WATER QUALITY

MONITORING
CONDUCT OF WATER SAMPLING AND
ANALYSIS
SUMMARY
• Basics of water quality monitoring
• Objectives of water quality monitoring
• Water quality monitoring plan
• Sampling and analytical methods
• QA and QC of water sampling
• Ambient water and effluent sampling
• Sample preservation, storage and
transport
WATER QUALITY
MONITORING
• WATER QUALITY

• “the characteristics of water which define

its use in terms of physical, chemical,
biological or radiological characteristics by
which the acceptability of water is
evaluated.”

(RA 9275 Philippine Clean Water Act)

 Classification of a water body

Trend monitoring to check if a water body is

meeting its designated use

OBJECTIVES
OF WATER Designation of non-attainment areas

QUALITY
Monitoring for compliance
MONITORING
Monitoring to identify causes and sources of
water-related problems

Monitoring for baseline data

 WATER BODY
CLASSIFICATION
AND USAGE

CLASS AA (Public
Water Supply Class I)
• Intended primarily for waters
having watershed, which
are uninhabited and/or
otherwise declared as
protected area
• Require only approved
disinfection to meet the
latest PNSDW
Lake Ambulalakaw, Benguet
 WATER BODY
CLASSIFICATION
AND USAGE
• CLASS A (Public Water
Supply Class II)

• Intended as sources of water

Abra River supply requiring conventional
treatment to meet the latest
PNSDW
• Coagulation
• Sedimentation
• Filtration
• Disinfection
 WATER BODY
CLASSIFICATION
AND USAGE
• CLASS B (Recreational
Water Class I)

• Intended for primary contact

recreation (swimming,
bathing, etc.)
Chico River, Kalinga
 WATER BODY
CLASSIFICATION
AND USAGE
• CLASS C

• Fishery water for the

propagation and growth
of fish and other aquatic
resources
• Recreational Water
Class II (boating, fishing,
etc.)
Pampanga River • For agriculture, irrigation,
and livestock watering
 WATER BODY
CLASSIFICATION
AND USAGE
• CLASS D

• Navigable waters

Palanan River, Isabela

 WATER BODY
CLASSIFICATION
AND USAGE

CLASS SA
• Protected Waters: national or local
marine parks, reserves, and
sanctuaries established by law
• Fishery Water Class I: suitable for
shellfish harvesting for direct
human consumption

Mantigue Island Marine Sanctuary, Camiguin

WATER BODY
CLASSIFICATION
AND USAGE
• CLASS SB
• Fishery Water Class II: suitable
for commercial propagation of
shellfish and intended as
spawning area for milkfish and
similiar species
• Tourist Zones: for ecotourism
and recreational activities
• Recreational Water Class I:
intended for primary contact
recreation (swimming, bathing,
skin diving, etc.)

Subic Bay
PRIMARY WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
• 1. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND: the amount of dissolved
oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break
down organic material present in a given water sample at
certain temperature over a specific time period

• 2. CHLORIDE: a salt compound resulting from the combination of

the gas chlorine and a metal, e.g., NaCl

• 3. COLOR: reflects the presence of complex organic molecules

and the presence of colloidal metals found normally in water

• 4. DISSOLVED OXYGEN: a measure of how

much oxygen is dissolved in the water
PRIMARY WATER
QUALITY PARAMETERS
• 5. FECAL COLIFORM: a group of bacteria that are
passed through the fecal excrement of humans,
livestock and wildlife

• 6. NITRATE: nutrient from fertilizer runoffs, septic

wastes, animal manure, etc.

• 7. PHOSPHATE as P: is the limiting nutrient for

algae (autotrophic) growth in most water bodies

• 8. pH: a measure of how acidic or basic water is

PRIMARY WATER
QUALITY
PARAMETERS

• 9. TEMPERATURE: a physical
property expressing how hot or
cold water is

• 10. TOTAL SUSPENDED

SOLIDS: is the portion of fine
particulate matter that
remains in suspension in water
 • AMMONIA: a colorless, pungent gaseous
compound of hydrogen and nitrogen that is
highly soluble in water; toxic to aquatic
organisms
• BORON: is biologically an essential element
but is toxic to many plants at high
SECONDARY concentrations
• FLUORIDE: naturally present at low
WATER QUALITY concentration in most fresh and saltwater
sources
PARAMETERS • SELENIUM: is nutritionally essential for
humans but toxic at high concentrations
• SULFATE: are discharged into water in
industrial wastes and through atmospheric
deposition
 • METALS
• Arsenic
• Barium
• Cadmium
• Chromium

SECONDARY • Copper
• Iron
• Lead
WATER QUALITY • Manganese
• Mercury
PARAMETERS • Nickel
• Zinc
 ORGANICS
• BENZO(A)PYRENE
• BTEX
• CYANIDE
• ORGANOPHOSPHATE AS
SECONDARY MALATHION
•
WATER QUALITY •
OIL AND GREASE
PCBs
PARAMETERS • PHENOLS AND PHENOLIC
SUBSTANCES
• SURFACTANTS
• TRICHLOROETHYLENE
• TOTAL ORGANIC PESTICIDES
 • Field
• Monitoring Plan • Collection of
measurements
Samples
and observations

• Sample pre-
• Data processing,
treatment, • Analysis of
interpretation,
preservation, and samples
reporting
transport

WATER QUALITY
MONITORING
 WATER QUALITY
MONITORING PLAN
• Background information
• Objectives
• Designation of monitoring stations
• Timing and frequency of monitoring
• Sampling and test methods
• QA/QC
• Financial support
WATER QUALITY
MONITORING PLAN
• BACKGROUND INFORMATION

• Brief account of past monitoring programs or the rationale

behind the monitoring activities
• Preliminary surveys to determine sampling sites and methods
• Topographic maps, land use plans, previous reports etc.
• Review existing information
• Familiarization of the water body to be monitored
• Plot key information on a topographic map
• Field survey
• Aims to confirm the initial findings from preliminary
surveys
WATER QUALITY
MONITORING MONITORING STATIONS IN SURFACE WATERS
PLAN • Often identified in terms of distance upstream from the river mouth.

• Selection of monitoring stations should be based on the objectives of

monitoring, availability of resources, accessibility and if the site is
representative of the water quality and biological diversity of the
river.

• There should be at least three sampling sites for each classified

section of the river.
WATER QUALITY MONITORING PLAN
TIMING AND FREQUENCY OF MONITORING

How often sample will be taken

FREQUENCY Depends on monitoring objective

What time of the year should the sampling be done

TIMING Consider the effect of temporal variations on water
quality
SAMPLING
METHODS
• MANUAL GRAB SAMPLING
• Direct Sampling with sample container
• Sampling with intermediate container
• Dip sampling
• Kremmerer sampler
• Van Dorn sampler
• Weighted bottle
• AUTOMATIC SAMPLING
• Installed at a point in a river to
automatically obtain samples at fixed
intervals
TYPES OF SAMPLE
• GRAB SAMPLE
• A single sample collected at one time from a single
point.
• Gives a snapshot of water quality at a particular instant
• Water characterictics are relatively constant over time

• COMPOSITE SAMPLE
• a series of individual grab samples taken at different
times from the same sampling point and mixed
together
• Variables to be monitored are unevenly distributed
ANALYTICAL
METHODS

• FIELD TEST KITS

• Easy to use and require very little
training or equipment
• Difficult to obtain repeatable results
• METERS AND PROBES
• Portable battery powered instruments
with probe
• Easy to use, moderately expensive
• Accurate if calibrated frequently
• LABORATORY METHODS
• Require specialized training and
equipment
• High level of accuracy
 PARAMETERS AND UNITS ANALYTICAL METHOD/S
Ammonia as NH3-N, mg/L Ammonia-Selective Electrode Method

Phenate Method
EMB APPROVED Automated Phenate Method

METHODS OF Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L 5-Day BOD Test

ANALYSIS Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L Open Reflux Method

Closed Reflux Method, Titrimetric
(MC 2016-012) Method
Closed Reflux Method, Colorimetric
Method
Chloride, mg/L Argentometric Method
Potentiometric Method
Ion Chromatography
 PARAMETERS AND UNITS ANALYTICAL METHOD/S
Coliform, Fecal, MPN/100mL Multiple Tube Fermentation
Technique - Fecal Coliform Procedure
EMB APPROVED
METHODS OF Coliform, Total, MPN/100mL Multiple Tube Fermentation
Technique – Standard Total Coliform
Fermentation Technique
ANALYSIS Enzyme Substrate Test

(MC 2016-012) Color (True), TCU Visual Comparison Method

Cyanide as Free Cyanide, mg/L Cyanide-Selective Electrode (without
distillation)
Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L Iodometric Methods
Membrane Electrode Method
 PARAMETERS AND UNITS ANALYTICAL METHOD/S

Fluoride, mg/L Ion-Selective Electrode Method

EMB APPROVED SPADNS Method

Ion Chromatography
METHODS OF Nitrate as NO3-N, mg/L Cadmium Reduction Method
ANALYSIS Ion Chromatography

(MC 2016-012) Nitrate Electrode Method

Colorimetric, Brucine
Oil and Grease, mg/L Liquid-Liquid, Partition-Gravimetric
Method
Solid-Phase, Partition Gravimetric
Method
 PARAMETERS AND ANALYTICAL METHOD/S
UNITS
pH Electrometric Method

EMB APPROVED Phosphate, mg/L Vanadomolybdophosphoric Acid

Colorimetric Method
METHODS OF Stannous Chloride Method

ANALYSIS Ascorbic Acid Method

Automated Ascorbic Acid Reduction
(MC 2016-012) Method
Sulfate, mg/L Turbidimetric Method
Automated Methylthymol Blue
Method
Ion Chromatography
 PARAMETERS AND ANALYTICAL METHOD/S
UNITS
EMB APPROVED Surfactants (Methylene Anionic Surfactants as
METHODS OF Blue Active Substances), MBAS
mg/L
ANALYSIS
(MC 2016-012) Temperature, °C Laboratory and Field
Methods
Total Suspended Solids, Gravimetric, dried at 105 °C
mg/L
 PARAMETERS AND UNITS ANALYTICAL METHOD/S
Arsenic, mg/L Silver Diethydithiocarbamate
Method

EMB APPROVED Manual Hydride Generation/AAS

Method

METHODS OF Electrothermal AAS Method

Inductively Coupled Plasma –
ANALYSIS Emission Spectroscopy Method

(MC 2016-012) Barium, mg/L

ICP- Mass Spectrometry Method
Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene
Flame Method
ICP-ES Method
ICP-MS Method
Electrothermal AAS Method
 PARAMETERS AND UNITS ANALYTICAL METHOD/S

Boron, mg/L Curcumin Method

EMB APPROVED Carmine Method
METHODS OF Inductively Coupled Plasma –
Emission Spectroscopy Method
ANALYSIS ICP- Mass Spectrometry Method

(MC 2016-012) Cadmium, Iron, Lead,

Manganese, Nickel, Zinc,
Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene
Flame Method
mg/L ICP-ES Method
Copper as Dissolved Cu, ICP-MS Method
mg/L Electrothermal AAS Method
 PARAMETERS AND UNITS ANALYTICAL METHOD/S

Chromium as Hexavalent Colorimetric Method

EMB APPROVED Chromium (Cr6+), mg/L

METHODS OF Mercury, mg/L Cold-Vapor AAS Method

Cold-Vapor Atomic Fluorescence
ANALYSIS Spectroscopy

(MC 2016-012) Selenium, mg/L Manual Hydride Generation-AAS

Method
ICP-ES Method
ICP-MS Method
Electrothermal AAS Method
 PARAMETERS AND UNITS ANALYTICAL METHOD/S
Benzo(a)pyrene, µg/L High Performance Liquid
Chromatographic Method
EMB APPROVED Gas Chromatographic/Mass
Spectrometric Method
METHODS OF Gas Chromatographic/Flame

ANALYSIS BTEX (Benzene, Toluene,

Ionization Detector Method
Purge and Trap Capillary-Column GC
(MC 2016-012) Ethylbenzene, Xylene);
Trichloromethylene, mg/L
Method
Purge and Trap Capillary-Column
GC/MS Method
Equilibrium Headspace
Analysis/Capillary-Column GC Method
 PARAMETERS AND UNITS ANALYTICAL METHOD/S

EMB APPROVED Malathione

(Organophosphate), µg/L
Gas Chromatographic/Flame
Photometric Detector Method
METHODS OF Gas Chromatographic/Mass

ANALYSIS Organochlorine Pesticides,

Spectrometric Method
GC/Electron Capture Detector
(MC 2016-012) µg/L Method
GC/Mass Spectrometric Method
Phenol and Phenolic GC Method
Substances, mg/L GC/MS Method
EMB APPROVED PARAMETERS ANALYTICAL METHOD/S
AND UNITS
METHODS OF
Polychlorinated Gas Chromatographic/Electron
ANALYSIS Biphenyls, µg/L Capture Detector Method
(MC 2016-012) Gas Chromatographic/Mass
Spectrometric Method
Objectives of Effluent Water Quality
Monitoring

1. Determine 2. Evaluate 3. Identify potential

compliance with treatment efficiency environmental
regulatory standards problems

4. Support permit re- 5. Determine impact

issuance to receiving body of
water
• KEY CONSIDERATIONS

• Why, When, Where, How often

should you monitor

• What parameters will you measure

• What sampling method to use

• How can your data be used

 SAMPLING
STATIONS
• A. To meet DENR requirements
- Effluent stream of the WTP

• B. To evaluate WTP performance

- Influent and Effluent streams of
each treatment unit

• C. FOR STRONG WASTE

- Influent and effluent of WTP
LOCATION OF
SAMPLING
SITE
• Representative of final
effluent discharge
• Must be downstream of
all treatment processes
• In a well-mixed area
• Flow rate can be
measured
• Accessible and safe for
sampling personnel
Sampling site at typical
treatment facilities
• Biological treatment
- outflow of the secondary
sedimentation tank or final
clarifier
• Ponds/lagoons
- discharge outfall right after the
weir
• Chemical treatment
- discharge of the last
sedimentation tank
• Septic Tanks or Underground
STPs

• Sampling station from the outfall

(before discharge to drainage)
• If no accessible sampling point or
has no outfall, sample is collected
at the effluent filter of the last
chamber.
• if with submersible pump, sample is
collected during discharge.
 WATER • The water quality parameters
QUALITY for analysis will depend on the
type of monitoring being
PARAMETERS conducted.

FOR ANALYSIS • For monitoring purposes,

parameters to be considered
will depend on the type of
industry (DAO 2016-08)
 TYPE OF INDUSTRY SIGNIFICANT PARAMETERS

Livestock industry BOD, TSS, Total Coliform (Class B

and SB), Ammonia, Phosphate

Production, Temperature, pH, BOD, TSS, Oil and

processing and Grease
preserving of meat
SIGNIFICANT and meat products
PARAMETERS Sewerage BOD, Fecal Coliform, Ammonia,
PER treatment facilities Nitrate, Phosphate, Oil and Grease,
Surfactants
INDUSTRY
Hospitals Color, Temperature, pH, BOD, TSS,
Fecal Coliform, Ammonia, Nitrate,
Phosphate, Oil and Grease,
Surfactants
SAMPLING PREPARATION

• 1. Ensure that all necessary items and equipment are available and in
working order.
• 2. List of necessary items for your sampling program:
• Sample containers
• Label and permanent ink marker
• Sampling dipper
• Cleaning materials (Water, towel, detergent, etc.)
• Safety equipment (mask, gloves, boots, wader)
• Documentation forms (Logbook, COC)
• Equipment for shipping/handling
 SAMPLING CONTAINERS
Parameters Sample Container

Fecal Coliform 125mL glass bottle, sterile

As, Cd ,Pb, Hg etc. 1 L polyethylene container

BOD, Cl, Color, Nitrate, TSS, 4 L polyethylene container

Phosphate, Hexavalent
Chromium, Ammonia,
Surfactants

Dissolved Oxygen, DO 300 mL BOD Bottle

Oil and Grease 1 L glass container

SAMPLE STORAGE
On-Site Measurements
• pH Measurements
• pH measurements maybe done directly by dipping the electrode directly into the
river or sample may be collected using sample container depending on the
situation, and pH is measured. Clean the pH electrode before and after taking the
reading. Record all the results on the FDF.
• DO Measurements
• Electrometric/Probe
• Modified Wrinkler Method
• Grab sample in a 300mL BOD bottle. ‘Fix’ the sample immediately by adding
solution of Manganous Sulfate and Alkali-Azide, mix well and allow the floc
to settle. Add conc. sulfuric acid and mix well. The sample is titrated with
standardized sodium thiosulfate with starch as indicator.
• Temperature Measurements
• Temperature measurements maybe done directly by dipping the probe into the river
or sample may be collected using sample container depending on the situation, and
temperature is measured.
• Labelling of Water Samples
• Each sample should be labelled to properly
identify it. Ensure labels are waterproof and
cannot be damaged once stored in ice
cooler.
• Filling out of Water Quality Sampling Field
Data Form and Chain of Custody Form
• Sample and data chain of custody form
must be maintained consistently for all field
sampling and laboratory activities.
• Photo Documentation
• If possible, take photographs
sites and sampling activities.
• Site photographs are helpful in
identifying sites for future
monitoring and also aid in
assessing changes in the water
body over time.
• Indicate the date and time
photos are taken.
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

• During sampling
• On-site measurement
• Surroundings
Sample Preservation,
Storage and Transport
• Once sample are taken, they should be delivered
immediately to the laboratory for analysis.
• If samples are collected for bacteriological analysis, sample
should reach the laboratory in less than 2 hours by keeping
in cool, dark place. If it would take longer than 2 hours, chill
the sample rapidly to about 4C by placing in cold water/ice
mixture in an insulated container.
• All other samples that will be sent to the laboratory for
analysis should be stored at 4C in an insulated container
packed with ice.
• Ensure that the recommended holding time for the
parameter to be analyzed is not exceeded by the time the
sample reaches the laboratory.
• Preparation of Samples for Transport
• Ensure the number of samples matched with
the COC. Each sample bottle is properly
labeled and filled out with permanent marker.
• All comments and notes pertinent to the
samples should be placed on the chain of
custody.
• Check all bottles are securely capped to
prevent leaking and contamination.
• Pack samples in fresh ice for shipping with the
volume of ice at least equal to the volume
occupied by samples.
• Keep ice/water and packing materials totally
separate.
 PARAMETER VOL. CONTAINER PRESERVATION HOLDING TIME
REQUIRED
(mL)

Recommended Color
COD
50
50
P, G
P,G
Cool at 4C 48 hrs.
pH < 2, cool at 28 days

Volume, BOD 1000 P, G

4C
Cool at 40C 48 hrs.

Preservation Coliform
Dissolved
100
300
G (Sterile) None
Glass (BOD Fixed on site
6 hrs.
Analyze
Oxygen Bottle) immediately
and Holding Oil and 1,000 Glass, pH < 2, cool at 28 days

Time Grease wide-

mouthed
4C

pH 25 P, G none Analyze
immediately
Some Considerations in collecting
effluent samples
• Sampling station must be representative of the
facility discharge

• Collect sample at all discharge points of the

facility

• Sampling area should be in a well-mixed and

turbulent area, and solid settling is minimal

• Volume taken must be sufficient for analysis

Manual Grab Sampling

• Direct Sampling with the Sample

Container

• Wear protective gloves

• Obtain pre-labeled sample bottle,
remove lid without touching the inner
surface of the bottle or the lid
• Grasp bottle by the neck and lower into the effluent.
For sample to be analyzed for Oil and Grease, take
sample on the surface of the effluent.

• When filled up, slowly lift sample container towards

the flow. Enough space should be left to allow for
addition of preservatives. (No air space for DO and
BOD samples)

• Cap the bottle and place sample in a chiller.

• b. Sampling with intermediate container

• Wastewater is collected in a bucket and is immediately

transferred to a sample container.

• Intermediate devices prevent unnecessary contamination

of the outer surface of the sample bottle

• Intermediate container is used if:

• >>sample cannot be obtained by direct sampling
(deep tank, ponds)
• >>volume of effluent discharge is high
COMPOSITE
SAMPLING
• IS A NUMBER OF GRAB
SAMPLES OF EQUAL OR
WEIGHTED VOLUME MIXED IN
ONE CONTAINER

• GENERALLY SPECIFIED WHEN

THE CONCENTRATION OF THE
PARAMETER UNDER
CONSIDERATION IS EXPECTED
TO VARY WITH TIME
• NOTES:

• FOR REGULATORY
PURPOSES, grab sampling is
normally the choice.

• COMPOSITE SAMPLING has

the advantage of getting the
samples during low and peak
loads entering the treatment
plant.
Safety Considerations

• Review the work area and assess

the prevalence and severity of the
four types of hazards:

• Physical hazards such as

from slipping, tripping, falling,
suffering a muscle strain, or
encountering power lines.

• Chemical hazards such as

from acute or chronic exposure
to toxic compounds
Safety Considerations
• Biological hazards such as from arthropods or water-borne
diseases or diseases spread by organism, etc.

• Weather hazards such as from heavy rains, strong winds, lightning,

or excessive heat.

• IDENTIFY POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND SEEK TO DIMINISH

THEIR SEVERITY WHENEVER POSSIBLE.
 • PPE: Rubber or nitrile gloves,
mask, safety shoes

Safety • No eating, drinking, or smoking

Considerations during sampling.

• Any skin lesions should be

protected from possible contact
with wastewater.
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
AND QUALITY
CONTROL
 Measurement Error – equipment calibration
and maintenance and staff training

Method Detection Limit- if the concentration is

not detected report the value as less than
detection limit
Sources of
Errors Sample Handling- observe proper handling
procedures

Natural Variability- minimize variability by

taking many samples as can be afforded and
by taking sample on the same time of the day
and at different seasons.
 • Equipment Calibration and Maintenance
• Equipment should be maintained according

Quality to manufacturer’s recommendation.

• Equipment must be checked and examined
to ensure that it works properly. Calibration

Control and maintenance as schedule should be

conducted.
• Spare parts, batteries, probes and solutions,

Methods etc must be kept on hand.

• Equipment must be cleaned thoroughly after
each sampling day by washing with soap
and water.
• Field Data Form and Chain of Custody of
Samples

• All field data and descriptive information must

be recorded on the Field Data Form.

• Samples to be submitted to the laboratory must

be accompanied with Chain of Custody Form
(COC) duly filled up by sample collector indicating
the name of the project/client, sampling station,
the date and time of sampling and the
parameters to be tested. Each sample must have
an appropriate label.
Field Data Form
COCForm - Chain of custody is the unbroken trail of accountability that
ensures the physical security of samples, data and records.
Prevention of Sample
Contamination
• Field measurement should always be
made on-site or on a separate sub
sample and discarded. They should never
be done on water sample to be submitted
to the laboratory.
• Sample containers (new and used) must
be cleaned according to the
recommended methods.
• Only the recommended sample
containers for each parameter should be
used.
• Water samples containers should be
employed for water samples only.
• Recommended preservation methods must be followed.
• The inner part of the sample container and caps should not be
touched with bare hands, gloves, mitts, etc. Do not put
anything in the sample bottle except the sample water and the
recommended preservatives.
• Sample container must be kept in clean location, away from
dust, dirt, fumes and grime. Vehicle cleanliness is important to
minimize contamination.
• Sample containers which have been sterilized for
microbiological sampling must remain sterile until the sample is
collected.
• All foreign objects, especially metals must be kept out of
contact with preservatives and water.
• Specific conductance should never be measured in
sample water that had earlier been used for pH
measurements.
• Samples must never be left to stand in the sun; they
should be stored in a cool, dark place; ice chests are
recommended. Keep the empty bottles in the coolers for
additional cleanliness.
• Samples must be submitted to the laboratory as
promptly as possible.
• All sampling instrument, equipment, containers, supplies
and materials to be used in sampling should be packed
properly in clean containers before leaving for the site.
• Cleaning of Sampling Equipment

• Sampling equipment that has been

used at one site must be properly
cleaned and decontaminated before
use at the next sampling site.

• DO and pH probes must be rinsed at

least three times with distilled or de-
ionized water before the analyses.

• During sampling, sampling bucket

must be rinsed several times with the
water to be sampled before getting
the final sample.
• Packing Materials and Transport Containers
• Prepare sufficient size and quantity of
packing materials and transport
containers to hold all the samples
securely during transport to the laboratory.
• Pack together all samples for similar
analysis in one sample container to
prevent cross contamination.
• Transport containers should be made of
sturdy materials; should be suited for ice
packs; and able to protect sample
containers and samples from heat, dust,
and breakage during travel.
• Samples for bacteriological analyses
should be placed in a clear plastic bag to
avoid external contamination.
• Samples are placed in ice chest, chilled
and secured while on transit to the
laboratory.
THANK YOU!