Models Basic Assumptions Data Collection Advantages Disadvantages
Biological All behaviours have physical causes which are rooted in ● DNA tests (genetic) 1. Scientific and objective data 1. Data is not in-depth
Model biology. The causes can be genetic, biochemical or ● PET scans or CSF that is measurable data/less 2. Lacks validity as often
anatomical. (biochemical) biased/more valid based on
● sMRI or fMRI 2. Reliable/standardised correlational data so
(anatomical) 3. Useful - drug therapies can be causation is
Refer to chart on biochemicals given in class developed questioned
3. Reductionist
4. Deterministic
Behavioural All behaviours are learnt from the environment. This ● Observations 1. Scientific and objective data 1. Reductionist- does
Model model denies the process (cognitions) in between the that is measurable since focus not take cognitions
input (environment) and output (behaviour). on actions rather than into account
The environment can cause behaviour in three thoughts 2. Deterministic
different ways: classical conditioning (association), 2. Useful – behavioural therapies
operant conditioning (rewards and punishment) or developed to change learn and
social learning (imitation/modelling). un-learn behaviours
Cognitive All behaviours are caused by our mind, thoughts or ● Self-reports 1. Useful, treatments like CBT 1. Cognitions are not
Model mental processes. Concepts like memory, attention ● Psychometric tests 2. Supports free-will observable or
and decision-making skills are prevalent in this model. 3. Holistic as considers both measurable
This model emphasizes on the process (cognitions) in thoughts and actions in 2. Social desirability bias
between the input(environment) and output proposing treatments when trying to
(behaviour) measure cognitions
Psychodynamic All behaviours are a result of the unconscious mind, ● Case studies 1. In-depth and rich data, 1. Open to bias as
Model which is divided into the id, ego and superego. There (longitudinal studies especially because uses case primarily qualitative
are conflicts that arise in the psychosexual stages of with qualitative data to studies 2. Not scientific or
development. Phobias are rooted in the phallic stage interpret dreams- the 2. Longitudinal- can study change objective as evidence
and OCD is rooted in the anal stage. unconscious) over time which makes it more is lacking to support
valid model
3. Useful for psychotherapy 3. Reductionist (can
(unconscious mind to treat) debate)
ATTENTION: DO NOT evaluate your 10-mark answers (paper 3) model wise. You MUST evaluate issue wise (reductionism, nature-nurture, research methods, etc) NOTE: This
is not an exhaustive list of evaluations and is just for reference. Actual answers/points will vary depending on the question given.
