Objective:

 To implement logic gates using 74 series TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) logic gate ICs.
 To investigate the output of each gate based on the input with different types of logic gates.


Materials
 Digital ICs (74 series TTL logic gate ICs)
 Limo Rose patch board
 Connectors

Introduction:
Digital logic gates are the foundation of all digital circuits, forming the building blocks of complex digital
systems. These gates operate based on binary logic, producing an output that is either '1' (high) or '0'
(low) depending on the input values. Each gate performs a specific logical function that is fundamental
to digital computation and processing.

There are various types of digital logic gates, each serving a unique purpose in a circuit. These include:

 AND Gate: Outputs a '1' only if all inputs are '1'.

 OR Gate: Outputs a '1' if at least one input is '1'.
 NOT Gate (Inverter): Outputs the opposite value of the input.
 NOR Gate: Outputs a '1' only if all inputs are '0'.
 NAND Gate: Outputs a '1' unless all inputs are '1'.
 XOR Gate: Outputs a '1' if the inputs are different.

These gates can be implemented using various technologies, with TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) being
one of the most common. Each type of gate has its own manufacturer model number within the 74
series TTL IC family, ensuring compatibility and standardization in digital circuit design. These model
numbers are essential for identifying the specific type of logic gate and its configuration, as shown in the
figure below.
Activity 1: Implement AND Gate
1. We connected pin 7 of the AND gate IC to ground to ensure it is properly referenced to the
circuit ground.
2. We connected pin 14 of the AND gate IC to +5V to provide the necessary power supply for the IC
to function.
3. We connected pin 1 and pin 2 to input switches to control the logic levels (0 or 1) applied to the
inputs of the AND gate.
4. We connected pin 3 to an LED, which serves as an indicator to show the output state of the AND
gate.
5. After turning on the power switch, we observed the output of the AND gate for different input
combinations and filled in the truth table as follows:

Truth table:

Input A (Pin 1) Input B (Pin 2) Output (Pin 3)

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

Activity 2: Implement OR, NAND, and XOR Gates

1. We connected pin 7 of each gate IC to ground to ensure proper referencing to the circuit
ground.
2. We connected pin 14 of each gate IC to +5V to provide the necessary power supply for the ICs to
function.
3. We connected pin 1 and pin 2 of each gate IC to input switches to control the logic levels (0 or 1)
applied to the inputs of the gates.
4. We connected pin 3 of each gate IC to an LED, which serves as an indicator to show the output
state of the gates.
5. After turning on the power switch, observe the output of the OR, NAND, and XOR gates for
different input combinations and fill in the truth tables accordingly.

Truth Tables:
OR Gate:

Input A (Pin 1) Input B (Pin 2) Output (Pin 3)

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NAND Gate:

Input A (Pin 1) Input B (Pin 2) Output (Pin 3)

0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

XOR Gate:

Input A (Pin 1) Input B (Pin 2) Output (Pin 3)

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Activity 3: Implement NOT Gate

1. We connected pin 7 of the NOT gate IC to ground to ensure proper referencing to the circuit
ground.
2. We connected pin 14 of the NOT gate IC to +5V to provide the necessary power supply for the IC
to function.
3. We connected pin 2 and pin 3 of the NOT gate IC to switches, with pin 2 serving as the input and
pin 3 connected to an LED, which serves as an indicator to show the output state of the gate.
4. After turning on the power switch, observe the output of the NOT gate for different input
combinations and fill in the truth table accordingly.

Truth Table:
Input (Pin 2) Output (Pin 3)
0 1
1 0

Activity 4: Implement NOR Gate

1. We connected pin 7 of the NOR gate IC to ground to ensure proper referencing to the circuit
ground.
2. We connected pin 14 of the NOR gate IC to +5V to provide the necessary power supply for the IC
to function.
3. We connected pin 2 and pin 3 of the NOR gate IC to switches to control the logic levels (0 or 1)
applied to the inputs of the gate.
4. We connected pin 1 of the NOR gate IC to an LED, which serves as an indicator to show the
output state of the gate.
 5. After turning on the power switch, observe the output of the NOR gate for different input
combinations and fill in the truth table accordingly.

Truth Table:

Input A (Pin 2) Input B (Pin 3) Output (Pin 1)

0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Activity 5: Implement XNOR Gate (Make XNOR by cascading XOR and NOT gates)
1. We connected pin 7 of both the XOR and NOT gate ICs to ground to ensure proper referencing
to the circuit ground.
2. We connected pin 14 of both the XOR and NOT gate ICs to +5V to provide the necessary power
supply for the ICs to function.
3. We connected pin 1 and pin 2 of the XOR gate IC to a switch to control the logic levels (0 or 1)
applied to the inputs of the XOR gate.
4. We connected pin 3 of the XOR gate IC to pin 1 of the NOT gate IC to create the XNOR gate
functionality.
5. We connected Connect pin 2 of the NOT gate IC to an LED, which serves as an indicator to show
the output state of the XNOR gate.
6. After turning on the power switch, observe the output of the XNOR gate for different input
combinations and fill in the truth table accordingly.

Truth Table:
Input A (Pin 1 of XOR) Input B (Pin 2 of XOR) Output (Pin 2 of NOT)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

Questions
Question 1: What are the manufacturer numbers of the 74 series TTL ICs used in this activity for AND,
OR, NOR, NOT, XOR, and NAND gates?

The manufacturer numbers of the 74 series TTL ICs commonly used for each gate in this activity
are as follows:

 AND Gate: 74LS08 (Quad 2-input AND gate)

 OR Gate: 74LS32 (Quad 2-input OR gate)
 NOR Gate: 74LS02 (Quad 2-input NOR gate)
 NOT Gate (Inverter): 74LS04 (Hex inverter)
  XOR Gate: 74LS86 (Quad 2-input XOR gate)
 NAND Gate: 74LS00 (Quad 2-input NAND gate)

Question 2: What is the function of PIN 14 and PIN 7 in 74 series TTL ICs?

 PIN 14: This is the VCC pin, which provides the power supply voltage (+5V) to the IC. It is
connected to the positive terminal of the power supply.
 PIN 7: This is the Ground (GND) pin, which is connected to the negative terminal of the power
supply or the ground reference of the circuit. It ensures the IC is properly referenced to the
circuit ground.

Question 3: What is the manufacturer number of the three-input AND and NAND gate?

 The manufacturer number for a three-input AND gate is typically 74LS11 (Triple 3-input AND
gate). Similarly, the manufacturer number for a three-input NAND gate is usually 74LS10 (Triple
3-input NAND gate).

In Conclusion, in this experiment, we implemented various logic gates using 74 series TTL ICs and
observed their behavior based on different input combinations. We successfully implemented the AND,
OR, NOR, NOT, XOR, and NAND gates, and investigated their output states.

Through the experimentation process, we learned about the function and behavior of each logic gate.
We observed how the input combinations affect the output of each gate and verified their truth tables.
Additionally, we understood the significance of PIN 14 (VCC) and PIN 7 (GND) in providing power supply
and ground reference to the TTL ICs.

Overall, this experiment provided valuable hands-on experience in understanding digital logic gates and
their practical implementation using integrated circuits. It helped reinforce theoretical knowledge and
concepts related to digital electronics.