XML DTD Basics for Developers
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DHIRAJ kumarXML DTD Basics for Developers
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Document Type Definition
(DTD)
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What is DTD?
• DTD is used to declare each of the building blocks
(elements) used in a XML document
• DTD defines:
– a structure of the XML document
– a list of legal elements of the XML document
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Well-Formed vs. Valid Document
• Well-formed document – the document that adheres
to the XML syntax rules
• Valid document – the document that adheres to the
rules defined in the corresponding DTD document
Only the valid documents are valuable in terms of
sharing and retrieving information.
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Internal vs. External DTD
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Internal vs. External DTD
• External DTD are better because of:
– possibility of sharing definitions between XML documents
– The documents that share the same DTD are more uniform and easier
to retrieve
• Linking in the DTD document
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM “note.dtd">
<note>
<to>Ken Anderson</to>
<from>Lukasz Kurgan</from>
<text>Ok! We can see some progress</text>
</note>
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Building blocks of XML
• XML documents (and HTML documents) are made up by the
following building blocks:
Description Examples in HTML Examples in XML
Elements main building blocks body,table note, from
Tags used to markup elements <body></body> <from></from>
Attributes provide extra information about <img src="computer.gif" /> <note att=“abc.xml" />
elements
Entities variables used to define common & " '
text
PCDATA PCDATA means parsed character data. PCDATA is text that will be parsed by a
parser. Tags inside the text will be treated as markup and entities will be expanded.
CDATA CDATA means character data. CDATA is text that will NOT be parsed by a parser.
Tags inside the text will NOT be treated as markup and entities will not be
expanded.
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Declaring Elements in DTD
An element declaration has the following syntax:
<!ELEMENT element-name (element-content)>
– Elements name cannot include <> characters and must start with
letter or underscore
– Elements name can include namespace declaration:
Namespace:element-name
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Declaring Elements in DTD
Details on element declarations:
Empty elements
<!ELEMENT element-name (EMPTY)>
Elements with data
<!ELEMENT element-name (#CDATA)>
<!ELEMENT element-name (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT element-name (ANY)>
Elements with children (sequences)
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,text)>
<!ELEMENT to (#CDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#CDATA)>
<!ELEMENT text (#CDATA)>
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Declaring Elements in DTD
Details on element declarations:
Declaring zero or more occurrences of the same element
<!ELEMENT element-name (child-name*)>
Declaring minimum one occurrence of the same element
<!ELEMENT element-name (child-name+)>
Declaring mixed content
<!ELEMENT note (to+,from,message*,#PCDATA)>
The example above declares that the element note must contain at least one to child
element, exactly one header, zero or more message, and some other parsed character data.
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Declaring Attributes in DTD
XML element attributes are declared with an ATTLIST
declaration. An attribute declaration has the following syntax:
<!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name attribute-type default-value>
value explanation
attribute-type CDATA character data
(eval|eval|..) enumerated value
ID unique id
NMTOKEN valid XML name
default-value #DEFAULT value default value
#REQUIRED must be included in the element
#IMPLIED does not have to be included
#FIXED value value is fixed
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Declaring Attributes in DTD
Attribute declaration example
DTD example:
<!ELEMENT square EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST square width CDATA "0">
XML example:
<square width="100"></square>
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Entities in DTD
• Variables used to define shortcuts to common text
• Entity references are references to entities
• Can be declared internally or externally
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Internal Entities in DTD
Define shortcuts to common text
Syntax:
<!ENTITY entity-name "entity-value">
Example:
In DTD:
<!ENTITY writer “Robert Eckstein">
<!ENTITY copyright “©”>
In XML:
<author>©right; &writer;</author>
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External Entities in DTD
Allow to copy the XML content located at specified URI into the
current XML document
Syntax:
<!ENTITY entity-name SYSTEM "URI/URL">
Example:
In DTD:
<!ENTITY article SYSTEM “http://www.articles.com/DTD.xml">
In XML:
<articles_xml>
<heading>Article from www.articles.com</heading>
&article;
</articles_xml>
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HTML=XML+DTD+XSL
BROWSER
Request for a XML page
XML page DTD page
XSL style sheet
HTML page
returned
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“Bigger” Example
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE MLBibliographies SYSTEM "default.dtd">
<MLBibliographies>
<PageTitle>Machine Learning Bibliographies</PageTitle>
<PageSubTitle>Maintained by Lukasz Kurgan</PageSubTitle>
<Category href="FeatureSelection.xml"> 1. Feature Selection</Category>
<Category href="RuleInduction.xml"> 2. Rule Induction</Category>
<Category href=""> 3. Discretization</Category>
<Category href=""> 4. Learning Ensemble of Classifiers</Category>
<LastUpdate> 09/11/01</LastUpdate>
</MLBibliographies>
DTD document
<!ELEMENT MLBibliographies (PageTitle, PageSubTitle, Category*, LastUpdate, Publication*)>
<!ELEMENT PageTitle (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT PageSubTitle (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT Category (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT LastUpdate (#PCDATA)>
<!ATTLIST Category href CDATA #IMPLIED>
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Why use the DTD?
• XML provides an application independent way of
sharing data
• With a DTD, independent groups of people can agree
to use a common DTD for interchanging data
• Your application can use a standard DTD to verify that
data that you receive from the outside world is valid
• You can also use a DTD to verify your own data
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