Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Engineering Problem
Title: Heating and Cooling Load Calculations
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY ISLAMABAD
Name CMS
Muhammad Fateh Mehmood 369409
Asad Javed 391347
Moosa Jilani 385332
Muhammad Abdullah 366045
Group: 1 Section A
Submitted to: Dr Waqas Khalid
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
Abstract
This project addresses the challenges faced by the Ranchers I-8 restaurant in Islamabad, Pakistan,
due to inefficient and poorly sized HVAC systems. These inefficiencies result in discomfort for
patrons and staff, inconsistent indoor temperatures, compromised indoor air quality, and increased
energy consumption. To resolve these issues, we undertook a detailed analysis and design process
for a new HVAC system tailored to the restaurant’s specific needs. The methodology involved
calculating U-factors for building elements such as walls, roofs, and windows by identifying the
materials comprising these elements and summing their thermal resistances (R-values). The U-
factor, indicating the rate of heat transfer, was derived as the reciprocal of the total R-value.
Additionally, we calculated window loads considering conductive heat transfer using the U-factor
of the windows and the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors. Solar heat gain was
determined using the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) and incident solar radiation. The total
window load was the sum of conductive and solar heat gains. For envelope loads, heat transfer
through walls, roofs, and floors was calculated using their respective U-factors and temperature
differences. The heat transfer for each component was summed to get the total envelope load.
Ventilation and latent heat calculations involved determining the required ventilation rate and
calculating the sensible and latent heat loads based on the specific heat capacity and density of air,
and the temperature and moisture content differences. Equipment loads were calculated by listing
each equipment’s power rating, operational hours, and usage patterns, then summing the heat gains
to get the total equipment load.
Results showed accurate determination of building components and their U-factors, such as the
ceiling with U-factors of 0.0196 W/(m²·K) in winter and 0.0247 W/(m²·K) in summer. The ground
floor envelope load was calculated as 700.97 W for heating and 1513.55 W for cooling, while the
top floor envelope load was 1090.85 W for heating and 2151.69 W for cooling. The total latent
load was calculated to be 948.87 W for both floors, and equipment loads were determined as
594.39 W for the ground floor and 567.23 W for the top floor.
The proposed HVAC design aims to enhance thermal comfort, improve indoor air quality, and
reduce energy costs for the Ranchers I-8 restaurant. This project serves as a model for sustainable
and efficient HVAC design in small commercial buildings across Pakistan.
Problem Statement
Ranchers I-8 restaurant, like many small commercial buildings in Pakistan, faces challenges
related to inefficient and poorly sized HVAC systems. Inadequate HVAC design leads to
discomfort for patrons and staff, inconsistent indoor temperatures, compromised indoor air quality,
and increased energy consumption. The current HVAC setup at Ranchers I-8 lacks optimization
and fails to meet the specific requirements of the restaurant's layout, occupancy, and operating
hours. This project aims to address these issues by conducting detailed manual load calculations,
selecting suitable HVAC equipment, designing efficient distribution systems, and proposing
external HVAC solutions tailored to the unique needs of Ranchers I-8 restaurant. The project seeks
to enhance thermal comfort, improve indoor air quality, and reduce energy costs for Ranchers I-8,
serving as a model for sustainable and efficient HVAC design in small commercial buildings across
Pakistan.
Methodology
U-Factors Calculation
To determine the U-factors, which indicate the rate of heat transfer through building elements like walls,
roofs, and windows, one must first identify the materials comprising these elements. The thermal
resistance (R-values) of each material is obtained from manufacturer data or reference tables. For
composite elements, the R-values of all layers are summed to get the total R-value. The U-factor is then
derived as the reciprocal of this total R-value.
Window Load Calculation
Window loads are calculated by first measuring the total window area. Conductive heat transfer is
calculated using the U-factor of the window and the temperature difference between indoors and
outdoors. Additionally, solar heat gain is determined using the Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) and
the incident solar radiation. The total window load is the sum of the conductive and solar heat gains.
Envelope Load Calculation
Envelope loads, which include heat transfer through walls, roofs, and floors, are calculated by measuring
the areas of these components and using their respective U-factors and temperature differences. The heat
transfer for each component is determined, and these values are summed to get the total envelope load.
Ventilation and Latent Heat Calculation
Ventilation load involves heating or cooling the outside air introduced into the building. The required
ventilation rate is identified, and the sensible heat load is calculated based on the specific heat capacity
and density of air, along with the temperature difference. The latent heat load is calculated using the latent
heat of vaporization and the difference in moisture content between indoor and outdoor air. The total
ventilation load is the sum of the sensible and latent heat loads.
Equipment Load Calculation
Equipment load includes heat gains from appliances, lighting, and other internal sources. Each piece of
equipment and lighting source is listed with its power rating, and the operational hours and usage patterns
are estimated. The heat gain for each equipment is calculated and then summed to get the total equipment
load.
Calculations
Results and Discussion
Dimensions
Component Quantity (m^2)
Ceiling 100
Door 1.89
Windows 3
Walls Exposed 144
Floor Area 100
Floor Perimeter 40
Volume 244
Floor Height (m) 3.6
U factors
Component Type Resistance References
Wall Outer air (Summer) 0.044
Table 1 lecture
Outer air (winter) 0.03 10
Concrete Block 0.551 27.4 Example 5
Cement Plaster 0.72 Table 4 26.8
Table 1 lecture
Inner Air 0.12 10
Winter 59.26437698 0.0168735
Summer 34.26437698 0.0291848
Table 1 lecture
Ceiling
Outer air (Summer) 0.044 10
Table 1 lecture
Outer air (winter) 0.03 10
Concrete 200mm 0.14 7.1428571 Table 4 26.8
Wood, Solid Core 0.43478 2.3 Table 4 26.9
Table 1 lecture
Inner Air 0.12 10
Winter 51.10953761 0.0195658
Summer 40.503477 0.0246892
Doors Solid Wooden Core 0.434782609
Floor Area Wood, double, 400 mm, 300 mm exposure 0.21 4.7619048 Table 26.8
Carpet and rubber pad (one-piece) 0.12 8.3333333 26.6 Table 4
13.0952381 0.0763636
Column1 U Factor HF Oft Ofb Ofr CF
-
Wall 0.016873543 0.404965027 1 8.2 0.36 0.809587
-
Ceilings 0.01956582 0.469579674 1 21.725 0.36 1.018801
-
Doors 2.3 55.2 1 8.2 0.36 63.802
-
Floor 0.076363636 1.832727273 1 0 0.36 1.492145
Summer Winter
Temp Diff 46.5 -1
Design
Condition 23 23
Windows
Windows are double glazed with aluminum frame.
For exterior Insect Screen use Table 11.
No overhang shading.
Medium Blinds are assumed to be partially opened (50%)
Latitude = 33.6995o N
Azimuth angle = from south
Ground Floor
Height, U,
Exposure m Frame W/(m²·K) HF Tx Et Fshd PXI SHGC IAC FFs CF
South 1 Fixed 3.61 86.64 1 746.5 0 746.5 0.69 0.91 0.31 208.7187
1 Operable 4.62 110.88 0.64 746.5 0 477.76 0.67 0.91 0.31 171.4549
west 1 Fixed 3.61 86.64 1 374.5 0 374.5 0.69 0.91 0.47 173.9331
1 Operable 4.62 110.88 0.64 374.5 0 239.68 0.67 0.91 0.47 149.8374
1 Fixed 3.61 86.64 1 374.5 0 374.5 0.69 0.91 0.47 173.9331
1 Operable 4.62 110.88 0.64 374.5 0 239.68 0.67 0.91 0.47 149.8374
Top Floor
Height, U,
Exposure m Frame W/(m²·K) HF Tx Et Fshd PXI SHGC IAC FFs CF
East 1 Fixed 3.61 86.64 1 746.5 0 746.5 0.69 0.91 0.31 208.7187
1 Operable 4.62 110.88 0.64 746.5 0 477.76 0.67 0.91 0.31 171.4549
South 1 Fixed 3.61 86.64 1 746.5 0 746.5 0.69 0.91 0.31 208.7187
1 Operable 4.62 110.88 0.64 746.5 0 477.76 0.67 0.91 0.31 171.4549
west 1 Fixed 3.61 86.64 1 374.5 0 374.5 0.69 0.91 0.47 173.9331
1 Operable 4.62 110.88 0.64 374.5 0 239.68 0.67 0.91 0.47 149.8374
1 Fixed 3.61 86.64 1 374.5 0 374.5 0.69 0.91 0.47 173.9331
1 Operable 4.62 110.88 0.64 374.5 0 239.68 0.67 0.91 0.47 149.8374
East 1 Fixed 3.61 86.64 1 746.5 0 746.5 0.69 0.91 0.31 208.7187
1 Operable 4.62 110.88 0.64 746.5 0 477.76 0.67 0.91 0.31 171.4549
Envelope Load
Ground Floor
Component HF CF Quantity (m² or m) Heating Load (W) Cooling Load (W)
Ceiling 0.469579674 1.018801423 100 46.95796738 101.8801423
Wall 0.404965027 0.80958717 141 57.10006875 114.151791
Door 2.3 63.802 1.89 4.347 120.58578
Floor area - 1.492145455 100 - 149.2145455
south 86.64 208.7187385 1 86.64 208.7187385
south 110.88 171.4549043 1 110.88 171.4549043
west 86.64 173.9330785 1 86.64 173.9330785
west 110.88 149.8373811 1 110.88 149.8373811
west 86.64 173.9330785 1 86.64 173.9330785
west 110.88 149.8373811 1 110.88 149.8373811
Envelope
- - - 700.9650361
totals 1513.546821
Top Floor
Component HF CF Quantity (m² or m) Heating Load (W) Cooling Load (W)
Ceiling 0.469579674 1.018801423 100 46.95796738 101.8801423
Wall 0.404965027 0.80958717 139 56.2901387 112.5326167
Door 2.3 63.802 0 0 0
Floor area - 1.492145455 100 - 149.2145455
East 86.64 208.7187385 1 86.64 208.7187385
East 110.88 171.4549043 1 110.88 171.4549043
south 86.64 208.7187385 1 86.64 208.7187385
south 110.88 171.4549043 1 110.88 171.4549043
west 86.64 173.9330785 1 86.64 173.9330785
west 110.88 149.8373811 1 110.88 149.8373811
west 86.64 173.9330785 1 86.64 173.9330785
west 110.88 149.8373811 1 110.88 149.8373811
East 86.64 208.7187385 1 86.64 208.7187385
East 110.88 171.4549043 1 110.88 171.4549043
Envelope
- - - 1090.848106
totals 2151.689152
Ventilation and Latent Heat
Ground Floor
Carefully sealed construction by knowledgeable builder 1.4 Table 3
Infiltration & Ventilation
AL cm2 341.6
Table 5 design of
IDF 0.033 24
Infiltration rate cooling Qi 11.2728 Equation 8
Qv 16 Eq 11
Qvih,Qvic 27.2728
qvic,s 788.3203 eq15
Qvih,s 805.0931
Internal Gain (people) 1236 eq 30
Latent Internal Load 522 eq 31
eq 16, Cl, humidity
Latent Ventilation Load 426.8739 diff
Total Latent Load 948.8739
Top Floor
Carefully sealed construction by knowledgeable builder 1.4 Table 3
Infiltration & Ventilation
AL cm2 341.6
Table 5 design of
IDF 0.033 24
Infiltration rate cooling Qi 11.2728 Equation 8
Qv 16 Eq 11
Qvih,Qvic 27.2728
qvic,s 788.3203 eq15
Qvih,s 805.0931
Internal Gain (people) 1236
Latent Internal Load 522 eq 30
Latent Ventilation Load 426.8739 eq 31
eq 16, Cl, humidity
Total Latent Load 948.8739 diff
Equipment
Ground Floor
Wattage (a led produces 75 lumens per
Lighting Recommended lumens watt)
Hall 10000 133.33333
Kitchen 5000 66.666667
Total Wattage 200
Heat Gain (assume lights are used 40% of
Lights the time 120 40% eff
Usage Radiation Heat
Appliances Nominal Wattage Factor Factor Gain
18.8
Dishwasher 1398 0.26 0 0 Table 5A
Toaster 792 0.49 0.07 27.1656
Oven 3693 0.61 0.17 382.9641
Tv 36 0.6 0.4 8.64
Computer 12.5 0.5 0.1 0.625
Water
Cooler 350 1 0.5 175
Total Heat Gain 594.3947
Top Floor
Wattage (a led produces 75 lumens per
Lighting Recommended lumens watt)
Hall 10000 133.33333
Total Wattage 133.33333
Heat Gain (assume lights are used 40%
Lights of the time 80 40% eff
Usage Radiation Heat
Appliances Nominal Wattage Factor Factor Gain
18.8
Table 5A
Oven 3693 0.61 0.17 382.9641
Tv 36 0.6 0.4 8.64
Computer 12.5 0.5 0.1 0.625
Water
Cooler 350 1 0.5 175
Total Heat
Gain 567.2291
Total Loads
Ground Floor
Heating Load, Cooling Load,
Item W W
Envelope 700.9650361 1513.546821
Infiltration/ventilation 805.093056 788.320284
Lighting 120
Equipment Load 594.3947
Internal gain 1236
Total sensible load 1506.058092 4252.261805
Top floor
Heating Load, Cooling Load,
Item W W
Envelope 1090.848106 2151.689152
Infiltration/ventilation 805.093056 788.320284
Lighting 80
Equipment Load 567.2291
Internal gain 1236
Total sensible load 1895.941162 4823.238536
Conclusion
The detailed HVAC analysis and design process undertaken for the Ranchers I-8 restaurant in Islamabad
has demonstrated a methodical approach to addressing the inefficiencies of the existing HVAC system. By
calculating U-factors for building elements such as walls, roofs, and windows, and considering various
loads including window, envelope, ventilation, latent heat, and equipment loads, we were able to develop
an accurate and tailored HVAC solution. The results indicated specific heating and cooling loads for both
the ground and top floors, allowing for precise equipment sizing and system optimization. For instance,
the envelope loads were calculated as 700.97 W for heating and 1513.55 W for cooling on the ground
floor, and 1090.85 W for heating and 2151.69 W for cooling on the top floor. These findings reflect the
significant variations in thermal demands due to different exposures and internal heat gains.
Implementing the proposed HVAC system design is expected to significantly improve thermal comfort,
indoor air quality, and energy efficiency at Ranchers I-8 restaurant. The meticulous load calculations
ensure that the HVAC equipment is correctly sized, avoiding the pitfalls of undersized or oversized
systems that lead to inefficiencies and increased operational costs. The project's approach serves as a
replicable model for small commercial buildings across Pakistan, promoting sustainable and efficient
HVAC practices. By addressing the specific needs of the restaurant's layout, occupancy, and operational
hours, the new HVAC system will provide a comfortable environment for patrons and staff, ultimately
enhancing the overall dining experience while reducing energy consumption.
