9 18 2700 20009 91 2791 fey 28833000 A by 0 and + 28830000"~ 209000090 en m 000 = O and 10, which is near) Fa by 7, ie., the third figure mult ply its roots h 10 s0 that ‘the equation x* ~ 9:2 + 1) y correct to two decim pact eatind divisive dauasncs Phe ee OF LINEAR SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS linear equations occur in various engineering problems. The student knows that a given ‘equations can be solved by Cramer's rule or by Matrix method (§ 2.10). But these methods for large systems. However, there exist other numerical methods of solution which are well- puting machines. We now explain some direct and iterative methods of solution. ODS OF SOLUTION method*. In this method, the ut ' i ich the wi ‘an upper triangular system from which t TH ie well-adapted for computer operations, Here w for the sake of clarity. nknowns are eliminated successively and the ‘nknowns are found by back substitution. The /e shall explain it by considering a yx + by + gx + byy + G2 = 4a inate x from second and third equations 1, #0, we eliminate x from the second mut "Similarly we eliminate from tm ‘equation. We thus, get the new SY roy tars a i sere esd} i mes the first equation con by subtracting (a) times the Ere et rd equation by eliminating: (a,/ay)ou Hig ax + by +42 dy Eran yy yt bay + 692 = da Here the frst equation is ealled the pivotal equation and a, seated hy ‘Step II. To eliminate y from third equation in (2). Dy ‘Assuming bg # 0, we oliminate y from the third equation of (2), by guyy equation from the third equation. We thus, get the new system act r+ by +e weg) Le 3. Here the second equation is the pivotal equation and b, is the new pivoy Step HI. To evaluate the unknowns. The values of x, y, z are found from the reduced system (3) by back substitns i ‘matrix by elementary row transformation, fail if any one of the pivots a,, bj orc becomes zero, In «.-, are non-zero. ig. In the first step, the numerically largest coefficient of yy interchanging the first equation with the equatiy largest coefficient ofy is chosen from the remain, ivot by interchanging the second equation with tm 4ill we arrive at the equation with the sings of x,y, 2 in a specified order, then we choose at each icients. This requires not only an interchange ofc s method of elimination is ealled complete pivoting. iv» Check sum -1 -16 5 \\ Step 1. Operate (i) ~ () and (ii) ~ 8() to eliminate x \ Check sum ~3y-52=-7 -15 ~18y +22 =19 8 Step Il Operate (v)— 43 jv) to eliminate y Check sum ‘Step IIL. By back-substitution, we get From (vi): From (iv): =- 1.14080 al Hl, 48/3, 2-487 = 20815, By = 7 -5z = 7 - 10.4225 = 3.4995 x =-5—4y +2=~5 +4 (1.1408) + 2.0845 = 1.6479 1.1408, z 0845. Ox— Ty + 82 + 5u=6,- bw ae 4+ 5u = 6, 6x + 8y-2-4u=5, dx 4y +4e+ Llu = 9) 5e: @ t 4 : Check sw n.Wehave 10x—Ty +3z+5u=6 ue — 6x + 8y—2—4u=5 2 rn Bx ty +424 lu =2 21 i 5 _Aiv) Bx —Qy— 22 +4u=7 ‘x, operate [uw Et (3%) oh [ao -4 ON Sol: Check sum B.8y + 0.82-u=8.6 22 tv) S.ly + 3.12 + 9.5u = 0.2 15.9 (vi) —5.5y — 8.52 + 1.5u=4 =35 (vii) —5.5), 9] nate y, operate [wo o}[vo- Gr >) | (vii Poiiagea: + 10157000 = — 68187895 Be azinsae ~0.052031bu = 16447888 i) 28) } 9,4473684 Ce 245977 ) eliminate z, operate (us = ( 9.9249319u = 9.9 this method, substitution, we set ieee eeie- -T nt “F Tez1ahT=2 8 ‘96 =2BLg'8 = A'9Gh'Z = *(@) 9ZET == 'ELa'E = 6 '90HG = * (7) ego -=2 "een T= «999% =* T Cea eed vo eo ¥0- eo To- GO-| sr @="e t= 8kt0=% T= OT T=2'3=48=% EL v0 ¥O- @t en 2 t= M12 BT Tezakax tr p= "x02 "ren == '* OF =P 0,226 e-e'e=C1=9 8 <2 seeeektes py goateT— stenting ete zy e=PGa TSE E BaP Tah gers g=reeh Tar 1 ve6eu "8 sce't- en PERC] oor ® on 'eegt) “9 vevo~(ay eau 972"1 0%) "ves" OND "960" {96010 OPEL GM) GLszON 610% 0 er Lrwe8 VE on weMN S80] “gE ane. 1-¥04 Th arte ae ae