SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
SIGNAL
• A Signal is mathematically as a function of one or more
independent variables.
• Signal is physical quantity that varies with time ,space or
any other independent variables.
• Signal depends on only one variable –one dimensional
Eg : speech,ECG,variation of room temperature
• Signals depends on 2 or more variables called -
multidimensional signal
• Eg: picture ,X-ray
• Number of independent variables (i.e., dimensionality):
• A signal with one independent variable is said to be one
dimensional (e.g.,audio).
• A signal with more than one independent variable is said to be
multi-dimensional (e.g., image).
• Continuous or discrete independent variables:
• A signal with continuous independent variables is said to be
continuous time (CT) (e.g., voltage waveform).
• A signal with discrete independent variables is said to be
discrete time (DT) (e.g., stock market index).
• Continuous or discrete dependent variable:
• A signal with a continuous dependent variable is said to be
continuous valued (e.g., voltage waveform).
• A signal with a discrete dependent variable is said to be
discrete valued(e.g., digital image).
• A continuous-valued CT signal is said to be analog (e.g.,
voltage waveform).
• A discrete-valued DT signal is said to be digital (e.g., digital
audio).
Classification of signals
• 1.Continuous time and Discrete time
signal
• 2.Deterministic and non deterministic
signal
• 3.even and odd signal
• 4.periodic and a periodic signal
• 5.Energy and power signals
• 6.causal and non causal signal
1.Continuous time and Discrete
time signal
• Continuous time signal
Continuous time signals are defined for
all instants of time t and is represented by
x(t).A continuous time signal is also called
analog signal.
eg : speech, ECG, sine wave
Discrete time signal
Discrete time signals are defined at
discrete instants of time n and is
represented by x[n].A discrete time signal
is also called analog signal.
eg : stock market,
x={x[n]},−∞<n<∞
2.Deterministic and non
deterministic signal
• A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no
uncertainty with respect to its value at any instant of
time. Or, signals which can be defined exactly by a
mathematical formula are known as deterministic
signals.
• A signal is said to be non-deterministic if there is
uncertainty with respect to its value at some instant
of time. Non-deterministic signals are random in
nature hence they are called random signals.
Random signals cannot be described by a
mathematical equation. They are modelled in
probabilistic terms.
2.Deterministic and non
deterministic signal
3.even and odd signal
• signal is said to be even when it satisfies
the condition x(t) = x(-t)
3.even and odd signal
• A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies
the condition x(t) = -x(-t)
3.even and odd signal
Even Signals
Odd signals
• An important fact is that any signal can be
broken into a sum of two signals, one of
which is even and one of which is odd. To
see this, consider the signal
4.periodic and a periodic signal
• A signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies
the condition x(t) = x(t + T) or x(n) = x(n +
N).
• Where T = fundamental time period,
• 1/T = f = fundamental frequency.
Periodic Signals
Periodic Signals
4.periodic and a periodic signal
5.Energy and power signals
5.Energy and power signals
5.Energy and power signals
6.causal and non causal signal
• A signal is present at positive t values is
called causal signal
• X(t)=present t=+ve
• A signal is present at negative t values is
called causal signal
• X(t)=present t=-ve
