Power System Fundamentals
Course code EEET 4057
AC Power Review
Mrs. Vanika Sharma
UniSA STEM
University of South Australia
Email:
[email protected] 1
Objectives
• Review of AC powers
• Load Models
• Power Factor Correction
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Instantaneous Power
In AC circuits we define five different powers:
1. Instantaneous power, symbol p(t) , unit [W]
With:
We obtain:
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2. Average power, also called active or real power, symbol P, unit [W]
3. Apparent power, symbol |S|, unit [VA]
Product of Vrms and lrms is defined as the apparent power
Now, average power and power factor can be expressed as:
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Reactive and Complex Power
4. Reactive power, symbol Q, unit [VAr]
The amplitude of the pulsating power is reactive power.
5. Complex power, symbol S, unit [VA]
S = P2 + Q2, S
Apparent power is the magnitude and is the angle of the complex power
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Power Consumption by R, L & C
Power Consumed by the Resistor
• Resistor consumes only active (average) power.
• No reactive power in purely resistive circuit
Power Consumed by the Inductor
• Inductor consumes reactive power.
• There is no active power in purely inductive circuit.
Here XL is inductor’s reactance
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Power Consumption by R, L & C
Power Consumed by the Capacitor
• Capacitor generates reactive power.
• No active power in purely capacitive circuit.
Here XC is Capacitors' reactance
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Basics of Impedance
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Phasor Diagram and Power Triangle
We commonly use phasor diagrams to graphically represent currents and voltages and
power triangle for power representation of different loads.
1. Inductive load / lagging power factor
phasor diagram power triangle
Reactive power supplied to load is positive
Load current lags load voltage
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Phasor Diagram and Power Triangle
2. Capacitive load / leading power factor
phasor diagram power triangle
Load current leads load voltage Reactive power supplied to load is negative
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Relationship between V, I, S, P and Q
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Summary
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Power for Ideal Components
• for a pure resistor
– the impedance angle is zero, power factor is unity
– apparent power and real power are equal
– reactive power is zero
• for a pure inductor
– the current lags the voltage by 90°, average power is zero
– reactive power is positive (inductor absorbs reactive power)
• for a pure capacitor
– the current leads the voltage by 90°, average power is zero
– reactive power is negative (capacitor supplies reactive power)
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Load Models
Load modelled by a series connection of R and X
P= RI 2 Q= X I 2
This equation is often used in power engineering
Load modelled by a parallel connection of R and X
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Example
Solution:
= + cos −1 (0.8) = 36.87 V2 2400 2
Z= = = 1636.87
P 288kW S * 360000 − 36.87
S = = = 360kVA
pf 0.8 Z = (12.8 + j9.6)
S = S = 360kVA36.87 R = 12.8 , X = 9.6
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Exercise
Solution
S = 360kVA36.87 = 288 kW + j216 kVAr
V2 V2 24002
P= R= = = 20
R P 288103
V2 V2 24002
Q= X= = = 26.7
X Q 21610 3
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Complex Power Balance
• From the conservation of energy
– Real power supplied by the source is equal to the sum of the real powers
absorbed by the load and the real losses in the system
Pgen = Ploads + Plosses
– Reactive power must also be balanced; generated reactive power must be equal
to the sum of reactive power absorbed by the load and reactive power losses in
the system. Capacitors are often referred to as sources of reactive power.
Qgen = Qloads + Qlosses
– Consequently the complex power must be balanced.
S gen = Sloads + Slosses
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Power Factor Correction
• Disadvantages of running loads at low power factors:
– Increase in supply currents
– Increase in power losses
– Large size of equipment
– Poor voltage regulation
– Increase in cost
– Increase in cooling requirement
• Solution - power factor correction
– Reactive load compensation
– Extra charge for running loads at low power factors
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Power Factor Correction
Qc
S1 Q1
S2
1
Q2
2
P
V
Is
Im
Ic
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Example
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Solution
(a)
ST = S1 + S 2 + S3 = (6 + j8)kVA = 10kVA53.13
Current dropped from 50A to 30A
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Can a series capacitor be used to for power
factor correction?
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Acknowledgment
Lecture notes by Dr. Zorica Nedic, Dr. David
Whaley and Mr Sasha Jakovljevic
Saadat, Hadi 2010, Power System Analysis, 3, PSA
Publishing.
Lecture notes-updates by Vanika Sharma
THANKS
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!
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