality in the adjacent aquatic receptor (Saint John River)
due to deleterious substances or hazardous materials being preferentially directed
from the subject site by the drainage ditch following an unplanned event.

5.4.1 Construction Phase

5.4.1.1 Potential Effects

Aquatic habitat within the assessment area has the potential to be permanently and
temporarily affected by the construction related activities for the WTP project. Clearing and
grubbing activities in particular has the potential to impact water quality and fish habitat
within the immediate area and within the drainage area. All stages of construction including
clearing, grubbing, WTP construction, roadbed surfacing, and paving have the potential to
affect the following:

• Increased sediment loading in the watercourse resulting from construction and

ground breaking activities;
• Potential impacts to downgradient aquatic habitat (the Saint John River) through
sedimentation events; and,
• Increased sediment loading in the watercourse due to improper stormwater
management of the subject site during construction.

5.4.1.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The effect of the potential impacts during construction to the aquatic environment is predicted
to be limited. The construction phase is expected to occur over a relatively short time period
and is not expected to result in lasting or irreparable damage to surface water in the subject
site.

5.4.1.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed prior to construction to reduce the
potential for impact to the watercourse:

• A sediment erosion control plan will be developed and implemented prior to

commencing construction activities;

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• Construction activities within 30 m of a watercourse or wetland will be carried out in

accordance with a Watercourse and Wetland Alteration (WAWA) Permit as issued
under the NB Clean Water Act. Work will be conducted between June 1 and
September 30 unless otherwise authorized by DELG;
• Construction and temporary access roads shall avoid watercourses. Equipment is not
permitted to enter a watercourse or wetland;
• Appropriate erosion and sediment control measures will be designed and
implemented to manage surface water drainage (i.e., check dams, off take ditches,
ditching);
• Ground disturbance must be minimized to reduce the potential for erosion and
sedimentation the watercourse;
• Natural vegetation (especially adjacent to the watercourse) will be preserved as much
as possible;
• Trees must be felled away from the watercourse during clearing;
• All stock piled materials will be kept at a minimum of 30 m away from the
watercourse;
• Vehicles shall not be washed out where wash water could enter a watercourse;
• If practical, work will be scheduled so as to avoid outdoor work during periods of
significant precipitation, defined as rainfall in excess of 25 mm in 12 hours, or an
intensity of greater than 5 mm/hour for 2 or more hours. This shall be considered a
minimum; conditions may require more stringent criteria to adequately control erosion
and sedimentation;
• Prior to heavy rainfall events sediment control measures will be checked to ensure
they are continuing to operate properly;
• Refueling, oiling, and maintenance of equipment will be completed in specifically
designated areas at least 100 m from the Saint John River and 30 m from the drainage
ditch located to the west of the proposed building footprint to minimize the potential
for offsite migration; and,
• Servicing of equipment will be completed offsite by a licensed mechanic; however, if
required to be completed onsite the work will be completed over an impervious
surface or trap.

5.4.1.4 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place the potential environmental residual effects on the
watercourse and receiving environment are reduced from limited (pre-mitigation) to negligible.

5.4.2 Operational Phase

5.4.2.1 Potential Effects

Operational and maintenance activities are not expected to interact with an aquatic habitat
with the exception of the water intake line. The intake line will be designed in consultation

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with DFO to meet the requirements of the Freshwater Intake End-of-Pipe Fish Screen Guideline
(1995) or whichever guideline is considered appropriate pursuant to the federal Fisheries Act
and to minimize the potential for fish impingement. While compliance with the applicable
regulatory requirements will be adhered to, it is anticipated that small numbers of fish have
the potential to become impinged from time to time. The effect of this is considered to be
negligible.

In addition, it is anticipated that the operation of the project may result in a net positive effect
by improving the current operations of the existing WTP, and updating safety controls to
current standards.

5.4.3 Accidents and Malfunctions

5.4.3.1 Potential Effects

During all phases of the project there is a potential for accidents to occur, and some have the
potential to impact the local aquatic environment. The following accidents and malfunctions
are more likely to impact the aquatic receptors and have been considered:

• Hazardous material spill – hazardous spills have the potential to migrate to the nearby
drainage channel and migrating to the Saint John River;
• Flooding – significantly elevated river levels may infringe on the subject site and
effectively reduce the distance between the aquatic receptor and the subject site; and,
• Potential collapse of the borehole created by the horizontally directionally drilled
approach.

5.4.3.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The effect of the potential impacts of accidents and malfunctions prior to mitigation on the
aquatic environment is predicted to be moderate. Because the nature and outcome of
unplanned events is difficult to predict the moderate effect was selected based on a worst case
scenario in which a chemical spill reached the watercourse. This scenario could significantly
impact the surface water quality in the receiving environments and affect aquatic species that
may be present in the watercourse.

5.4.3.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed prior to construction to reduce the
potential for impact on the aquatic environment:

• An ERP will be completed and detailed in the EMP and the contractor will be required
to provide spill response training to construction personnel;

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• Prior to commencing construction the contractor will be required to ensure that spill
response equipment is readily available onsite and each piece of machinery is
equipped with a spill response kit;
• The contractor will be responsible for submitting a fire safety plan for the construction
site prior to commencement of construction work. The fire safety plan must conform
to the National Fire Code of Canada and submitted to the DCC representative for
review by local fire department. Any comments by local fire department will be
implemented by the Contractor; and,
• An experienced contractor will be hired to construct the pipe using the horizontally
directionally drilled methodology.

The following mitigative measures will be employed during the construction phase of the
project to reduce the potential for impact on the aquatic environment:

• Proper labeling of chemical storage containers will be completed and appropriate

MSDS will be stored onsite;
• Any spills or leaks that occur will be reported to the appropriate regulatory authorities,
if applicable, as soon as possible;
• Remedial action, or engineered controls, for any spills or leaks that occur will be
completed;
• Refueling, oiling, and maintenance of equipment will be completed in specifically
designated areas at least 100 m from the Saint John River and 30 m from the drainage
ditch located to the west of the proposed building footprint to minimize the potential
for offsite migration;
• Servicing of equipment will be completed offsite by a licensed mechanic; however if
required to be completed onsite the work will be completed over and impervious
surface or trap;
• The subject site will be kept clear of rubbish and construction debris;
• Sediment control measures will be installed along the drainage ditch;
• Prior to heavy rainfall events sediment control measures will be checked to ensure
they are continuing to operate properly; and,
• The applicable federal and provincial regulatory permits and conditions will be adhered
to for the construction of the intake line.

The following mitigative measures will be employed during the operational phase of the
project to reduce the potential for impact on the aquatic environment:

• Chemical and petroleum hydrocarbons will be stored in appropriate containers and in

specifically designated areas to reduce potential for leaks. Where applicable,
secondary containment of chemicals or petroleum hydrocarbons will be employed;

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• Proper labeling of chemical storage containers will be completed and appropriate

MSDS will be stored onsite;
• Any spills or leaks that occur will be reported to the appropriate regulatory authorities,
if applicable, as soon as possible;
• Remedial action, or engineered controls, for any spills or leaks that occur will be
completed;
• All personnel handling fuels and chemicals will be trained in WHMIS and is qualified to
handle the materials in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and applicable
regulations;
• Work entailing use of toxic or hazardous materials, chemicals and/or explosives, or
otherwise creating hazard to life, safety of health, will be conducted in accordance
with National Fire Code of Canada to minimize the potential for spills or fires; and,
• Ground surface coverage will be maintained with vegetation, crushed rock or other
impermeable surfaces to reduce sediment erosion at the subject site.

5.4.3.4 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place the potential environmental residual effects on the
aquatic environment are reduced from moderate (pre-mitigation) to negligible.

5.5 Species at Risk

Species at Risk was selected as a VEC due to the potential to encounter Wood Turtle and
Snapping Turtle (protected under the provincial and federal Species at Risk Acts) as the
proposed project footprint is located in an area where their foraging habitat may exist.
Butternut (protected under the provincial and federal Species at Risk Acts) has also been
identified approximately 50 m from the project footprint. The potential to affect aquatic
species at risk within the Saint John River has also been considered. This VEC has the potential
to be affected from:

• A change in habitat or loss of species at risk due to the activities associated with the
construction of the WTP and intake/waterline;
• A disruption of wood turtle or snapping turtle species during the construction of the
WTP and intake/waterline; and,
• Potential impingement/mortality of Atlantic Salmon, Shortnose Sturgeon, Atlantic
Sturgeon, American Eel, Striped Bass and Yellow Lampmussel during the operations of
the intake/waterline.

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5.5.1 Construction Phase

5.5.1.1 Potential Effects

Wood Turtles and Snapping Turtles could potentially be temporarily present within the project
area during nesting migration and have the potential to be permanently and temporarily
affected by the construction related activities for the WTP project. The construction has the
potential to affect the following:

• The presence of humans, as well as vehicles and construction equipment, in the

project area may cause disruption of sensitive wildlife activity and migration; and,
• Heavy equipment use during the construction activities may cause direct injury or
death of wildlife through collisions or destruction of food sources.

5.5.1.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The effect of the potential impacts during construction on species at risk is predicted to be
limited. The construction phase is expected to occur over a relatively short time period and is
not expected to result in lasting or irreparable damage to the Wood Turtle or Snapping Turtle
populations. The Butternut habitat is not expected to be impacted during construction.

5.5.1.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed prior to construction to reduce the
potential for impact on the local Wood Turtle or Snapping Turtle population:

• Contractor(s) are to be provided guidance on proper species identification by using the

"Species at Risk in Atlantic Canada Identification and Information Guide for DND land
users" (2014). Guidance will focus on the potential occurrence of SAR and their habitat
requirements; and,
• Contractors will be notified of potential environmental constraints (i.e. potential
habitat areas) in the project area prior to the commencement of work.

The following mitigative measures will be employed during the construction phase of the
project:

• Vegetation will be preserved where possible to provide wildlife habitat;

• If clearing is required within the identified Butternut habitat (refer to Figure 3-1), a rare
plant specialist will be engaged to conduct a Butternut assessment prior to completing
any grubbing or earth works activities. If Butternut are identified, Environment Canada
will be consulted for further mitigation prior to any activity;

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• Construction crews and machinery are to use designated roadways and access-points
to limit disturbance off the project footprint and minimize the interactions with wildlife
and wildlife habitat;
• In the case of wildlife encounters the following shall be implemented:
- No attempt will be made by any worker at the project site to chase, catch,
divert, follow or otherwise harass wildlife by vehicle or on foot;
- Equipment and vehicles will yield the right-of-way to wildlife; and,
- Any wildlife sightings or encounters shall be reported to the site supervisor as
soon as possible.
• Grubbing will be initiated as early as possible in the calendar year, and must be
completed in 30 days; and,
• If a SAR is encountered, the Contractor will immediately stop work and notify
Environment Canada or a professional biologist for further mitigation measures.

5.5.1.4 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place the potential environmental residual effects on the
Wood Turtle, Snapping Turtle and butternut are reduced from limited (pre-mitigation) to
negligible.

5.5.2 Operational Phase

5.5.2.1 Potential Effects

It is not anticipated that operations will result in an interaction with Wood Turtle or Snapping
Turtle, however, the creation of cleared gravel areas may encourage wood turtle to nest in the
area and thus creating the opportunity for human interaction.

The Atlantic and Shortnose Sturgeon, Striped Bass, American Eel, Atlantic Salmon, and the
Yellow Lampmussel which are the species at risk with the potential to forage in the area, may
be affected by the operation of the water intake pipe.

5.5.2.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The effect of the potential impacts during operation and maintenance of the WTP on species at
risk is predicted to be limited. The operation of the WTP is not expected to result in lasting or
irreparable damage to the Wood Turtle or Snapping Turtle population and may only be
impacted through human interaction during nesting migration periods. . The fish species at
risk identified as potentially foraging within the area of the water intake pipe have the
potential to be impacted through impingement and resulting in mortality of individual species.

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5.5.2.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed prior during the operation of the WTP to
reduce the potential for impact on the species at risk potentially occurring in the area of the
WTP:

• In the case of wildlife encounters the following shall be implemented:

- No attempt will be made by any worker at the project site to chase, catch,
divert, follow or otherwise harass wildlife by vehicle or on foot;
- Equipment and vehicles will yield the right-of-way to wildlife; and
- Any wildlife sightings or encounters shall be reported to the Environment
Canada or the NBDNR as soon as possible; and,
• The adherence to the federal Freshwater Intake End-of-Pipe Fish Screen Guideline
(1995) is considered appropriate mitigation as the screen size and location of the
intake line will be calculated based on the fish types expected to occur in the area.

5.5.2.4 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place the potential environmental residual effects on the
Wood Turtle, Snapping Turtle, Atlantic and Shortnose Sturgeon, Striped Bass, American Eel,
Atlantic Salmon, and the Yellow Lampmussel are reduced from limited (pre-mitigation) to
negligible.

5.5.3 Accidents and Malfunctions

5.5.3.1 Potential Effects

During all phases of the project there is a potential for accidents to occur, and some have the
potential to impact to the local environment. At risk is the Butternut population from either
fire or accidental cutting.

5.5.3.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The effect of the potential impacts of accidents and other unplanned events prior to mitigation
on the terrestrial environment is predicted to be limited. Habitat destruction could potentially
be significant in the immediate term.

5.5.3.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed prior to construction to reduce the
potential for the local environment to be impacted by fire and vegetation removal:

• The contractor will be responsible for submitting a fire safety plan for the construction
site prior to commencement of construction work. The fire safety plan must conform

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to the National Fire Code of Canada and be submitted to the local fire department.
Any comments by local fire department will be implemented by the Contractor.
• If clearing is required within the identified Butternut habitat (refer to Figure 3-1), a rare
plant specialist will be engaged to conduct a Butternut assessment prior to completing
any grubbing or earth works activities. If Butternut are identified, Environment Canada
will be consulted for further mitigation prior to any activity.

The following mitigative measures will be employed during the operational phases of the
project:

• Rubbish and waste materials will be kept at minimum quantities and burning of this
material will be prohibited; and,
• Oily rags will be stored in approved receptacles and disposed of at approved waste
facilities.

5.5.3.4 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place the potential environmental residual effects on the
butternut are reduced from limited (pre-mitigation) to negligible

5.6 Cultural and Heritage Resources Environment

Cultural and heritage resources were selected as a VEC as the subject site has the potential to
impact either Native (both Pre-contact and historic) or Euro-Canadian archaeological resources.
However, as stated in Section 2.5 the subject site has previously been developed as a light
station and a bulk plant facility. Both activities are expected to have involved earthworks
(grubbing, excavation, grading, etc.) and archaeological resources were likely destroyed at that
time. Interactions during the construction and operations phases are not expected to further
impact the cultural and heritage resources VEC. The water intake line will be installed via
horizontal directional drilling to avoid impacts to the identified high potential areas as outlined
in Appendix H.

5.6.1 Accidents and Malfunctions

5.6.1.1 Potential Effects

During the construction phase of the project, there is a potential for an unplanned discovery of
archaeological artifacts and/or human remains. The following accidents and unplanned events
have been considered:

• Potential discovery and destruction or alteration of all or part of an archaeological

resource; and,
• Potential discovery of human remains.

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5.6.1.2 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed prior to construction to reduce the
potential for destruction or alteration of an archaeological resource or human remains:

• Construction crews will be made aware of the potential for archaeological resources
within the construction area.
• The contractor will be educated on the proper mitigative activities if an archaeological
resource or human remains is unearthed.
The following mitigative measures will be employed during the construction phase of the
project if archaeological resources are unearthed:
• Work in the area must cease immediately and Archaeological Services New Brunswick
(ASNB) will be contacted at (506) 453-3014 for further mitigation.
• Until a qualified archaeologist arrives at the scene, no one shall disturb, move
or rebury any uncovered artifact.
• Construction at the site may resume only when authorized by ASNB and once
mitigative measures have been completed.

The following mitigative measures will be employed during the construction phase of the
project if human remains are found:

• Work in the area must cease and the RCMP should be immediately notified.
• No one shall disturb, move or rebury any uncovered human remains.
• If it is a suspected First Nations burial site, the Oromocto First Nations should be
contacted.

5.6.1.3 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place, significance of residual effects the potential
environmental residual effects of the accidents and malfunctions during the construction
phase of the project are rated negligible.

5.7 Socio-Economic Environment

The socio-economic environment of the project including public health and safety, First
Nations, labour and economy and land use was selected as a VSC. This VSC has the potential to
be affected during both the construction and operational phases of the project by:

• Additional jobs, both short term during the construction phase and long term during
the operational phase will be added to the Oromocto economy;
• Potential disruption of access to the recreational areas along the Oromocto
waterfront; and,

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• Potential failure of water treatment process during operation could result in reduced
potable water quality for the Town.

5.7.1 Construction Phase

5.7.1.1 Potential Effects

The socio-economic environment has the potential to be affected by the construction related
activities for the WTP project by:

• Construction of the WTP is likely to have positive impacts on the local and regional
economy in terms of employment. During construction, numerous contractors will be
hired to complete the various phases of construction and it is expected that a portion
of the construction workforce will be hired locally;
• Construction activities and increased traffic may disrupt the public access to the ball
field, wharf and boat launch, NB walking trail; and,
• Safety of the public (i.e., general users of the Oromocto waterfront) is a concern.

5.7.1.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The potential effects of the construction of the WTP on the local socio-economic environment
are expected to be limited due to land access disruption but positive due to job creation.

5.7.1.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed prior to construction to reduce the
potential for impact on the socio-economic (recreational users) environment:

• A traffic plan will be completed prior to construction;

• Proper signage will be posted to re-direct traffic to the alternate access road located
east of the proposed project (refer to Figure 2-2);
• Fencing will be installed around the perimeter of the worksite to prior to construction
to prevent the public from accessing the project area during construction.

5.7.1.4 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place the potential environmental residual effects on the
socio-economic environment are reduced from limited (pre-mitigation) to negligible.

5.7.2 Operational Phase

5.7.2.1 Potential Effects

The socio-economic environment has the potential to be affected during the operations of the
WTP through potential failure of the water treatment process

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5.7.2.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The potential effects of the operation of the WTP on the local socio-economic environment are
expected to be significant.

5.7.2.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed prior to operations to reduce the potential
for impact on the socio-economic environment:

• A source water protection plan will be developed prior to the operations of the facility
to mitigate potential failure and human health risks.

5.7.2.4 Significance and Residual Effects

The potential environmental residual effects on the local socio-economic environment are
expected to be negligible.

5.7.3 Accidents and Malfunctions

5.7.3.1 Potential Effects

During all phases of the project, there is a potential for accidents to occur, and some have the
potential to impact the local public. The following accidents and unplanned events are more
likely to impact the local public and have been considered:

• Chemical and fuel spills – petroleum hydrocarbons and some hazardous chemicals
have the potential vertically migrate through surficial soil to the groundwater table
beneath the subject site. Due to the presence of the drainage ditch chemicals and
petroleum hydrocarbons also have the potential to be collected, preferentially directed
and discharged to the adjacent surface water receptors (wetlands and watercourses);
and,
• Fire – Smoke from a larger fire may reduce visibility and air quality to the point where
the local residents and military users may be affected or at risk.

5.7.3.2 Effect Prior to Mitigation

The effect of the potential impacts of accidents and other unplanned events prior to mitigation
on the local public is predicted to be significant. Because the nature and outcome of unplanned
events is difficult to predict the significant effect was selected based on a worst case scenario
in which an accident or facility malfunction were to occur. This scenario could significantly
impact the local public’s quality of life.

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5.7.3.3 Mitigation
The following mitigative measures will be employed prior to construction to reduce the
potential for impact on the aquatic environment:

• An ERP will be completed and detailed in the project EMP and the contractor will be
required to provide spill response training to construction personnel.
• The EMP will include an emergency response plan to provide guidance on incidents
related to process system failures.
• The contractor will be responsible for submitting a fire safety plan for the construction
site prior to commencement of construction work. The fire safety plan must conform
to the National Fire Code of Canada and submitted to the Town for review by local fire
department. Any comments by local fire department will be implemented by the
Contractor.

5.7.3.4 Significance of Residual Effects

With these mitigation measures in place the potential environmental residual effects of the
accidents and malfunctions during the operations phase of the project are reduced from
significant to negligible.

Town of Oromocto
Water Treatment Plant Environmental Impact Assessment (Final)
March 2016 – 14-8895