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Research Status and Development Trend of 3D Printing and Additive

Manufacturing Technology

Conference Paper · July 2020

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 Research status and development trend of 3D Printing and
Additive manufacturing technology

Kianoush Haghsefat1, Liuting Ting 2

1- M.Sc.Eng, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Sci. and Tech.
Nanjing, CHINA
2- Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Sci. and Tech.
Nanjing, CHINA

[email protected]

Abstract
The forming principles and characteristics of additive manufacturing technology are introduced
at first stage , afterwards the development status and development trend at china and abroad are
studied. Tthis study points out that China's research on additive manufacturing in order to
improve molding accuracy and efficiency, and expanding the application fields of additive
manufacturing. An in-depth analysis and comparative analysis of the mainstream molding
process has certain guiding significance for understanding the additive manufacturing
technology and its development status are presented
.
Keywords: Additive Manufacturing Technology, Development Status, Molding Precision, Molding
Efficiency, Molding Process

1. INTRODUCTION

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an advanced manufacturing that integrates computer science, optics,
materials science, and other disciplines and stacks three-dimensional CAD models of parts through
manufacturing equipment into parts or prototypes with certain structures and functions. Additive
manufacturing technology [1], also known as rapid prototyping, 3D printing technology etc., Any shape of
parts can be quickly manufactured on one additive manufacturing equipment, including parts with complex
structures that are difficult to manufacture with high efficiency and low cost by traditional processing
equipment; tools and tooling in traditional manufacturing are not required; the more complex the product
structure, The more it can reflect the superiority of additive manufacturing, it is also suitable for the
production of single-piece and small batch products. At present, additive manufacturing technology has been
widely used in aerospace, automotive, machinery, biomedicine, art design and other fields [2].

2. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OVERVIEW

The concept of additive manufacturing was first proposed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. In 1986,
American Charles Hull developed the photosensitive tree (SLA) and founded 3Dsystem. In the same year, he
developed the first commercial rapid prototyping machine. At the same time, various molding processes such
as Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) were successfully
developed. In the 1990s, there were more than a dozen types of additive manufacturing molding processes.
At present, 3D system and Object companies have carried out research on new molding materials [3];

3. RESEARCH STATUS IN CHINA

Since the 1990s in China, Tsinghua University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Xi'an
Jiaotong University have begun to develop additive manufacturing equipment. Subsequently, Northwestern

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Polytechnical University, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing Institute of
Technology, South China University of Technology and Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
began to develop Laser direct manufacturing technology and equipment [4]. At present, domestic research on
additive manufacturing is focused on improving the molding quality and rate of additive manufacturing and
expanding the application areas of additive manufacturing.

Improving the molding quality and efficiency of molded parts is mainly to improve the molding accuracy of
the parts, reduce the deformation of the parts and optimize the processing path. Tsinghua University Zhong
Yannian, Yan Xuri et al. [5] proposed that the interlayer stress is closely related to the deformation of the part
in the manufacturing of layered solids. Measures; Shi Yusheng, Zhong Qing and others from Huazhong
University of Science and Technology [6] Based on the research on the scanning method of selective laser
sintering, a new method and algorithm of area-oriented scanning were proposed, which greatly improved the
molding efficiency and reduced Deformation of small parts; Wu Maoliang and Zhao Wanhua of Xi'an
Jiaotong University [7] pointed out that the blade gap is the main factor affecting the thickness of the coating
in light curing molding; Shen Yiqiu and Gu Dongdong of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and
Astronautics [8] established a choice The three-dimensional transient temperature field calculation model in
laser sintering provides a basis for the selection of laser process parameters. In addition, the optimization
design based on genetic algorithm has also been carried out for the selection of the layering direction [9], and
the design of the supporting structure during the forming process [10] has also been studied in depth.
Expand the application fields of additive manufacturing, mainly in the field of biomedicine and direct
manufacturing technology.

In recent years, rapid prototyping technology has been widely used in the manufacture of biomedical polymer
materials and artificial tissues and organs, and the additive manufacturing technology that directly carries
cells has received widespread attention [11]; Lu Bingheng and Li Dichen of Xi’an Jiaotong University have
achievedShape-controlling manufacturing of metal parts and direct manufacturing of ceramic parts [12].

Although China's additive manufacturing technology has made a lot of breakthroughs, there is still a big gap
compared with the additive manufacturing technology in developed countries.

3. THE PRINCIPLE OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

Additive manufacturing technology is a discrete-stacking molding process, which uses a point-by-point or

layer-by-layer accumulation method to manufacture solid parts or part prototypes [2]. The process of additive
manufacturing includes pre-processing, layered superposition molding and post deal with:
(1) Pre-processing: the construction and approximate processing of the three-dimensional CAD model of the
part, the selection of the forming direction and the discrete slice processing of the model;
(2) Layered superimposed molding; the use of different molding processes to manufacture the cross-sectional
contours of parts and the accumulation of integral parts;
(3) Post-treatment: Perform corresponding post-treatment according to the molding process used, such as
secondary photo-curing, polishing and surface hardening treatment.

The process of additive manufacturing technology is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Additive manufacturing process chain

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4. MOLDING PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
At present, the mainstream molding processes are light curing molding (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS),
laminated object manufacturing (LOM), and fused deposition molding (FDM).

4.1 STEREOLITHOGRAPHY (SLA)

The photo curing rapid prototyping process is also called stereolithography. The process principle of light
curing rapid prototyping is [13]: The liquid tank is filled with liquid photosensitive resin. Under the control
of the control system, the laser scans the photosensitive resin surface point by point according to the cross-
sectional shape of each layer of the part The photosensitive resin undergoes polymerization reaction. After
the curing of one layer is completed, the workbench is moved down by the thickness of one layer to scan the
next layer. The newly cured resin is bonded to the previous layer. This is repeated until the entire part is
completed and a Three-dimensional solid prototype. The forming process is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 stereolitography forming process

4.2 SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING (SLS)

Selective laser sintering is the use of powder materials (metal powder or non-metal powder) sintered under
laser irradiation, and then stacked under the control of a computer. According to different powder materials,
it can be divided into direct method and indirect method [14].

The forming process of selective laser sintering is shown in Figure 3, and its working principle is [15]: Use a
powder spreading roller to spread a thin layer of powder material on the upper surface of the workbench or
the formed part, and heat it to just low At a certain temperature at the sintering point, the laser beam is
scanned by the computer according to the contour of the layer of the part, and the powder material is scanned
and adhered to the molded part. After the sintering of a section is completed, the table is lowered by the
height of a powder layer, and a new layer of sintering is performed until the entire part is completed.
Selective laser sintering has high requirements on the temperature of the forming area. If the deviation from
the optimal forming temperature is large, the spheroidization phenomenon on the surface of the workpiece
will be intensified, resulting in a decrease in the surface quality of the molded part [16].

Figure 3 selective laser sintering forming process

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4.3 LAMINATED OBJECT MANUFACTURING (LOM)

Layered solid manufacturing is one of the early rapid prototyping technologies. In the development of more
than ten years, it has shown great development potential and broad market prospects. The layered entity
manufacturing process is [17]: The feed roller feeds the paper material with hot melt adhesive on the back
into a step, and the paper material and the substrate or the completed laminate are pasted together by the hot
press roller to control The system controls the laser to cut the layer according to the current contour. After
the current layer is cut, the next layer is produced, so the pasting is repeated Cut-Paste until the model is
finished, then remove the excess waste. The schematic diagram is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 laminated object manufacturing forming process

4.4 FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING (FDM)

Fused deposition molding is also called fuse molding, and its molding principle is [18]: the nozzle of the
fused deposition molding device can move in the x and y directions, the worktable moves in the z direction,
and the heating device heats the hot-melt filamentous material to slightly In the molten state above the
solidification temperature, the nozzle moves in the xy plane according to the cross-sectional profile
information of the part, and the molten material is coated on the previous layer and fused with it. Set the
incremental height and continue coating and deposition until the parts are stacked and formed. As shown in
Figure 5.

Figure 5 fused deposition modeling forming process

In addition, forming processes such as jet particle manufacturing, liquid thermal polymerization, solid film
polymerization, and three-dimensional spraying technology also have a certain degree of application [19].

The process comparison of mainstream additive manufacturing is shown in Table 1 [20].

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 Table 1 process forming comparision of different technolgoies

SLA SLS LOM FDM

Molding speed Relatively fast Slow Fast Slow
Molding
High Low High Low
accuracy
Medium Medium
Stroke range medium small Small
small large
Relatively
Material cost Expensive Cheap Expensive
expensive
Manufacturing
Relatively high High Low High
cost
Support
Yes No No Yes
structure
Powder
Common Photosensitive materials Plastic or Thermoplastic material
materials resin/ material Ceramic or paper with low melting point
metals

5. DEVELOPMENT TREND OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY

The forming principle of additive manufacturing technology determines its wide application field and huge
market potential. The deficiency of additive manufacturing technology and the disadvantages of traditional
processing jointly determine the development trend of additive manufacturing technology.

 Improve the molding accuracy and surface quality of parts

The forming accuracy and surface quality of parts are the research focus of the manufacturing industry.
Factors that affect the molding accuracy and surface quality of additive manufacturing throughout the entire
molding process: data conversion of the CAD model of the part in the pre-processing, selection of the
molding direction and slicing processing, planning of the processing strategy in the accumulation molding
process, and selection of process parameters, The removal of the support structure and surface treatment in
post-processing restrict the accuracy and surface quality of the molded parts, so improving the molding
accuracy and surface quality is an inevitable trend in the development of additive manufacturing technology.

 Development of economical, practical, and efficient additive manufacturing equipment Economical,

practical, and efficient manufacturing equipment is the basis for the widespread application of additive
manufacturing technology. At present, Yu Guoxing, Ding Yucheng and Li Dichen of Xi'an Jiaotong
University have developed a knife-cut paper stacking rapid prototyping system, replacing the laser in the
LOM forming machine with a knife, which helps reduce the system and its operating cost [21].

 Development of new, high-performance molding materials [20]

The molding material is one of the important factors affecting the molding process. The materials currently
used in additive manufacturing include photosensitive resins, metal powders, thermoplastic materials and
foils, etc. The price is relatively high, and physical changes and chemical reactions are likely to occur during
the molding process and post-processing, and the prepared parts cannot be used as final products. Therefore,
further research on additive manufacturing technology also includes the development of new, high-
performance molding materials and low-cost material preparation processes.

 Polarization development of additive manufacturing equipment [22]

Additive manufacturing equipment has two directions of development: one is industrial, high-precision,
large-scale rapid prototyping equipment, used to manufacture high-precision, complex, and high-

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 performance parts; the second is small, miniaturized rapid prototyping equipment, oriented for daily use
Consumer goods manufacturing and nano manufacturing.

 Green manufacturing
Green manufacturing is a basic requirement for sustainable development. Brent STE-PHENS and others
found that the fine and ultra-fine particles emitted by FDM additive manufacturing equipment during work
were designated as “high emission” [23]. Therefore, clean, pollution-free green manufacturing is directly
related to the future of additive manufacturing technology.

9. CONCLUSIONS

Introduced the domestic and overseas research and development status, forming process and development
trend of additive manufacturing technology. As a new type of industry, enhanced manufacturing has
irreplaceable advantages over traditional processing methods, and there are many aspects that need to be
improved. Only when there is a qualitative fly-by of the quality and speed of the molding, the additive
manufacturing can provide a huge impetus for the development of the manufacturing industry.

11. REFERENCES

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