Feb 2011

SPSC lecturer Computer science.

Q1 Which of the following data structures cannot store the non-homogeneous data elements?

A Arrays

B Records

C Pointers

D None of these.

Ans The data structure that cannot store non-homogeneous data elements is Arrays.

Arrays are a collection of homogeneous elements of the same data type. Each element in an
array occupies the same amount of memory, and they are stored in contiguous memory
locations. This means that all elements in an array must have the same data type.

Therefore, the correct answer is (A) Arrays.

Q2

Which of the following file organization is most efficient for a file with a high degree of file
activity?

A Sequential

B ISAM

C VSAM

D All of these

Ans

Among the given options, the file organization that is most efficient for a file with a high degree
of file activity is (B) ISAM (Indexed Sequential Access Method).
ISAM combines the sequential access method with an index structure to provide efficient access
to records based on a key value. It allows for both sequential and direct access to records,
making it suitable for files with high file activity. The index structure enables quick and direct
access to specific records, reducing the need for scanning the entire file.

Sequential file organization (option A) is not the most efficient for high file activity as it requires
scanning the entire file to locate specific records. VSAM (option C) is a disk storage access
method that can provide direct access to records, but ISAM is specifically designed to optimize
access for files with high activity.

Therefore, the correct answer is (B) ISAM.

Q3

In communication satellite, transponders receive and transmit radio signals at a prescribed

frequency range, transponders are known as?

a Multiple repeaters

b multiple modulator

c multiple detector

d multiple station

Ans

a. Multiple repeaters.

In a communication satellite, transponders receive and transmit radio signals at a prescribed

frequency range. Therefore, the correct term for transponders in this context would be (a)
Multiple repeaters. Transponders on a satellite receive signals from the ground, amplify them,
and then retransmit them back to the Earth at a different frequency to avoid interference.

Q4.

An information system that response immediately to the needs of physical system is called?

A Advertisement
B Real time system
C Inline system
D Online system
Ans

B Real time system

An information system that responds immediately to the needs of a physical system is typically
referred to as a real-time information system. Real-time systems are designed to process and
deliver information in a time-critical manner, providing instantaneous or near-instantaneous
responses to input or events from the physical system they are connected to.

Q5.

Which of the following TCP /IP protocol is used to monitor IP gateway and the network to which
they attach?

A. SMTP
B. SGMP
C. FTP
D. None of above

Ans b SGMP

The protocol used to monitor IP gateways and the network to which they attach is the Simple
Gateway Monitoring Protocol (SGMP). Therefore, the correct answer is B. SGMP.

Q6

Virtual memory is typically located

A in RAM
B in CPU
C on hard disc
D in Flash card

Ans.

Virtual memory is typically located on the hard disk. Therefore, the correct answer is C. on the
hard disk.

Q7

While designing a website, which of the following factors an internet market should pay attention
to?
(A) Easy site navigation (ie. Site map)
(B) Frequently asked questions (FAQS) section
(C) Privacy policy
(D) All of these

Ans

When designing a website, an internet marketer should pay attention to all of the
factors.Therefore, the correct answer is (D) All of these.

Q8

The infix notation (A+B*D)/(E-F)+G can be written in prefix notation.

(A) +*+A/BD-EFG
(B) *++A/BD-EFG
(C) +/+B*AD-EFG
(D) +/+A*BD-EFG

Ans (D)

Q9.

In a binary search tree. element at the left of parent node must be

(A) greater than or equal to parent node

(B) less than or equal to parent node
(C) less than parent node
(D) greater than parent node

Ans
In a binary search tree, the element at the left of a parent node must be less than the parent
node.

Therefore, the correct answer is (C) less than the parent node.

Q10

In the given function definition:

int ADD (int x, int y)

{
int c=x+y;
return c;
}

A Global variables
B local variables
C Formal variables
D none of above

Ans

In the given function definition:

int ADD (int x, int y)

{
int c=x+y;
return c;
}

The variables x and y are called formal variables.

Formal variables are the variables declared in the function's parameter list. They act as
placeholders for the values that will be passed to the function when it is called. In this case, x
and y are the formal variables, and they represent the values that will be added together.

Global variables, on the other hand, are variables declared outside of any function, and they can
be accessed by multiple functions within a program.

Actual variables are not a commonly used term in programming, but if you're referring to the
values that are passed to a function when it is called, they would be called actual arguments or
actual parameters.

So, the correct answer is:

C. Formal variables

Q11.

Handshaking is a:

(A) Smooth running of a program

(B) Context-free language
(C) A programming language with self correcting codes
(D) Synchronization of two communicating devices
Ans
Handshaking is the synchronization process between two communicating devices. It involves a
series of predefined signals or messages exchanged between the devices to establish a
connection, negotiate communication parameters, and ensure proper data transmission.

Therefore, the correct answer is (D) Synchronization of two communicating devices.

Q12
A locked file can be

(A) accessed by only one user

(B) modified by users with the correct password
(C) is used to hide sensitive information
(D) both b and c

Ans
A locked file can be both modified by users with the correct password and used to hide sensitive
information. Therefore, the correct answer is (D) both (B) modified by users with the correct
password and (C) used to hide sensitive information.

Q13.

What is the last step in data encapsulation?

(A) User information is converted into data

(B) Segments are converted into datagrams and packets
(C) Frames are put into bits
(D) Data is converted into segments

Ans.
The last step in data encapsulation is when frames are put into bits.

Therefore, the correct answer is (C) Frames are put into bits.

Q14.
The network portion of an address typically represents a:
(A) Router
(B) Ethernet MAC address
(C) Computer
(D) Segment
Ans
The network portion of an address typically represents a segment.

Q15.
ftp best matches with which OSI layer?
(A) Physical
(B) Transport
(C) Datalink
(D) Application

Ans
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) best matches with the Application layer of the OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model.

Therefore, the correct answer is (D) Application.

Q16

Which one of these type of computers are used primarily for advanced scientific computations?

(A) Mainframes
(1) Super Computers
(C) Micro Computers
(D) Personal Computers

The type of computer primarily used for advanced scientific computations is (B) Super
Computers. Supercomputers are designed to perform highly complex calculations and
simulations at extremely high speeds, making them ideal for scientific research, weather
forecasting, molecular modeling, and other computationally intensive tasks. Mainframes,
microcomputers, and personal computers are typically used for different purposes and are not
specifically designed for advanced scientific computations on the same scale as
supercomputers.

Q17
Which one executes the code one line a time?
(A) Interpreter
(B) Parser
(C) Compiler
(D) Haskell

The option that executes the code one line at a time is (A) Interpreter.

An interpreter is a program that reads and executes the code line by line, translating and
executing each instruction one at a time. It interprets the source code directly and immediately
executes the corresponding actions. This allows for a more interactive programming experience
as errors are often caught and reported immediately after the corresponding line is executed.
On the other hand, compilers (option C) translate the entire source code into a lower-level
language or machine code before execution. Compilers perform analysis and optimizations on
the code as a whole and generate an executable file that can be run independently.

Q18
Which one is not a type of programming language?

(A) Functional
(B) Random
(C) Modular
(D) Object-Oriented

The option that is not a type of programming language is (B) Random.

Functional programming (option A), modular programming (option C), and object-oriented
programming (option D) are all well-known and widely used programming paradigms or styles.

Functional programming focuses on writing programs by composing pure functions and avoiding
mutable state and side effects. Examples of functional programming languages include Haskell,
Lisp, and Erlang.

Modular programming emphasizes breaking down a program into smaller, self-contained

modules that can be developed and maintained independently. It promotes code reusability and
maintainability. Examples of modular programming languages include Java, C, and Python.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of

objects that contain data and methods. It emphasizes encapsulation, inheritance, and
polymorphism. Languages such as Java, C++, and Python support object-oriented
programming.

On the other hand, "random" is not a recognized type or paradigm in programming languages.

Q19
If integer needs two bytes of storage, then maximum value of an unsigned integer is
A. 2¹⁶ – 1

B. 2¹⁵ – 1

C. 2¹⁶

D. 2¹⁵
Ans
If an integer needs two bytes of storage, it means it can store a maximum of 2^16 distinct
values.
However, the maximum value of an unsigned integer is determined by subtracting 1 from the
total number of distinct values. This is because unsigned integers start from 0, so one value is
reserved for zero.

Therefore, the correct answer is

(A) 2¹⁶ – 1.

Q20
Choose the best answer Prior to using pointer variable

(A) It should be declared

(B) It should be initialized
(C) It should be both declared and initialized
(D) None of these

Ans
The best answer prior to using a pointer variable is (C) It should be both declared and initialized.

Before using a pointer variable, it is essential to declare it by specifying the data type it will point
to. Additionally, it is good practice to initialize the pointer variable with a valid memory address
before attempting to access or manipulate data through the pointer.

Declaring a pointer without initializing it may result in undefined behavior or accessing invalid
memory locations, leading to potential runtime errors or bugs. Therefore, it is recommended to
both declare and initialize the pointer variable before using it.

Q21
The operation of a staircase switch statement best explains the
(A) OR operation
(8) AND operation
(C) Exclusive AND operation
(D) XOR operation

Ans
The operation of a staircase switch statement does not directly relate to any specific logical
operation such as OR (option A), AND (option B), Exclusive OR (option C), or XOR (option D).

A staircase switch statement, also known as a cascading switch statement or a switch-case

ladder, is a construct used in programming languages to handle multiple possible conditions or
cases. It allows for selecting a particular code block or executing a specific set of instructions
based on the value of a variable or expression.
The switch statement evaluates the provided expression and compares it to the different cases
defined within the statement. Once a matching case is found, the corresponding code block is
executed. If none of the cases match, an optional default case can be specified to handle
situations where no specific match is found.

In summary, the operation of a staircase switch statement is not related to any specific logical
operation but rather serves as a control flow structure for handling different cases or conditions
in a program.

Q22.
In a time-sharing operating system, when the time slot given to a process is completed, the
process goes from the RUNNING state to the
(A) BLOCKED state
(B) READY state
(C) SUSPENDED state
(D) TERMINATED state

Ans
In a time-sharing operating system, when the time slot given to a process is completed, the
process typically goes from the RUNNING state to the (B) READY state.

In a time-sharing system, multiple processes are scheduled to share the CPU time. Each
process is allocated a certain time slot, often referred to as a time quantum or time slice, during
which it can execute. When the time slot for a process is finished, the process is typically moved
back to the READY state.

The READY state indicates that the process is prepared to run and is waiting for its turn to be
scheduled again by the operating system. Once the process is in the READY state, it will wait
for its next turn to be allocated CPU time and execute.

The BLOCKED state (option A) typically represents a situation where a process is waiting for a
certain event or resource to become available before it can continue execution. The
SUSPENDED state (option C) usually indicates that a process has been temporarily halted or
put on hold, often due to some administrative or system-related reasons. The TERMINATED
state (option D) indicates that a process has completed its execution and has been terminated.

Q23
Which of the following is a service not supported by the operating system?
(A) Protection
(B) Accounting
(C) Compilation
(D) I/O operation
Ans
The service not supported by the operating system is (C) Compilation.

Compilation is the process of translating source code written in a high-level programming

language into machine code or an executable form that can be directly executed by the
computer's hardware. Compilation is typically performed by a compiler, which is a separate
program and not a service provided by the operating system itself.

On the other hand, the operating system does provide services such as protection (option A),
accounting (option B), and I/O operation (option D):

- Protection: The operating system ensures the protection and security of system resources by
enforcing access control, managing user permissions, and implementing mechanisms to
prevent unauthorized access or interference.

- Accounting: The operating system may provide accounting services to track resource usage,
monitor system performance, and gather statistics on various aspects of system operation, such
as CPU utilization, memory usage, and disk I/O.

- I/O operation: The operating system manages and controls input and output operations,
including interactions with devices such as disks, keyboards, printers, network interfaces, and
other peripherals. It provides services and abstractions to facilitate communication and data
transfer between the computer system and these devices.

Q24.
Bounded minimization is a technique for

(A) Proving whether a primitive recursive function is Turning computable or not

(B) Proving whether a primitive recursive function is total function or not
(C) Generating primitive recursive functions
(D) Generating partial recursive functions

Ans
Bounded minimization is a technique for (B) proving whether a primitive recursive function is a
total function or not.

In computability theory, bounded minimization is a method used to determine if a primitive

recursive function is total, meaning it halts and produces a result for every valid input, or if it is
partial, meaning it may not terminate for some inputs.

Bounded minimization involves finding the minimum value within a specified range that satisfies
a given condition. If a minimum value is found, it indicates that the function is partial because it
fails to produce a result within the specified range. If no minimum value is found, it implies that
the function is total, as it always halts and produces a result for all inputs within the range.
Therefore, bounded minimization is a technique specifically used to establish the totality or
partiality of a primitive recursive function. It does not involve generating primitive recursive
functions (option C) or partial recursive functions (option D) themselves. And while it is related to
computability, it does not determine whether a primitive recursive function is Turing computable
or not (option A).

Q25.

Bipolar devices are desirable in the fabrication of which of the following components?

A) Main memory
(B) Cache memory
(C) Micro program memory
(D) All of these

Ans
Bipolar devices are desirable in the fabrication of (D) All of these components: main memory,
cache memory, and micro program memory.

Bipolar devices, specifically bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), are electronic components that
can amplify and switch electrical signals. They are known for their high-speed operation and
good performance in both analog and digital circuits. Bipolar devices are widely used in various
components of a computer system, including main memory, cache memory, and microprogram
memory.

Main memory: Bipolar devices can be utilized in the design and fabrication of main memory
modules, which are responsible for storing and retrieving data in a computer system.

Cache memory: Bipolar devices are also suitable for cache memory, which is a fast and
temporary storage component that stores frequently accessed data to reduce access latency
and improve overall system performance.

Microprogram memory: Bipolar devices can be employed in microprogram memory, which

stores microinstructions used in microprogramming. Microprogramming is a technique used in
the control unit of a processor to implement complex instructions by executing a sequence of
simpler microinstructions.

Therefore, due to their high-speed operation and versatility, bipolar devices are desirable in the
fabrication of main memory, cache memory, and microprogram memory components.

Q26

Any given Boolean expression can be implemented by using

(A) only NAND gates
(B) only XOR gates
(C) only OR gates
(D) only AND gates

Ans
Any given Boolean expression can be implemented by using (A) only NAND gates.

NAND gates are universal gates, meaning that any logical function or Boolean expression can
be implemented using only NAND gates. This property is known as functional completeness. By
combining multiple NAND gates, it is possible to construct circuits that can perform all basic
logical operations such as NOT, AND, OR, and XOR.

Using De Morgan's theorem, which states that any logical operation can be expressed in terms
of NAND gates, it is possible to build complex circuits that can implement any Boolean
expression solely using NAND gates. Therefore, NAND gates are sufficient to implement any
given Boolean expression.

On the other hand, XOR gates (option B), OR gates (option C), and AND gates (option D) are
not functionally complete by themselves. While they are essential components in digital circuit
design, they cannot independently implement all possible logical functions without the aid of
additional gates or combinations of gates.

Q27

Choose the correct statement

(A) A file having two dimensional layout of data elements is called as a flat file
(B) The index table where files are stored in reverse order is called as the inverted list
(C) Uniquely defined primary key always consist of a single field
(D) All of these

Ans

The correct statement is (A) A file having a two-dimensional layout of data elements is called a
flat file.

(A) A file having a two-dimensional layout of data elements is called a flat file. In a flat file, data
is organized in a simple tabular structure, similar to a spreadsheet, where rows represent
records and columns represent fields or attributes.

(B) The index table where files are stored in reverse order is called an inverted list. This
statement is incorrect. An inverted list is a data structure used in information retrieval systems to
map terms or keywords to the documents or records that contain them. It is not specifically
related to file storage in reverse order.

(C) Uniquely defined primary key always consists of a single field. This statement is incorrect. A
primary key is a field or combination of fields that uniquely identifies each record in a database
table. It can consist of a single field or multiple fields, depending on the structure and
requirements of the database.

Therefore, the correct statement is (A) A file having a two-dimensional layout of data elements is
called a flat file.

Q28.

The method of communication in which transmission takes place in the both directions, but only
in one direction at a time, is called
(A) Simplex
(B) Four wire circuit
(C) Full duplex
(D) Half duplex

Ans

The method of communication in which transmission takes place in both directions, but only in
one direction at a time, is called (D) Half duplex.

In half duplex communication, two devices or systems can transmit and receive data, but not
simultaneously. The communication channel or medium is shared, and the transmission
alternates between the two devices or systems. While one device is transmitting, the other
device is in a receive mode, and vice versa.

For example, walkie-talkies or push-to-talk systems operate in half duplex mode. When one
person is speaking, the other person listens, and then they switch roles. Only one person can
speak at a time, even though both parties can transmit and receive.

In contrast, full duplex communication (option C) allows for simultaneous transmission and
reception in both directions. In full duplex mode, two devices can send and receive data
simultaneously, utilizing separate channels for each direction.

Simplex communication (option A) involves one-way transmission only, where data flows in a
single direction from a transmitter to a receiver. The receiver cannot send any response or data
back to the transmitter.
Four wire circuit (option B) typically refers to a communication channel that uses separate wires
for transmission and reception in both directions simultaneously, enabling full duplex
communication.

Q29

Bit stuffing refers to

(A) Inserting a '0' in user data stream to differentiate it with a flag

(B) inserting a '0' in flag stream to avoid ambiguity
(C) Appending a nibble to the flag sequence
(D) Appending a nibble to the user data stream

Ans
Bit stuffing refers to (A) inserting a '0' in the user data stream to differentiate it with a flag.

Bit stuffing is a technique used in data communication to ensure reliable and synchronized
transmission of data. It involves adding extra bits to the data stream to distinguish data bits from
control bits, such as flags or delimiters.

In the case of bit stuffing, a specific bit pattern (often a '0') is inserted into the user data stream
to avoid confusion or ambiguity with control bits. This extra bit acts as a flag or delimiter,
indicating the start or end of a data frame or packet.

The purpose of bit stuffing is to ensure that the receiver can correctly identify the boundaries of
the data frame and synchronize its data reception. By inserting specific patterns of bits into the
data stream, bit stuffing helps maintain the integrity and correct interpretation of the transmitted
data.

Option (B) is incorrect because bit stuffing involves inserting bits in the user data stream, not the
flag stream. Option (C) and (D) are also incorrect because bit stuffing typically involves adding
individual bits, not appending nibbles (groups of four bits) to either the flag sequence or the user
data stream.

Q30.

The extent to which the software can continue to operate correctly despite the

introduction of invalid input is called as

(A) Reliability
(B) Robustness
(C) Fault-tolerance
(D) Portability
Ans

The extent to which the software can continue to operate correctly despite the introduction of
invalid input is called (B) Robustness.

Robustness refers to the ability of software to handle unexpected or erroneous inputs or

conditions without crashing or producing incorrect results. It is a measure of how well the
software can gracefully handle exceptional situations and recover from errors.

When software is robust, it can detect and handle invalid input or unexpected scenarios in a
controlled manner, such as displaying error messages, taking appropriate actions, or gracefully
degrading performance. It should not crash or cause system failures when faced with invalid or
unexpected inputs.

Reliability (option A) refers to the ability of software to consistently perform its intended functions
without failures or errors. While robustness is related to reliability, it specifically focuses on how
software deals with invalid input.

Fault-tolerance (option C) is the ability of software or a system to continue operating even in the
presence of faults or failures, often achieved through redundancy or error-recovery
mechanisms. While robustness contributes to fault-tolerance, they are not exactly the same.

Portability (option D) refers to the ability of software to be easily moved or adapted to different
environments or platforms without requiring significant modifications.

Therefore, the correct term for the extent to which software can continue to operate correctly
despite the introduction of invalid input is (B) Robustness.

Q31.

What is stack and queue?

(A) Stack and queue are also known as GIGO

(B) Stack is known as LIFO and queue as FIFO
(C) Stack is known as FIFO and queue as LIFO
(D) Stack and queue are also known as LIFO

Ans

The correct statement is (B) Stack is known as LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) and queue is known as
FIFO (First-In, First-Out).

A stack and a queue are both abstract data types commonly used in computer science and
programming to organize and manipulate data.
A stack is a linear data structure that follows the LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) principle. It means that
the last element added to the stack is the first one to be removed. Think of it as a stack of books
where the last book placed on top is the first one to be removed.

The two fundamental operations performed on a stack are:

1. Push: Adds an element to the top of the stack.

2. Pop: Removes and returns the topmost element from the stack.
In contrast, a queue is another linear data structure that follows the FIFO (First-In, First-Out)
principle. It means that the first element added to the queue is the first one to be removed. Think
of it as a queue of people waiting in line, where the person who arrived first is the first one to be
served.

The two fundamental operations performed on a queue are:

1. Enqueue: Adds an element to the end of the queue.

2. Dequeue: Removes and returns the frontmost element from the queue.

Option (A) is incorrect because GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out) refers to the concept that if
invalid or garbage data is inputted into a system, the output will also be invalid or garbage.

Option (C) is incorrect because the descriptions of stack and queue are reversed. A stack
follows LIFO, while a queue follows FIFO.

Option (D) is incorrect because only a stack follows LIFO, not both a stack and a queue.

Therefore, the correct statement is (B) Stack is known as LIFO and queue as FIFO.

Q32

RISC?

(A) Random Instruction Set Computers

(B) Random Instruction Sequence Computers
(C) Reduced Instruction Set Computers
(D) Really Intelligent System Compiler

Ans
RISC stands for (C) Reduced Instruction Set Computers.

RISC is a type of computer architecture that focuses on simplicity and efficiency in instruction
execution. In RISC architecture, the instruction set is designed to have a small number of simple
and highly optimized instructions. The philosophy behind RISC is to streamline the instruction
set to execute instructions quickly, enabling high-performance computing.

Some characteristics of RISC architecture include:

1. Simple Instructions: RISC architectures typically have a reduced and fixed instruction set with
simple and uniform instruction formats. Each instruction performs a limited and well-defined
task.

2. Load/Store Architecture: RISC architectures often separate memory access instructions from
arithmetic and logical instructions. They primarily use a load/store architecture, where data is
loaded from memory into registers for processing and then stored back into memory.

3. Register Usage: RISC architectures heavily rely on registers for intermediate data storage
and processing. They typically have a large number of registers available, allowing for efficient
register-based operations.

4. Pipelining: RISC architectures are well-suited for pipelining, a technique that allows multiple
instructions to be executed concurrently in overlapping stages, thereby maximizing instruction
throughput.

The term "Reduced Instruction Set Computers" reflects the simplified and streamlined nature of
the instruction set in RISC architectures. It contrasts with Complex Instruction Set Computers
(CISC), which have larger and more complex instruction sets that provide more functionality per
instruction but can be more challenging to optimize for high performance.

Therefore, the correct expansion of RISC is (C) Reduced Instruction Set Computers.

Q33

CISC has more instruction than?

(A) RISC
(B) DISC
(C) DVD
(D) LINUX

Ans

CISC has more instructions than (A) RISC.

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) are
two contrasting computer architectures. CISC architecture aims to provide a rich and diverse set
of instructions that can perform complex tasks in a single instruction. In contrast, RISC
architecture emphasizes simplicity and efficiency by having a smaller and more streamlined
instruction set.

CISC processors typically have a larger and more varied instruction set compared to RISC
processors. CISC instructions can encompass multiple operations, such as memory access,
arithmetic operations, and control flow, within a single instruction. This allows CISC processors
to execute complex tasks with fewer instructions.

On the other hand, RISC processors have a reduced and simplified instruction set that focuses
on performing basic operations efficiently. RISC instructions are typically designed to execute in
a single clock cycle, which can lead to improved performance for common operations.

Therefore, in terms of the number of instructions, CISC architecture has more instructions
compared to RISC architecture.

Q34

Windows and Linux are?

(A) Processors
(B) Operating Systems
(C) Computers
(D) Compilers

Ans

Windows and Linux are (B) Operating Systems.

Both Windows and Linux are widely known and used operating systems. An operating system is
a software that manages computer hardware and software resources, provides services to other
software applications, and enables users to interact with the computer.

Windows is a series of operating systems developed by Microsoft Corporation. It is one of the

most popular operating systems for personal computers and is commonly used in various
devices, including desktops, laptops, and tablets.

Linux, on the other hand, is an open-source operating system kernel that serves as the
foundation for various Linux-based operating systems, known as distributions or distros. Linux is
known for its versatility, stability, and customizability. It is widely used in servers, embedded
systems, supercomputers, and a growing number of desktop and mobile devices.

Both Windows and Linux provide an environment for running applications, managing files and
directories, controlling hardware devices, and facilitating user interactions. They offer different
features, software ecosystems, and user experiences, catering to different needs and
preferences.

Therefore, Windows and Linux are categorized as (B) Operating Systems.

Q35

A modem is?

(A) Modulator/ Demodulator

(B) Mode / Demode
(C) Mount /Demount
(D) Move/ Demove

Ans

A modem is (A) Modulator/Demodulator.

A modem is a device or hardware component that enables communication between a computer

or other digital device and a transmission medium, such as a telephone line or cable network.
The term "modem" is derived from the words "modulator" and "demodulator," which describe its
primary functions.

A modem performs modulation and demodulation processes to convert digital signals from a
computer or device into analog signals suitable for transmission over analog communication
channels. It modulates the digital signals into analog signals for transmission and then
demodulates the received analog signals back into digital signals for the receiving device to
interpret.

The modulator component of the modem converts the digital signals into analog signals by
varying the characteristics of a carrier signal, such as amplitude, frequency, or phase. This
modulated signal is then transmitted over the communication channel.

On the receiving end, the demodulator component of the modem extracts the modulated signal
from the communication channel and converts it back into digital signals that can be understood
by the receiving device or computer.

Modems are used for various communication purposes, such as connecting to the internet via
dial-up, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), cable, or other broadband technologies. They enable
data transmission and reception over different types of networks, including telephone lines,
cable systems, and wireless networks.

Therefore, a modem is primarily known as (A) Modulator/Demodulator.

Q36

Which of the following is an encryption algorithm?

(A) OSPF
(B) ISIS
(C) DES
(D) UGP

Ans

The encryption algorithm among the given options is (C) DES (Data Encryption Standard).

DES is a widely used symmetric encryption algorithm that was developed in the 1970s. It was
initially adopted by the U.S. government as a standard for encrypting sensitive data. DES
operates on fixed-size blocks of data and uses a symmetric key for both encryption and
decryption. It employs a complex series of mathematical operations, including substitution and
permutation, to provide confidentiality and security to the data being encrypted.

Options (A) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), (B) ISIS (Intermediate System to Intermediate
System), and (D) UGP (User Datagram Protocol) are not encryption algorithms.

OSPF and ISIS are routing protocols used in computer networks to determine the best path for
data packets to travel from source to destination. They are used for routing and not encryption.

UGP (User Datagram Protocol) is a transport layer protocol that provides a connectionless and
unreliable communication service. It is used for transmitting datagrams over IP networks, but it
is not an encryption algorithm.

Therefore, the correct option for an encryption algorithm is (C) DES.

Q37

The network portion of an address typically represents a:

(A) Router
(B) Ethernet MAC address
(C) Computer
(D) Segment

ChatGPT
The network portion of an address typically represents a segment.
User
Which one of these type of computers are used primarily for advanced scientific computations?

(A) Mainframes
(1) Super Computers
(C) Micro Computers
(D) Personal Computers

ChatGPT
The type of computer primarily used for advanced scientific computations is (B) Super
Computers. Supercomputers are designed to perform highly complex calculations and
simulations at extremely high speeds, making them ideal for scientific research, weather
forecasting, molecular modeling, and other computationally intensive tasks. Mainframes,
microcomputers, and personal computers are typically used for different purposes and are not
specifically designed for advanced scientific computations on the same scale as
supercomputers.

User
In communication satellite, transponders receive and transmit radio signals at a prescribed
frequency range, transponders are known as?
a Multiple repeaters
b multiple modulator
c multiple detector
d multiple station

ChatGPT
In a communication satellite, transponders receive and transmit radio signals at a prescribed
frequency range. Therefore, the correct term for transponders in this context would be (a)
Multiple repeaters. Transponders on a satellite receive signals from the ground, amplify them,
and then retransmit them back to the Earth at a different frequency to avoid interference.

User
Which one executes the code one line a time?
(A) Interpreter
(B) Parser
(C) Compiler
(D) Haskell

ChatGPT
The option that executes the code one line at a time is (A) Interpreter.

An interpreter is a program that reads and executes the code line by line, translating and
executing each instruction one at a time. It interprets the source code directly and immediately
executes the corresponding actions. This allows for a more interactive programming experience
as errors are often caught and reported immediately after the corresponding line is executed.

On the other hand, compilers (option C) translate the entire source code into a lower-level
language or machine code before execution. Compilers perform analysis and optimizations on
the code as a whole and generate an executable file that can be run independently.

User
Which one is not a type of programming language?

(A) Functional
(B) Random
(C) Modular
(D) Object-Oriented

ChatGPT
The option that is not a type of programming language is (B) Random.

Functional programming (option A), modular programming (option C), and object-oriented
programming (option D) are all well-known and widely used programming paradigms or styles.

Functional programming focuses on writing programs by composing pure functions and avoiding
mutable state and side effects. Examples of functional programming languages include Haskell,
Lisp, and Erlang.

Modular programming emphasizes breaking down a program into smaller, self-contained

modules that can be developed and maintained independently. It promotes code reusability and
maintainability. Examples of modular programming languages include Java, C, and Python.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of

objects that contain data and methods. It emphasizes encapsulation, inheritance, and
polymorphism. Languages such as Java, C++, and Python support object-oriented
programming.

On the other hand, "random" is not a recognized type or paradigm in programming languages.

User
If integer needs two bytes of storage, then maximum value of an unsigned integer is
A. 2¹⁶ – 1

B. 2¹⁵ – 1

C. 2¹⁶

D. 2¹⁵

E. None of these

ChatGPT
If an integer needs two bytes of storage, it means it can store a maximum of 2^16 distinct
values.

However, the maximum value of an unsigned integer is determined by subtracting 1 from the
total number of distinct values. This is because unsigned integers start from 0, so one value is
reserved for zero.

Therefore, the correct answer is (A) 2¹⁶ – 1.

User
Choose the best answer Prior to using pointer variable

(A) 11 should be declared

(B) It should be initialized
(C) It should be both declared and initialized
(D) None of these

ChatGPT
The best answer prior to using a pointer variable is (C) It should be both declared and initialized.

Before using a pointer variable, it is essential to declare it by specifying the data type it will point
to. Additionally, it is good practice to initialize the pointer variable with a valid memory address
before attempting to access or manipulate data through the pointer.

Declaring a pointer without initializing it may result in undefined behavior or accessing invalid
memory locations, leading to potential runtime errors or bugs. Therefore, it is recommended to
both declare and initialize the pointer variable before using it.

User
The operation of a staircase switch statement best explains the
(A) OR operation
(8) AND operation
(C) Exclusive AND operation
(D) XOR operation

ChatGPT
The operation of a staircase switch statement does not directly relate to any specific logical
operation such as OR (option A), AND (option B), Exclusive OR (option C), or XOR (option D).

A staircase switch statement, also known as a cascading switch statement or a switch-case

ladder, is a construct used in programming languages to handle multiple possible conditions or
cases. It allows for selecting a particular code block or executing a specific set of instructions
based on the value of a variable or expression.

The switch statement evaluates the provided expression and compares it to the different cases
defined within the statement. Once a matching case is found, the corresponding code block is
executed. If none of the cases match, an optional default case can be specified to handle
situations where no specific match is found.

In summary, the operation of a staircase switch statement is not related to any specific logical
operation but rather serves as a control flow structure for handling different cases or conditions
in a program.

User
In a time-sharing operating system, when the time slot given to a process is completed, the
process goes from the RUNNING state to the
(A) BLOCKED state
(B) READY state
(C) SUSPENDED state
(D) TERMINATED state

ChatGPT
In a time-sharing operating system, when the time slot given to a process is completed, the
process typically goes from the RUNNING state to the (B) READY state.

In a time-sharing system, multiple processes are scheduled to share the CPU time. Each
process is allocated a certain time slot, often referred to as a time quantum or time slice, during
which it can execute. When the time slot for a process is finished, the process is typically moved
back to the READY state.

The READY state indicates that the process is prepared to run and is waiting for its turn to be
scheduled again by the operating system. Once the process is in the READY state, it will wait
for its next turn to be allocated CPU time and execute.

The BLOCKED state (option A) typically represents a situation where a process is waiting for a
certain event or resource to become available before it can continue execution. The
SUSPENDED state (option C) usually indicates that a process has been temporarily halted or
put on hold, often due to some administrative or system-related reasons. The TERMINATED
state (option D) indicates that a process has completed its execution and has been terminated.

User
Which of the following is a service not supported by the operating system?
(A) Protection
(B) Accounting
(C) Compilation
(D) I/O operation

ChatGPT
The service not supported by the operating system is (C) Compilation.

Compilation is the process of translating source code written in a high-level programming

language into machine code or an executable form that can be directly executed by the
computer's hardware. Compilation is typically performed by a compiler, which is a separate
program and not a service provided by the operating system itself.
On the other hand, the operating system does provide services such as protection (option A),
accounting (option B), and I/O operation (option D):

Protection: The operating system ensures the protection and security of system resources by
enforcing access control, managing user permissions, and implementing mechanisms to
prevent unauthorized access or interference.

Accounting: The operating system may provide accounting services to track resource usage,
monitor system performance, and gather statistics on various aspects of system operation, such
as CPU utilization, memory usage, and disk I/O.

I/O operation: The operating system manages and controls input and output operations,
including interactions with devices such as disks, keyboards, printers, network interfaces, and
other peripherals. It provides services and abstractions to facilitate communication and data
transfer between the computer system and these devices.

User
Bounded minimization is a technique for

(A) Proving whether a primitive recursive function is Turning computable or not

(B) Proving whether a primitive recursive function is total function or not
(C) Generating primitive recursive functions
(D) Generating partial recursive functions

ChatGPT
Bounded minimization is a technique for (B) proving whether a primitive recursive function is a
total function or not.

In computability theory, bounded minimization is a method used to determine if a primitive

recursive function is total, meaning it halts and produces a result for every valid input, or if it is
partial, meaning it may not terminate for some inputs.

Bounded minimization involves finding the minimum value within a specified range that satisfies
a given condition. If a minimum value is found, it indicates that the function is partial because it
fails to produce a result within the specified range. If no minimum value is found, it implies that
the function is total, as it always halts and produces a result for all inputs within the range.

Therefore, bounded minimization is a technique specifically used to establish the totality or

partiality of a primitive recursive function. It does not involve generating primitive recursive
functions (option C) or partial recursive functions (option D) themselves. And while it is related to
computability, it does not determine whether a primitive recursive function is Turing computable
or not (option A).

User
Bipolar devices are desirable in the fabrication of which of the following components?

A) Main memory
(B) Cache memory
(C) Micro program memory
(D) All of these

ChatGPT
Bipolar devices are desirable in the fabrication of (D) All of these components: main memory,
cache memory, and micro program memory.

Bipolar devices, specifically bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), are electronic components that
can amplify and switch electrical signals. They are known for their high-speed operation and
good performance in both analog and digital circuits. Bipolar devices are widely used in various
components of a computer system, including main memory, cache memory, and microprogram
memory.

Main memory: Bipolar devices can be utilized in the design and fabrication of main memory
modules, which are responsible for storing and retrieving data in a computer system.

Cache memory: Bipolar devices are also suitable for cache memory, which is a fast and
temporary storage component that stores frequently accessed data to reduce access latency
and improve overall system performance.

Microprogram memory: Bipolar devices can be employed in microprogram memory, which

stores microinstructions used in microprogramming. Microprogramming is a technique used in
the control unit of a processor to implement complex instructions by executing a sequence of
simpler microinstructions.

Therefore, due to their high-speed operation and versatility, bipolar devices are desirable in the
fabrication of main memory, cache memory, and microprogram memory components.
User
Any given Boolean expression can be implemented by using

(A) only NAND gates

(B) only XOR gates
(C) only OR gates
(D) only AND gates

ChatGPT
Any given Boolean expression can be implemented by using (A) only NAND gates.

NAND gates are universal gates, meaning that any logical function or Boolean expression can
be implemented using only NAND gates. This property is known as functional completeness. By
combining multiple NAND gates, it is possible to construct circuits that can perform all basic
logical operations such as NOT, AND, OR, and XOR.

Using De Morgan's theorem, which states that any logical operation can be expressed in terms
of NAND gates, it is possible to build complex circuits that can implement any Boolean
expression solely using NAND gates. Therefore, NAND gates are sufficient to implement any
given Boolean expression.

On the other hand, XOR gates (option B), OR gates (option C), and AND gates (option D) are
not functionally complete by themselves. While they are essential components in digital circuit
design, they cannot independently implement all possible logical functions without the aid of
additional gates or combinations of gates.

User
Choose the correct statement

(A) A file having two dimensional layout of data elements is called as a flat file
(B) The index table where files are stored in reverse order is called as the inverted list
(C) Uniquely defined primary key always consist of a single field
(D) All of these

ChatGPT
The correct statement is (A) A file having a two-dimensional layout of data elements is called a
flat file.
(A) A file having a two-dimensional layout of data elements is called a flat file. In a flat file, data
is organized in a simple tabular structure, similar to a spreadsheet, where rows represent
records and columns represent fields or attributes.

(B) The index table where files are stored in reverse order is called an inverted list. This
statement is incorrect. An inverted list is a data structure used in information retrieval systems to
map terms or keywords to the documents or records that contain them. It is not specifically
related to file storage in reverse order.

(C) Uniquely defined primary key always consists of a single field. This statement is incorrect. A
primary key is a field or combination of fields that uniquely identifies each record in a database
table. It can consist of a single field or multiple fields, depending on the structure and
requirements of the database.

Therefore, the correct statement is (A) A file having a two-dimensional layout of data elements is
called a flat file.

User

The method of communication in which transmission takes place in the both directions, but only
in one direction at a time, is called
(A) Simplex
(B) Four wire circuit
(C) Full duplex
(D) Half duplex

ChatGPT
The method of communication in which transmission takes place in both directions, but only in
one direction at a time, is called (D) Half duplex.

In half duplex communication, two devices or systems can transmit and receive data, but not
simultaneously. The communication channel or medium is shared, and the transmission
alternates between the two devices or systems. While one device is transmitting, the other
device is in a receive mode, and vice versa.

For example, walkie-talkies or push-to-talk systems operate in half duplex mode. When one
person is speaking, the other person listens, and then they switch roles. Only one person can
speak at a time, even though both parties can transmit and receive.
In contrast, full duplex communication (option C) allows for simultaneous transmission and
reception in both directions. In full duplex mode, two devices can send and receive data
simultaneously, utilizing separate channels for each direction.

Simplex communication (option A) involves one-way transmission only, where data flows in a
single direction from a transmitter to a receiver. The receiver cannot send any response or data
back to the transmitter.

Four wire circuit (option B) typically refers to a communication channel that uses separate wires
for transmission and reception in both directions simultaneously, enabling full duplex
communication.

User
Bit stuffing refers to

(A) Inserting a '0' in user data stream to differentiate it with a flag

(B) inserting a '0' in flag stream to avoid ambiguity
(C) Appending a nibble to the flag sequence
(D) Appending a nibble to the user data stream

ChatGPT
Bit stuffing refers to (A) inserting a '0' in the user data stream to differentiate it with a flag.

Bit stuffing is a technique used in data communication to ensure reliable and synchronized
transmission of data. It involves adding extra bits to the data stream to distinguish data bits from
control bits, such as flags or delimiters.

In the case of bit stuffing, a specific bit pattern (often a '0') is inserted into the user data stream
to avoid confusion or ambiguity with control bits. This extra bit acts as a flag or delimiter,
indicating the start or end of a data frame or packet.

The purpose of bit stuffing is to ensure that the receiver can correctly identify the boundaries of
the data frame and synchronize its data reception. By inserting specific patterns of bits into the
data stream, bit stuffing helps maintain the integrity and correct interpretation of the transmitted
data.

Option (B) is incorrect because bit stuffing involves inserting bits in the user data stream, not the
flag stream. Option (C) and (D) are also incorrect because bit stuffing typically involves adding
individual bits, not appending nibbles (groups of four bits) to either the flag sequence or the user
data stream.
User
The extent to which the software can continue to operate correctly despite the

introduction of invalid input is called as

(A) Reliability
(B) Robustness
(C) Fault-tolerance
(D) Portability

ChatGPT
The extent to which the software can continue to operate correctly despite the introduction of
invalid input is called (B) Robustness.

Robustness refers to the ability of software to handle unexpected or erroneous inputs or

conditions without crashing or producing incorrect results. It is a measure of how well the
software can gracefully handle exceptional situations and recover from errors.

When software is robust, it can detect and handle invalid input or unexpected scenarios in a
controlled manner, such as displaying error messages, taking appropriate actions, or gracefully
degrading performance. It should not crash or cause system failures when faced with invalid or
unexpected inputs.

Reliability (option A) refers to the ability of software to consistently perform its intended functions
without failures or errors. While robustness is related to reliability, it specifically focuses on how
software deals with invalid input.

Fault-tolerance (option C) is the ability of software or a system to continue operating even in the
presence of faults or failures, often achieved through redundancy or error-recovery
mechanisms. While robustness contributes to fault-tolerance, they are not exactly the same.

Portability (option D) refers to the ability of software to be easily moved or adapted to different
environments or platforms without requiring significant modifications.

Therefore, the correct term for the extent to which software can continue to operate correctly
despite the introduction of invalid input is (B) Robustness.
User
What is stack and queue?

(A) Stack and queue are also known as GIGO

(B) Stack is known as LIFO and queue as FIFO
(C) Stack is known as FIFO and queue as LIFO
(D) Stack and queue are also known as LIFO

ChatGPT
The correct statement is (B) Stack is known as LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) and queue is known as
FIFO (First-In, First-Out).

A stack and a queue are both abstract data types commonly used in computer science and
programming to organize and manipulate data.

A stack is a linear data structure that follows the LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) principle. It means that
the last element added to the stack is the first one to be removed. Think of it as a stack of books
where the last book placed on top is the first one to be removed.

The two fundamental operations performed on a stack are:

Push: Adds an element to the top of the stack.

Pop: Removes and returns the topmost element from the stack.
In contrast, a queue is another linear data structure that follows the FIFO (First-In, First-Out)
principle. It means that the first element added to the queue is the first one to be removed. Think
of it as a queue of people waiting in line, where the person who arrived first is the first one to be
served.

The two fundamental operations performed on a queue are:

Enqueue: Adds an element to the end of the queue.

Dequeue: Removes and returns the frontmost element from the queue.
Option (A) is incorrect because GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out) refers to the concept that if
invalid or garbage data is inputted into a system, the output will also be invalid or garbage.

Option (C) is incorrect because the descriptions of stack and queue are reversed. A stack
follows LIFO, while a queue follows FIFO.

Option (D) is incorrect because only a stack follows LIFO, not both a stack and a queue.

Therefore, the correct statement is (B) Stack is known as LIFO and queue as FIFO.
User
RISC?

(A) Random Instruction Set Computers

(B) Random Instruction Sequence Computers
(C) Reduced Instruction Set Computers
(D) Really Intelligent System Compiler

ChatGPT
RISC stands for (C) Reduced Instruction Set Computers.

RISC is a type of computer architecture that focuses on simplicity and efficiency in instruction
execution. In RISC architecture, the instruction set is designed to have a small number of simple
and highly optimized instructions. The philosophy behind RISC is to streamline the instruction
set to execute instructions quickly, enabling high-performance computing.

Some characteristics of RISC architecture include:

Simple Instructions: RISC architectures typically have a reduced and fixed instruction set with
simple and uniform instruction formats. Each instruction performs a limited and well-defined
task.

Load/Store Architecture: RISC architectures often separate memory access instructions from
arithmetic and logical instructions. They primarily use a load/store architecture, where data is
loaded from memory into registers for processing and then stored back into memory.

Register Usage: RISC architectures heavily rely on registers for intermediate data storage and
processing. They typically have a large number of registers available, allowing for efficient
register-based operations.

Pipelining: RISC architectures are well-suited for pipelining, a technique that allows multiple
instructions to be executed concurrently in overlapping stages, thereby maximizing instruction
throughput.

The term "Reduced Instruction Set Computers" reflects the simplified and streamlined nature of
the instruction set in RISC architectures. It contrasts with Complex Instruction Set Computers
(CISC), which have larger and more complex instruction sets that provide more functionality per
instruction but can be more challenging to optimize for high performance.

Therefore, the correct expansion of RISC is (C) Reduced Instruction Set Computers.
User
CISC has more instruction than?

(A) RISC
(B) DISC
(C) DVD
(D) LINUX

ChatGPT
CISC has more instructions than (A) RISC.

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) are
two contrasting computer architectures. CISC architecture aims to provide a rich and diverse set
of instructions that can perform complex tasks in a single instruction. In contrast, RISC
architecture emphasizes simplicity and efficiency by having a smaller and more streamlined
instruction set.

CISC processors typically have a larger and more varied instruction set compared to RISC
processors. CISC instructions can encompass multiple operations, such as memory access,
arithmetic operations, and control flow, within a single instruction. This allows CISC processors
to execute complex tasks with fewer instructions.

On the other hand, RISC processors have a reduced and simplified instruction set that focuses
on performing basic operations efficiently. RISC instructions are typically designed to execute in
a single clock cycle, which can lead to improved performance for common operations.

Therefore, in terms of the number of instructions, CISC architecture has more instructions
compared to RISC architecture.

User
Windows and Linux are?

(A) Processors
(B) Operating Systems
(C) Computers
(D) Compilers
ChatGPT
Windows and Linux are (B) Operating Systems.

Both Windows and Linux are widely known and used operating systems. An operating system is
a software that manages computer hardware and software resources, provides services to other
software applications, and enables users to interact with the computer.

Windows is a series of operating systems developed by Microsoft Corporation. It is one of the

most popular operating systems for personal computers and is commonly used in various
devices, including desktops, laptops, and tablets.

Linux, on the other hand, is an open-source operating system kernel that serves as the
foundation for various Linux-based operating systems, known as distributions or distros. Linux is
known for its versatility, stability, and customizability. It is widely used in servers, embedded
systems, supercomputers, and a growing number of desktop and mobile devices.

Both Windows and Linux provide an environment for running applications, managing files and
directories, controlling hardware devices, and facilitating user interactions. They offer different
features, software ecosystems, and user experiences, catering to different needs and
preferences.

Therefore, Windows and Linux are categorized as (B) Operating Systems.

User
A modem is?

(A) Modulator/ Demodulator

(B) Mode / Demode
(C) Mount /Demount
(D) Move/ Demove

ChatGPT
A modem is (A) Modulator/Demodulator.

A modem is a device or hardware component that enables communication between a computer

or other digital device and a transmission medium, such as a telephone line or cable network.
The term "modem" is derived from the words "modulator" and "demodulator," which describe its
primary functions.
A modem performs modulation and demodulation processes to convert digital signals from a
computer or device into analog signals suitable for transmission over analog communication
channels. It modulates the digital signals into analog signals for transmission and then
demodulates the received analog signals back into digital signals for the receiving device to
interpret.

The modulator component of the modem converts the digital signals into analog signals by
varying the characteristics of a carrier signal, such as amplitude, frequency, or phase. This
modulated signal is then transmitted over the communication channel.

On the receiving end, the demodulator component of the modem extracts the modulated signal
from the communication channel and converts it back into digital signals that can be understood
by the receiving device or computer.

Modems are used for various communication purposes, such as connecting to the internet via
dial-up, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), cable, or other broadband technologies. They enable
data transmission and reception over different types of networks, including telephone lines,
cable systems, and wireless networks.

Therefore, a modem is primarily known as (A) Modulator/Demodulator.

User
Which of the following is an encryption algorithm?
(A) OSPF
(B) ISIS
(C) DES
(D) UGP

ChatGPT
The encryption algorithm among the given options is (C) DES (Data Encryption Standard).

DES is a widely used symmetric encryption algorithm that was developed in the 1970s. It was
initially adopted by the U.S. government as a standard for encrypting sensitive data. DES
operates on fixed-size blocks of data and uses a symmetric key for both encryption and
decryption. It employs a complex series of mathematical operations, including substitution and
permutation, to provide confidentiality and security to the data being encrypted.

Options (A) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), (B) ISIS (Intermediate System to Intermediate
System), and (D) UGP (User Datagram Protocol) are not encryption algorithms.
OSPF and ISIS are routing protocols used in computer networks to determine the best path for
data packets to travel from source to destination. They are used for routing and not encryption.

UGP (User Datagram Protocol) is a transport layer protocol that provides a connectionless and
unreliable communication service. It is used for transmitting datagrams over IP networks, but it
is not an encryption algorithm.

Therefore, the correct option for an encryption algorithm is (C) DES.

Q37

Choose the incorrect statement about microcomputer, minicomputers

(A) A microcomputer can be placed on a single silicon chip
(B) A minicomputer can have more processing capability than a mainframe model
(C) A microcomputer chip performs the arithmetic logic and control functions of a microcomputer
(D) ROM chips may be used in microsto permanently store program instructions (E) Most micro
use rigid disk storage device rather than floppy disk drives

Ans

The incorrect statement about microcomputers and minicomputers is (B) A minicomputer can
have more processing capability than a mainframe model.

The correct statement is that minicomputers typically have less processing capability than
mainframe models. Minicomputers are smaller and less powerful than mainframe computers,
designed to serve the computing needs of small to medium-sized organizations. They offer
moderate processing power, memory capacity, and storage compared to mainframes.

Here are the correct interpretations of the other options:

(A) A microcomputer can be placed on a single silicon chip: This is a correct statement.
Microcomputers, also known as personal computers, can be built on a single silicon chip, which
includes the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and other essential components.

(C) A microcomputer chip performs the arithmetic logic and control functions of a
microcomputer: This is a correct statement. The microcomputer chip, which includes the CPU,
performs the arithmetic logic and control functions necessary for the operation of a
microcomputer.

(D) ROM chips may be used in microcomputers to permanently store program instructions: This
is a correct statement. Read-Only Memory (ROM) chips are commonly used in microcomputers
to store program instructions that are permanently written during manufacturing and cannot be
modified by the user.

(E) Most microcomputers use rigid disk storage devices rather than floppy disk drives: This is a
correct statement. Microcomputers commonly use rigid disk storage devices such as hard disk
drives (HDD) or solid-state drives (SSD) for storage, which offer larger capacities and faster
performance compared to floppy disk drives.

In summary, the incorrect statement is (B) A minicomputer can have more processing capability
than a mainframe model.

Q38

The branch of biology that deals with cell structure is called:

(A) histology
(B) cytology
(C) embryology
(D) paleontology

Ans

The branch of biology that deals with cell structure is called (B) cytology.

Cytology is the scientific study of cells, their structure, function, and interactions. It focuses on
the microscopic examination and analysis of cells, including their organelles, membranes, and
cellular processes. Cytologists study cell biology to understand the organization, functions, and
mechanisms of cells, which are the basic building blocks of all living organisms.

Histology (option A) is the branch of biology that deals with the study of tissues, their
organization, and structure at a microscopic level.

Embryology (option C) is the branch of biology that focuses on the development of embryos and
how organisms develop from a fertilized egg to a fully formed individual.

Paleontology (option D) is the branch of biology that deals with the study of prehistoric life
through the examination of fossils.

Therefore, the correct answer is (B) cytology.

Q39

Ampere hour is a unit of:

(A) quantity of electricity

(B) strength of current
(C) power
(D) energy

Ans

Ampere hour is a unit of (A) quantity of electricity.

Ampere hour (Ah) is a unit used to measure the quantity of electricity. It represents the amount
of electrical charge transferred by a current of one ampere flowing for one hour. The ampere is
the unit of electric current, and the hour is a unit of time.

The product of the current in amperes (A) and the time in hours (h) gives the quantity of
electricity in ampere-hours (Ah). It is commonly used to measure the capacity of batteries,
especially in applications such as electric vehicles and backup power systems.

Option (B) strength of current refers to the ampere (A) itself, which measures the rate of flow of
electric current.

Option (C) power is measured in watts (W) and represents the rate at which energy is
transferred or used.

Option (D) energy is measured in joules (J) or watt-hours (Wh) and represents the ability to do
work or the total amount of work done.

Therefore, the correct unit for ampere hour (Ah) is (A) quantity of electricity.

Q40.

Samuel Hahnemann was the father of:

(A) Ancient surgery

(B) Allopathy
(C) Antiseptic surgery
(D) homoeopathy

Ans

Samuel Hahnemann was the father of (D) homeopathy.

Samuel Hahnemann was a German physician and the founder of homeopathy, a system of
alternative medicine. He developed the principles and practices of homeopathy in the late 18th
century. Homeopathy is based on the concept of "like cures like," where a substance that
causes symptoms in a healthy person is used in a highly diluted form to treat similar symptoms
in a sick person.

Option (A) Ancient surgery refers to the practice of surgery in ancient times, which predates the
time of Samuel Hahnemann.

Option (B) Allopathy is a term used to describe conventional or mainstream medicine, which
focuses on treating diseases with substances that produce effects different from the symptoms
being experienced.

Option (C) Antiseptic surgery refers to the practice of using antiseptic techniques and agents to
prevent infection during surgical procedures. This concept was developed by Joseph Lister in
the 19th century, after the time of Samuel Hahnemann.

Therefore, the correct answer is (D) homeopathy.

Q41.

World's first motor-driven motor car was built by a German in 1887. What was his name?

A Gutenberg
B Allopathy
C F.W lanchester
D gottlieb diamler

Ans

The correct answer is D) Gottlieb Daimler. Gottlieb Daimler, a German engineer and inventor, is
credited with building the world's first motor-driven motor car in 1887. He played a significant
role in the development of early internal combustion engines and automobile technology.

42

Acoustics is the science that has everything to do with:

(A) sound
(B) air navigation
(C) statical electricity
(D) gases in motion

Ans

The correct answer is A) sound. Acoustics is the branch of science that deals with the study of
sound, including its production, transmission, and effects. It encompasses various aspects of
sound, such as its generation, propagation, reflection, absorption, and perception. Acoustics
also explores the properties and behavior of sound waves in different mediums, including gases,
liquids, and solids.

43.

Battle of Badr was the first major encounter between the Muslims and the
Mushriqeen-e-Makkah. Hazrat Usman (RA) could not take part in this battle because

(A) He was very old and could not fight.

(B) He was very sick.
(C) His wife Hazrat Ruqayyah was sick
(D) He was not present in Madinah

Ans

The correct answer is (D) He was not present in Madinah. Hazrat Usman (RA), one of the
companions of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), did not participate in the Battle of
Badr because he was not present in Madinah at that time. The Battle of Badr took place in 624
CE between the Muslims of Madinah and the Quraysh of Makkah. Hazrat Usman (RA) later
participated in other battles during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and
played significant roles in the development of the Islamic community.

44.

Which governor of Basra was deposed by Hazrat Usman (RA) due to public demand?

(A) Abdullah Bin Saad

(B) Abu Musa Ashari
(C) Yazid Bin Muawiyah
(D) None of these

Ans

The correct answer is (B) Abu Musa Ashari. Hazrat Usman (RA) deposed Abu Musa Ashari as
the governor of Basra due to public demand. This occurred during the caliphate of Hazrat
Usman (RA). It is important to note that this event is part of historical records and religious
traditions, and its accuracy may vary depending on different historical accounts.

Q45.

Which is the second most reliable source of Islamic Jurisprudence?

(A) Holy Quran

(B) Hadith
(C) IJma
(D) Ijtehad

Ans

The correct answer is (B) Hadith. The Hadith, which refers to the recorded sayings, actions, and
approvals of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), is considered the second most reliable
source of Islamic Jurisprudence after the Holy Quran. The Hadith provides additional guidance
and clarification on various aspects of religious practices, beliefs, and legal matters. Scholars of
Islamic Jurisprudence rely on authentic Hadith collections to derive rulings and understanding in
matters not explicitly mentioned in the Quran. It is important to note that different schools of
thought within Islam may vary in their interpretations and emphasis on the sources of Islamic
Jurisprudence.

Q46

Which is the third source of Islamic Jurisprudence?

(A) Ijtehad
(B) Jjma
(C) Qias
(D) Hadith

Ans

The correct answer is (C) Qias. Qias, also known as analogical reasoning, is considered the
third source of Islamic Jurisprudence. It involves applying existing legal principles derived from
the Quran and Hadith to new situations or issues that are not explicitly addressed in the primary
sources. Scholars use Qias to draw legal conclusions by making comparisons between similar
situations and applying the underlying principles to the new case. This process helps in the
formulation of new rulings and guidance in areas where direct textual guidance is not available.

Q47

Who is the author of "Pakistan's Foreign Policy -An Historical Analysis

(A) Lawrence Ziring

(B) C.H. Phillips
(C) Yahya Amjad
(D) Safdar Mahmood

Ans
The correct answer is (A) Lawrence Ziring. Lawrence Ziring is the author of "Pakistan's Foreign
Policy - An Historical Analysis." This book provides an in-depth analysis of Pakistan's foreign
policy and its historical development. Lawrence Ziring was an American political scientist and
academic who specialized in South Asian politics and international relations. He made
significant contributions to the study of Pakistan and its foreign policy.

Q48

Chashma is situated in:

(A) Kundian
(B) Kallarkot
(C) Daud Khel
(D) Bhakkar

Ans

The correct answer is (A) Kundian. Chashma is situated in Kundian, which is a town located in
the Mianwali District of Punjab, Pakistan. Chashma is well-known for its Chashma Nuclear
Power Plant, which is one of Pakistan's major nuclear power facilities.

49

The largest consumer of petroleum products in the country is:

(A) Agriculture sector

(B) Industrial sector
(C) Power sector
(D) Transport sector

Ans

The largest consumer of petroleum products in the country is (D) the transport sector. The
transport sector, including road, air, rail, and maritime transportation, is known for its significant
consumption of petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel. This is due to the
heavy reliance on fossil fuel-based vehicles for transportation purposes.

Q50

Lowari road tunnel is the longest in Pakistan which has a length of:

(A) 5 miles
(B) 6 miles
(C) 7 miles
(D) 8 miles

Ans

The correct answer is (C) 7 miles. The Lowari Tunnel, also known as Lowari Top Tunnel, is the
longest road tunnel in Pakistan. It has a length of approximately 7 miles (11.5 kilometers). The
tunnel is located in the Lowari Pass, which connects Chitral district in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
province with Dir district in the same province. The tunnel provides an important transportation
link between these regions, especially during the winter season when the Lowari Pass is often
closed due to heavy snowfall.