THE ROLE OF BIG DATA IN SMART ground stations, satellite sensors) goes unused until

an anomaly is identified and the person responsible

AVIATION INFORMATION is alerted.
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
This data can be put to good use in the presence of
a powerful computer machine. However, the
volume of data created is just too vast for ordinary
ABSTRACT computer systems and databases to handle. On
average, a trans-Atlantic trip produces roughly
The business sector is in the middle of the next 1000 gigabytes of data. Even with the current
revolution, the Big Data revolution, which follows increased traffic, collecting useful information
the IT revolution. One of the key drivers of the big from this 'big data' is a cost-effective solution to
data revolution is the sheer volume of data created. improve management, ensure safety, and boost
Aviation and aerospace are typical areas where big income while keeping costs down.
data technology may be applied because of the
amount of data generated, not only by aircraft Information has been created throughout history.
sensors and passengers, but also by prospective The information revolution, on the other hand, has
passengers. enabled huge amounts of data to be collected,
Data from aircraft sensors, passengers, weather, stored, and analysed. As a consequence of a variety
aircraft maintenance, and air traffic control are all of systems for creating data, such as sensor
crucial to investigate. The purpose of this article is networks, datasets develop at an exponential pace,
to highlight areas in aviation where big data and standard techniques for storing and evaluating
technology may be leveraged to enhance data become inefficient and stressful. A high
operational efficiency and customer relations, number of datasets is simply referred to as "big
ultimately leading to increased profitability at data." To put it another way, big data is a massive
reduced costs. amount of data generated at a rapid pace from a
A better management model built on a strong big variety of sources, some of which may or may not
data architecture would significantly reduce be responsible. The analysis of this data reveals
operational expenses, increase safety, save patterns, connections, and insights that would not
maintenance costs and time, and improve customer be feasible with little data. Leading businesses are
relations. In the aviation industry, safety and merging internal and external data to make better,
performance development are two important smarter, real-time decisions, giving them a distinct
problems. In the context of big data, they'd be competitive edge. This advantage rises as more
anticipated to be addressed. The influence of big relevant data is generated.
data on the aviation sector, as well as the creation
of an aviation big data platform and information Big data in aviation
systems, are the subjects of this research. To begin, The aviation industry is rapidly developing,
the paper investigates the relationship between big causing airline operators to look for better solutions
data and the growth of the smart aircraft business. to serve the growing market. Some businesses are
even contemplating changing their fundamental
Keywords: Big data, analytics, aviation business models. The aviation industry generates
information management system, route planning, and handles enormous amounts of data. Many
aviation services management, aviation logistics airlines and airports lack the necessary
management. infrastructure to handle and interpret the enormous
volumes of data they receive.
Such data might be used to impose market control
INTRODUCTION
if the necessary infrastructure is in place. Big data
analytics has gone to the top of the priority list for
In recent years, the aviation industry has risen airline operators, according to a new Accenture
substantially, resulting in increased passenger flow study. The data acquired may be used to develop
and air traffic. This fast development makes it marketable, revenue-generating strategies. Both
increasingly difficult to maintain operational new aeroplanes and new business concepts have a
control and ensure passenger and freight safety. similar feature: data. Data-driven insights have
The bulk of the data gathered (onboard sensors,
become crucial in airline and aircraft manufacturer research on the impact of big data in
choices, with 37.4 commercial take-offs each year aviation information management system.
in 2014. The idea of leveraging data to make better • To gain a deeper grasp on development of
business choices has lately garnered a lot of an aviation big data platform and
attention, particularly considering the vast quantity information systems.
of data created by consumers in recent years. As a • To understand the changing management
consequence, the concept of a service-oriented systems which is data driven rather than
company model has grown in popularity. manual systems.
Predictive maintenance models may utilise data
from every major system onboard (engines, SCOPE OF THE STUDY
avionics, etc.) to predict which parts and skills will
be required and when they will be required. Drivers
Big data analytics is expected to become
may utilise fuel monitoring data to make more
increasingly important in the near future. The
educated and economical fuelling choices. Weather
unprecedented volume, diversity, and abundance of
data may be used to figure out how different flight
aviation data that can be obtained, created, stored,
conditions impact engine performance and to come
and managed provides aviation-related industries
up with the best mission plan.
(airlines, passengers, airports, product and service
Repairs may be prioritised using data from
providers, manufacturers, local governments, and
component monitoring. These insights are crucial
so on) with unique capabilities as well as a wealth
for airline operators to enhance efficiency and
of untapped potential. More study is required to
customer service, resulting in increased revenue.
connect the functions of organisational culture,
Using these insights, a company may increase
organisational learning, and big data analytics.
income while cutting costs without affecting the
More quantitative study on the potential of big data
quality of its goods and services.
for airlines and their influence on performance
These are options for firms to differentiate
improvement, decision making, customer
themselves from the competition. For airline firms,
happiness, and loyalty is also required.
the information has a direct monetary value.
Manufacturers (engineering, supply chain, LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
aftermarket, and programme management) and For both manufacturers and airlines, big data is a
airlines (Flight Operations, Fleet Management, major problem in the aviation industry.
Maintenance, Inventory Management, Pilot and Manufacturers may get an edge in engineering,
Crew Management) both benefit from big data supply chain, aftermarket, and programme
insights [1]. management, among other areas. Airlines, on the
other hand, have reaped advantages in the areas of
flight operations, fleet management, maintenance,
inventory management, pilot and crew
management. The research is confined to the
function of big data in aviation information
management systems and how the most up-to-date
AI-based management systems operate.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The researcher has followed secondary data
collection. Data has been collected from the
websites, journals, books, published articles. This
type of data has been collected and recorded by
another person or organization, sometimes for
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY altogether different purposes.

• To understand the role of big data in REVIEW OF LITERATURE

aviation information management system. The current aviation industry is confronted with
• To investigate and analyse publications on two major challenges: increasing safety and
which researchers have conducted efficiency. One of the key practical difficulties that
the aviation industry has been seeking to solve is insights (Boyd and Crawford, 2012) [6].
how to increase safety. Aviation accidents, unlike Big data refers to information assets with
other modes of transportation, incur in major such a great volume, velocity, and variety
people and property losses. The external that their transformation into value
environment, especially harsh weather necessitates the use of specific technology
circumstances, as well as its own technology and and analytical methodologies (De Mauro
operational capabilities, have an impact on air et al., 2015) [7].
traffic control. According to accident Big data analytics
investigations, weather conditions were shown to Academics and practitioners have placed a great
be responsible for roughly 45 percent of aircraft deal of emphasis on the value that big data
crashes. As a consequence, the factors that impact analytics can provide to businesses in terms of
the aviation industry's safety are very complex attaining organisational goals (Mikalef et al., 2019)
(Oster et al., 2015) [2]. [8]. In terms of innovation, competitiveness, and
Another key challenge confronting the aviation productivity, big data analytics was considered as
industry is how to improve efficiency. To begin the way of the future (Manyika et al., 2011) [9].
with, high prices have always been a major Big data analytics is a collection of data and
impediment to the progress of the aviation technology that accesses, aggregates, and reports
business. All fields, including aircraft service and all accessible data by filtering, correlating, and
management, offer significant development reporting insights (Jifan Ren et al.,2017) [10].
potential at the same time. Second, non-traditional Big data analytics is a new wave of technologies
modes of transportation compete with aircraft. that enable for high-speed data gathering,
High-speed rail, for example, is putting pressure on discovery, and/or analysis in order to extract value
China's civil aviation industry, and that pressure is from extremely large volumes of a variety of data
growing as the speed of high-speed rail increases. (Mikalef et al, 2017) [11]. Big data analytics was
As a consequence, the aviation industry's originally used in the aviation business. Big Data
operational and managerial efficiency must be analytics has the ability to boost a company's
increased in order to boost competitiveness (Cui & productivity (McAfee and Brynjolfsson, 2012)
Li, 2015) [3] [12]. According to Burmester et al. (2018) [13], big
data analytics passes through five stages:
Big data 1. Data generation or integration: Large
Big data, according to Verhoef et al., 2016 [4], is a volumes of data can be collected from a
driving force that may help enhance economic variety of sources, including factual data,
development, wealth, and address social search engine pages, world events, social
challenges. Big data brings with it a plethora of media graphs, natural language content
cutting-edge analytical tools as well as business analysis, BBC online material, and so on, and
potential (Mikalef et al., 2018) [5]. These new then categorised for future analyses .
systems handle a broad variety of data, from sensor 2. Data collection, filtering, and cleaning:
data to Web and social media data, and they boost This is the process of collecting, filtering, and
organisational agility by enabling automated real- cleaning vast amounts of data.
time actions and speedy decision-making (Mikalef 3. Data storage: To store data, the platform
et al., 2018). Furthermore, big data is a cultural and uses a clustered network of servers and
technical phenomena based on the interplay of: community hardware.
(1) Technology: maximising computing 4. Data analytics: Data analytics is the process
power to collect, analyse, connect, and of extracting meaningful information from
compare huge datasets; and large data sets using complex machine
(2) Culture: maximising computational learning and data mining algorithms.
power to gather, analyse, link, and 5. Data visualisation or knowledge
compare large datasets. Pattern presentation: The graphical format depiction
recognition in order to make economic, of data is simple to comprehend and
social, technological, and legal claims. communicate .
(3) Mythology: big datasets bring a higher
level of intelligence and knowledge, Applications of Big data in airline industry
allowing for previously unattainable The contemporary aviation sector may discover
answers for their primary difficulties of safety and
performance improvement by using big data to for some of the most popular flying services
deliver multidimensional, sufficient, and real-time (Chang and Arami, 2019) [22]. Passengers may
information and increase the predictive and monitor their flights and any related changes in
preventative capacities of aviation flight hazards advance, including air traffic control delays, bad
(Dou, 2020) [14]. Big data will aid in improving weather, and other uncontrolled circumstances
aircraft technical performance and operating (Chang and Arami, 2019). Flight delays may
conditions, minimising different unfavourable generate a slew of issues, so an app like this might
external environmental situations, and reducing be really useful. Big data can help airlines and
human mistakes, all of which will contribute to consumers estimate flight delays and communicate
increased aviation safety (Dou, 2020). Big data the advantages. In four areas, Lufthansa has
technology could be used to optimise fuel recognised big data as beneficial (Chen et al.,
consumption, crew deployment, and flight 2017):
operations; maintenance could predict when parts 1. Personalizing the customer experience
need to be replaced; air traffic could be reduced; 2. Dealing with irrational (IRREG) situations
flight routes could be changed well in advance of 3. Being proactive in IRREG recovery by
takeoff to avoid storms; and passengers could be anticipating departure delays.
kept informed about schedules from the moment 4. Predictive and preventive maintenance for
they leave home for the airport (Izzo,2019) [15]. aircraft
Only a few of the important data types utilised by According to Dou, there are several types of big
the airline industry include flight tracking data, data analytics used in airlines (2020). Some of
airport operations data, weather conditions, airline them are as follows:
information, market information, passenger The usage of big data is being utilised to enhance
information, aircraft data, and air safety reports the design and performance of aeroplanes. This
(Sternberg et al., 2018) [16]. Big data analytics includes both big data about the internal health and
may also be used to evaluate transaction activities functioning of the aircraft as well as large data
in real time, identify fraudulent behaviour, and about the external environment and services.
warn customers of any issues as soon as they occur Big data is utilised to track aircraft operating
(Lee, 2017) [17]. conditions, faults, and maintenance. These are data
As a consequence of new data analytics collection and analysis platforms and information
approaches, airlines have been able to engage in systems for aircraft operational conditions, faults,
more accurate real-time consumer information, and maintenance.
which has enhanced targeted marketing and pricing The use of big data in route planning and air traffic
discrimination (Knorr, 2019) [18]. One of the most management include both big data on route
significant big data analytics techniques in airlines availability and big data on route utilisation in real
is predictive maintenance, which seeks to decrease time.
costs and minimise maintenance (Badea et al., Aircraft safety and the environment benefit from
2018) [19]. Using big data to better customer big data. Information such as cabin pressure,
engagement and revenue management is the altitude, and fuel usage are included.
objective (Chen et al., 2017) [20]. Short-term Big data is critical for flight and airport
forecasting and management of unpredictable management. For national and international flight
operations may also be an airline's ultimate and airport management, this relates to big data and
objective (Chen et al., 2017). Big data technologies associated information systems.
are being used by airlines for a number of different In the cabin, big data for crew and passenger
purposes (Odarchenko et al.2019) [21]. Ryanair, a service management.
low-cost airline, focuses its advertising on big data. Its purpose is to make crew and cabin passenger
To increase customer service quality, KLM and service management smarter and more automated,
SWISS use "big data." British Airways collects reducing management costs and operational
information on passengers using its own app, mistakes while enhancing management
which is then used to provide customers with performance (Gupta et al., 2018) [23]. According
customised services. An app from Delta, an to Rachman and Arviansysh, big data is also
American airline, enables customers to follow their gathered from several databases of different
bags (Odarchenko et al., 2019). Some companies company applications (2019) [24]:
are using big data to create a real-time application
 • The Schedule Planning System (SPS), a organisations (Raguseo, 2018) [26]. Numerous
programme for flight scheduling and fleet studies have highlighted the lack of essential skills
assignment assistance. (Grover et al., 2018), resistance to technology
• Operation Control System (OCS), the (Günther et al., 2017), and sufficient organisational
principal application for aircraft structures (Günther et al., 2017) [27] as key
maintenance and routing, which includes determinants. Big Data is characterised by a high
determining flight delays, postponements, dimensionality and a huge sample size (Fan et al.,
diverts, reroutes, and even cancellations. 2014) [28]. The following issues arise as a result of
• Crew Management System (CMS), which these two characteristics: (1) high dimensionality
is the primary application for personnel causes noise buildup and unintended homogeneity;
planning, including pairing, crew (2) high dimensionality paired with a large sample
rostering, and scheduling. size causes problems such as high processing costs
• ACARS (Aircraft Communications and algorithmic instability (Fan et al., 2014). The
Addressing and Reporting System): This following challenges in adopting big data were
service assists pilots in receiving critical mentioned by Lee (2017) [29].:
information in real time. It gives aircraft
• The quality of the data: It relates to the
movement, the pilot in command, and fuel
suitability of data for a given use.
information in terms of flight data.
• Data security: Users are reluctant to
• Aircraft Performance System (APS): This
accept big data because of flaws in
application calculates aircraft weight and
security mechanisms. It can also result in
balance by taking into account a variety of
financial loss and harm to a company's
criteria such as payload, fuel load,
reputation.
passenger, cargo, runway length, and
airport contour and limitations. • Privacy: Privacy is crucial to both
businesses and their customers.
• System for Passengers Service and
Departure Control (DCS). This • Justification for investment: Many big
programme is used to manage an aircraft's data projects have vague goals and rely on
load, which includes passengers, cargo, cutting-edge technologies without regard
and fuel. for logic.
• Flight Data Monitoring System (FDM), • Management of data: Few businesses
which receives all flight and aircraft would be able to afford to store all of the
attitude data while in flight. It will be large data they collect from their sources.
utilised to do flight analysis and safety • There is a scarcity of qualified data
assessments. scientists: Data scientists, data architects,
Like many other contemporary technologies, big and data experts will all be in short supply
data has both advantages and disadvantages. The (IDC, 2015) [30].
three forms of hazards are data quality risks,
analytical risks, and management or organisational METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
risks (Grover et al., 2018) [25]. The challenges and
a. Aviation big data and smart aviation
risks of establishing a big data system, according to
industry development
Chen et al. (2017), are greater for the following
With the objective of attaining intelligent
reasons.:
development and operation based on big data,
1. The 4Vs of big data (volume, variety,
Industry 4.0 has emerged as a significant goal for
velocity, and veracity) provide a technical
the manufacturing industries worldwide growth
challenge;
(Costa et al., 2017) [31].
2. Big data technology is rapidly expanding
Big data, in conjunction with the Internet of Things
and evolving.
and artificial intelligence, would naturally unite all
3. The ability to derive value from large data
parts of the aviation industry's activity (front-end,
requires organisational agility.
middle-end, and back-end), as well as the whole
Big data raises a slew of administrative and
aircraft industrial value chain, promoting industry
organisational difficulties, including data privacy
development. Second, it will assist aviation sector
and security, infrastructure and data investment
decision-makers in better recognising issues and
needs, and resistance to big data inside
acquiring further data. A lack of appropriate and
asymmetric information has always impeded the correlation analysis assists in improving the
evolution of the modern aviation sector. Only big aircraft's safety and efficiency. Using adjacent layer
data and its closely related Internet of Things and correlation analysis, the interaction between
artificial intelligence can provide ideal solutions immediate and dynamic data across cross-layer
because modern aviation industrial development nodes at different levels is studied, showing the
has shifted to a global supply chain pattern, and the cooperative activity state of various functional
essence of realising and generating global value is component nodes in context. Vertical correlation
how to realise the organic convergence of analysis and cross correlation analysis of
customer-centered logistics/service flows, value neighbouring layers are two aspects of adjacent
flows, and knowledge flows. layer correlation analysis.
Third, although precise and suitable information is The cross correlation research of adjacent layers
required for good forecasting, accurate prediction is focuses on dislocation vertical correlation, while
the cornerstone of customer-centered planning and the vertical correlation analysis of adjacent layers
decision-making rationalisation. With the Internet focuses on direct vertical correlation.
of Things and artificial intelligence, big data has The link between real-time and dynamic data
the ability to not only supply comprehensive and across nodes that span one or more intermediate
adequate information, but also to intelligently levels is investigated using interlayer correlation
evaluate it and deliver alternative solutions in a analysis. In a dynamic functional chain, it shows
timely way. This is impossible to do with the cooperative activity status of each functional
traditional manual decision-making. component node.
As big data, the Internet of Things, artificial Similar to surrounding layer correlation analysis, it
intelligence, and 3D printing technologies continue comprises a vertical and cross correlation
to develop and merge, the future aviation industrial investigation of interlayers. By creating distinct
development mode is expected to experience major wavelet functions, the direct route, indirect path,
changes. Finally, big data, together with the closely and cross path may be filtered and denoised in the
connected Internet of Things and artificial stated procedure. To reduce the risk of intelligent
intelligence, is beneficial to the general expansion misjudgment, a mix of intelligent automated
of the aviation business. analysis technology and human analysis should be
Any national economic system contains a number used, especially for nonsupervised challenges.
of industrial departments of various levels, sizes,
and structures, but efficient communication and c. Aviation big data platform and
collaboration among these departments is information system design
impossible without comprehensive information Figure 1 depicts the aviation big data platform and
exchange and communication. The challenge will data management system. There are two types of
be addressed when big data and its closely linked big data in the aviation industry: aviation
Internet of Things and artificial intelligence reach technology and aviation management big data. In
their apex. Any section of the aviation industry order to ensure flight safety and enhance aircraft
would enjoy optimum and long-term development performance, aviation technology big data is
at that time. primarily used to record and depict the fundamental
conditions of aircraft design and performance,
b. General method of aviation big data operational states, malfunction diagnosis, and
analysis: multilayer network maintenance. Big data on aircraft design and
correlation analysis performance development, as well as big data on
Same layer correlation analysis, neighbouring layer aircraft operating conditions, malfunction
correlation analysis, and interlayer correlation detection, and repair, are all part of the plan.
analysis are the three main components of the
multilayer network correlation analysis technique.
The same layer correlation analysis assesses the
connection between real-time and dynamic
information between parallel nodes at the same
stage, revealing each functional component node's
cooperative activity level. When applied to
complex system design, such as aircraft, same layer
 more apparent. Aviation business management
includes airline operations and service
management, as well as air logistics management.
With the growth of civil aviation, the aviation
logistics industry is becoming more established. As
a consequence, aviation firms must consider how to
both protect themselves and improve their
operating efficiency.

Aviation operations and service management

combines more basic business issues and has a
direct influence on the profitability of air
transportation enterprises due to the high costs of
air transportation and the complexity of operations
and service processes. Intelligent management and
operations based on big data provide considerable
benefits in this market. As a consequence, the big
data sub-platform for aviation business
management is critical to the entire aviation big
data platform..

d. Interpretation of different functional

modules
Figure 1: The aviation big data platform and
data management system Big data of aviation technology
• Big data for aircraft design and
Big data is used in aviation management to monitor
performance improvement
and show the state of aeronautical operations and
For aircraft design and performance management,
operational efficiency, aiding in the safety of air
data about the aircraft's internal health and
traffic and the optimization of aviation operations
performance, as well as data about the outside
performance.
environment and services, are merged in big data.
Macro and micro aviation management big data are On the one hand, they provide as a basis for
the two components of big data in aviation improving aircraft design and efficiency. Big data,
management. Big data in macro aviation on the other hand, may be used to build models that
management tracks and represents the important enhance the overall design of aeroplanes (Wang et
states of route planning and air traffic management, al., 2018) [32].
as well as the flying environment and safety Big data for aircraft design and performance
management. improvement offers historical, practical, and
possibly projected big data that is used to develop
As the number of aeronautical vehicles grows and and apply digital aircraft. Because big data captures
funding for air routes becomes tight, big data will and reflects the structure and function of aircraft,
become more important in route planning and air an overall analysis and optimization technique may
traffic management. Micro-aviation management be utilised to produce an optimised design model
big data, which includes flight management and that is favourable to continuous aircraft design
aviation business management, is primarily used to optimization and considerable advances in aircraft
monitor and reflect the key conditions of flight and efficiency.
aviation business management. • Big data for aircraft operating
conditions and malfunction and
The regular flying and safety of flights are maintenance
inextricably linked to flight management, which Data collection and analysis were part of big data
includes flight and airport management as well as networks and information systems for aircraft
crew management. The significance of big data is operating conditions, failure, and repair. The
becoming more important as the limits of processing of data is at the very top of the list of
conventional manual management systems become priorities. Highly sensitive and intelligent sensing
technology that collects data from all parts of regional basis. One of the most critical facilities for
aircraft and their synchronised operational status in sustaining air traffic control is this one. (Insua et
real time is extensively used in the gathering of al., 2018) [35].
aircraft operating conditions, failure, and
maintenance data. Data is delivered to the data • Big data for flight environment and
processing department through the transmission safety
system for real-time analysis and execution. Internal and external big data are both used in the
flying environment and defence. Big data in the
An intelligent big data technology analysis system, interior flight environment and safety also refers to
which is an organic synthesis of big data and data directly relevant to the aircraft, such as cabin
computer deep learning, is used to analyse the noise, speed, and fuel use. Others are worried about
enormous data of aircraft operational conditions, the outside environment and how it responds to the
problems, and maintenance. real flying phase, while others are concerned about
aircraft technology big data and its information
On a technological level, a new statistical analysis
system.
theory and technique based on huge data must be
established. Data mining for nonsupervised They are necessary for ensuring the safety of
circumstances, in particular, is still in its infancy. aircraft in flight (Lali et al., 2018) [36]. The
As intelligent big data analysis technology application of big data on the exterior flight
advances, big data of aircraft operational states, environment and safety captures and depicts
problems, and maintenance will play a crucial role awareness and information about numerous
in ensuring flight safety and boosting aircraft external environmental conditions observed during
performance. (Yanto & Liem, 2018) [33]. aircraft flight.

Big data in macro aviation management National and international aviation organisations
• Big data for route planning and air will develop specialised external flight
traffic managemen environment data collection facilities and
Both the big data of available route status and the organisational structures in the era of big data to
big data of real-time route usage are included in the provide complete and adequate data for aviation
big data for route planning and air traffic flight and ground management.
management.
The former maintains historical and real-time route Big data in micro aviation management
data and knowledge, while the latter displays • Big data for flight and airport
current route data and knowledge. Because weather management
and climate change on some routes are Big data for flight and airport management may be
impermanent, and some routes can pose a threat to divided into two categories: national flight and
aircraft safety due to war or other factors, big data airport management and global flight and airport
of available route status, particularly real-time management. The phrase "one-of-a-kind big data
natural and man-made environmental states of on one-of-a-kind flights and airport management"
route, may represent comprehensive and adequate refers to one-of-a-kind big data on one-of-a-kind
available route knowledge and information in the flights and airport administration. Although a data
age of big data. information system has been developed in this area,
The development of big data and its information it is still lacking in size and breadth. The
system, which includes historical and practical implementation of intelligent management and data
pathways as well as changes in their surroundings, interchange, in particular, is still a work in
will provide timely information for aircraft flight, progress. Big data and associated information
assuring aircraft flight safety (Ho-Huu et al., 2018) systems for national and international flight and
[34]. airport management are relevant to national and
Big data on real-time route utilisation status allows international flight and airport management. The
flight and air traffic route management to be done growing number of flights and airports in various
in real time. As the number of flights rises, air countries, as well as the number and diversity of
traffic safety becomes more critical. It is vital to flights accessible worldwide, necessitates the
provide globally aggregated big data on airtraffic interconnection and sharing of flight and airport
states and information systems on a national and management data. It is a need for keeping local and
international flights safe. (Hrastovec & Solina, e. Spectrum and coupling analysis of
2016) [37]. aviation big data information system

• Big data for crew and cabin passenger Frequency spectrum analysis
service management Frequency spectrum analysis is divided into two
Big data for crew and cabin passenger service types: single spectrum analysis and combined
management aims to gather and visualise data on spectrum analysis. The spectrum change situation
flight and crew operations, as well as other between two nearby nodes (components) is
connected issues. Its goal is to make crew and examined in a single spectrum analysis, which
cabin passenger service management more reflects the functional status of front-end nodes
intelligent and automated, lowering management (components). As illustrated in Figure 2, the
costs and operational mistakes while boosting spectrum function sij measures the spectrum
efficiency (Yondo et al., 2018) [38]. fluctuation of the relevant front-end nodes
Big data can automate the processing of flight (components) at different levels. The change in the
information such as aircraft take-off, arrival, delay, spectrum function sij may be used to identify the
termination, return, and reserve in terms of flight running state of each functional component across
status. It can not only give timely information, but time. We may use wavelet transform and Fourier
also make accepting and enquiring through transform to evaluate time domain and frequency
different mobile terminals simpler for relevant domain in the particular research to completely
operations and management professionals, as well know and master the functional status of the
as passengers. relevant front-end nodes (components). The
multistep joint spectrum function of interlayer
Big data in micro aviation management II: Big nodes (components) is examined in joint frequency
data in aviation business management spectrum analysis, which shows the state of
• Big data for aviation logistics dynamic sequential node joint function
management (components).
Big data in air logistics management is primarily For example, the joint spectrum function of
used to monitor and reflect the supply and demand spectrum functions s14, s24, s34, and s42in Figure
status of aviation logistics, which is beneficial to 2measures the joint cooperative function status of
the intelligence and automation of the aviation information path
logistics sector. With the growing scale and SD14→SD24→SD34→SD42→CS. Joint spectrum
complexity of the airline logistics business, big analysis has the characteristics of multilayer
data in aviation logistics management will surely recursive analysis step by step. For example, in the
enhance efficiency and lower costs, significantly information path analysis of
increasing the industry's competitiveness. (Wang & “SD14→SD24→SD34→SD42→CS,” there are
Chen, 2018) [39]. four levels: “SD14→SD24→SD34,”
“SD14→SD24→SD34→SD42,” and
• Big data for aviation operations and “SD14→SD24→SD34→SD42→CS”.
service management
The main goal of big data in aviation operations
and service management is to capture and depict
passenger information, booking information,
customer service information, operational and
financial conditions, and other associated data. To
enable the most intelligent and automated
solutions, a holistic big data business solution
would effectively blend segregated operational and
service information. Integration of big data from
aviation operations and service management, in
particular, with different mobile terminals would
result in a new aviation activity and service
management paradigm. (He et al., 2017) [40].
 layer in the first layer, c22 measures the degree of
coupling between SD23 and SD24 of the same
layer in the second layer, and so on in the third
layer (Figure 2).

The accuracy of the analysis findings is clearly

improved by calculating and analysing the coupling
degree step by step at the same time. Coupling
degree analysis may, of course, be used to
determine the degree of coupling between nearby
nodes (components) on the same information
stream.

It is comparable to spectrum analysis in this case.

Furthermore, cross-layer cross-coupling analysis is
a useful inquiry technique. However, the connected
algorithm's complexity would be substantially
increased. As a consequence, Figure 2 does not
depict this circumstance.

Multilayer network feedback control system

Sensor data and associated guidance and control
systems are employed in both spectrum and
coupling analyses. To boost the system's
dependability, it's necessary to build a multilayer
Figure 2: Spectrum and coupling analysis of network feedback control system for a difficult
aviation big data information system large-scale system like an aeroplane. It includes all
of the required hardware and software. The crux of
For certain functional components, cross spectrum the issue is finding out how to seamlessly connect
analysis is also necessary. Cross spectrum study hardware and software systems. The measuring
examines the spectrum condition between a node component, signal processing component,
(component) in one information direction and a amplifying component, and executing component
node (component) in another. Cross-single make up the flight control system. Taking into
spectrum analysis and cross-joint spectrum analysis consideration the large size, multidimensionality,
are other options. Various flight control and real-time qualities of big data, a multilayer
components need cross spectrum analysis. The network feedback control system based on various
cross-spectrum analysis method is naturally functional units and subsystems may be
complicated and needs additional processing. constructed..

Coupling degree analysis DISCUSSION

The coordinated and integrated activity of separate Because planning and constructing a big data
nodes is the subject of coupling degree analysis platform involves a wide range of issues such as
(components). Same-layer coupling degree analysis regulations, standards, and data exchange, macro
and cross-layer coupling degree analysis are the planning and construction at the national level is
two types of coupling degree analysis. Studying the essential. The first is the growth and extension of
degree of coupling on the same layer, on the other aviation big data, as well as the governing rules and
hand, is critical. The degree of coupling between regulations. Because big data is such a new
neighbouring nodes (components) on the same phenomena, its rules and regulations are still
layer, for example, is measured by Figure 2 cij. The evolving, and laws and regulations in the aviation
degree of coupling between same layer nodes big data and associated sectors are no exception. As
(components) in various information channels is a consequence, it is critical to move quickly with
determined by studying coupling degree on the the regulation of aviation big data and related
same layer. For example, c11 measures the degree businesses. A primary problem is the formulation
of coupling between SD11 and SD12 of the same and implementation of requirements for the
aviation data platform and associated information research and big data in aviation management. Big
systems. Various airlines have established data and data in aviation is primarily used to record and
information systems for aviation services, however reflect the essential circumstances of aircraft design
they are still in their infancy and fragmentation. and performance, as well as operating conditions,
National standards must be harmonised in order to malfunction diagnosis, and maintenance. The
provide the conditions for big data and knowledge primary purpose of big data in aviation
sharing in order to respond to big data and management is to monitor and reflect the state of
intelligent growth demands. However, it does aeronautical operations and operational efficiency.
provide a framework for national aviation They work together to evaluate the aviation
authorities to effectively manage the aviation sector industry's safety performance. As a consequence,
(Insua et al., 2018). particular steps must be made to accelerate the
The aviation sector is one of the most globalised, development of aviation infrastructure and big
with a rising number of international flights. To data-based technical developments.
increase international flight safety, a global shared
aeronautical big data network and its information REFERENCES
system must be built to provide basic information
for country flight control and effective 1. N Sumanthi et.al ,Application of Big data
administration and monitoring of all aircraft inside systems to airline management,
their airspace. International Journal of Latest Technology
One of the most pressing challenges facing the in Engineering, Management & Applied
worldwide aviation business today is the ability to Science (IJLTEMAS) Volume VI, Issue
monitor and regulate the condition of aircraft in XII, December 2017 | ISSN 2278-2540
real time.
2. Oster, C. V., Jr., Strong, J. S., & Zorn, C.
At current moment, black boxes are mostly used to K. (2013). Analyzing aviation safety:
record aircraft operations, however they can only Problems, challenges, opportunities.
provide flight data for post-mortem study. Big data Research in Transportation Economics,
has the potential to revolutionise the way we 43(1), 148–164.
monitor and govern flight status in real time. To https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2012.12.
guarantee fundamental protection for global 001
3. Cui, Q., & Li, Y. (2015). The change trend
aviation safety, all national aviation authorities
and influencing factors of civil aviation
must cooperate to build a global aviation big data safety efficiency: The case of Chinese
cooperation system. airline companies. Safety Science, 75, 56–
63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.01.01
CONCLUSION 5
4. Verhoef, P.C., Kooge, E., and Walk, N.,
The future of the aviation sector will be (2016), Creating value with big data
revolutionised by big data. Affecting aircraft design analytics: Making Smarter Marketing
and performance, aircraft operation and Decisions, London, Routledge
maintenance, route planning and air traffic control, 5. Mikalef, P., Bourab, M. Lekakosb, G, and
flight environment and safety, flight and airport Krogstiea, J, (2019). Big data analytics
management, crew management, air logistics and firm performance: Findings from a
mixed-method approach. Journal of
management, aviation operations, and service
Business Research, 98. pp.261- 276
management. The study of the aviation big data 6. Boyd D, and Crawford K (2012). Critical
system necessitates a multilayer network questions for big data: Provocations for a
correlation analysis technique due to the cultural, technological, and scholarly
complexities of the aviation system and big data. phenomenon. Information
Same layer correlation analysis, neighbouring layer Communication Society, 15 (5), pp.662–
correlation analysis, and interlayer correlation 679.
7. De Mauro, A., Greco, M., and Grimaldi,
analysis are at the core of it. The creation and
M. (2015). What is big data? A consensual
deployment of an aviation big data platform and its definition and a review of key research
information management system are at the core of topics. AIP Conference Proceedings,
aviation big data growth. Two of the most 1644(1), pp. 97-104.
important subjects are big data in aeronautical 8. Mikalef, P., Bourab, M. Lekakosb, G, and
Krogstiea, J, (2019). Big data analytics
 and firm performance: Findings from a 21. Odarchenko, R., Hassan, Z., and Zaman,
mixed-method approach. Journal of A. (2019). Use of big data in aviation:
Business Research, 98. pp.261- 276. New Opportunities, Use Cases, and
9. Manyika, J., Chui, M., Brown, B., Bughin, Solutions. In T. Shmelova, Y. Sikirda, N.
J., Dobbs, R., Roxburgh, C., and Byers, A. Rizun, D. Kucherov, & K. Dergachov
H. (2011). Big data: The next frontier (Eds.), Automated systems in the aviation
for innovation, competition, and and aerospace industries: Advances in
productivity. Mechatronics and Mechanical
10. Jifan Ren, S., Wamba, S.F., Akter, S., Engineering (pp. 336-452). IGI Global,
Dubey, R. and Childe, S.J. (2017). Pennsylvania.
Modelling quality dynamics, business 22. Chang,V., Ji, Z. and Arami, M.(2019).
value and firm performance in a big data Privacy and ethical issues of big data in
analytics environment. International the airline industry. 4th International
Journal of Production Research, 55, pp. Conference on Complexity, Future
5011- 5026. Information Systems and Risk -
11. Mikalef, P., Pappas, I. O., Krogstie, J., and Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Giannakos, M. (2017). Big data analytics 23. Gupta, R., Belkadi, F., Buergy, C., Bitte,
capabilities: A systematic literature review F., Cunha, C., Buergin, J., Lanza, G., and
and research agenda. Information Bernard, A. (2018). Gathering, evaluating
Systems and e-Business Management, and managing customer feedback during
1–32. aircraft production. Computers &
12. McAfee, A., and Brynjolfsson, E. (2012). Industrial Engineering, 115, pp. 559-
Big Data: The management revolution. 572.
Harvard Business Review, pp. 61- 68. 24. Rachman, Z. and Arviansysh (2019). Big
13. Burmester, G., Ma, H., Steinmetz, D. and Data analytics in airlines: Efficiency
Hartmannn, S. (2018). Big Data and data evaluation using DEA. 27th International
analytics in aviation, In U. Durak et al. Conference on Information and
(eds.), Advances in Aeronautical Communication Technology (ICoICT).
Informatics, Springer International 25. Grover, V., Chiang, R. H., Liang, T.-P.,
Publishing, Switzerland, (pp.55-64). and Zhang, D. (2018). Creating strategic
14. Dou, X. (2020) Big data and smart business value from Big Data analytics: A
aviation information management system, research framework. Journal of
Cogent Business & Management. 7 (1), Management Information Systems, 35
pp.1-14 (2), pp. 388– 423.
15. Izzo, F. (2019). Management transition to 26. Raguseo, E. (2018). Big data technologies:
big data analytics: Exploratory study on An empirical investigation on their
airline industry. International Business adoption, benefits and risks for
Research.12 (10), pp.48-56. companies. International Journal of
16. Sternberg, F. Pedersen, K., Ryelund, N. Information Management, 38(1),
Mukkamala, R. and Vatrapu, R. (2018). pp.187–195.
Analyzing customer engagement of 27. Günther, W. A., Rezazade Mehrizi, M. H.,
Turkish Airlines using Big Social Data. Huysman, M., and Feldberg, F. (2017).
Conference Paper Debating big data: A literature review on
17. Lee, I. (2017). Big data: Dimensions, realizing value from big data. The
evolution, impacts, and challenges. Journal of Strategic Information
Business Horizons, 60 (3), pp.293-303. Systems, 26 (3), pp.191- 209
18. Knorr, A. (2019). Big Data, customer 28. Fan, J, Han, F, and Han Liu, H, (2014).
relationship and revenue management in Challenges of big data analysis, National
the airline industry: What future role for Science Review, 1, pp. 293-314.
frequent flyer programs? Review of 29. Lee, I. (2017). Big data: Dimensions,
Integrative Business and Economics evolution, impacts, and challenges.
Research,8 (2), pp.38-53. Business Horizons, 60 (3), pp.293-303.
19. Badea, V.E., Zamfiroiu, A. and Boncea, 30. IDC. (2015). New IDC forecast sees
R. (2018). Big Data in the aerospace worldwide big data technology and
industry. Informatica Economică, 22 (1), services market growing to $48.6 billion
pp.17-23. in 2019, driven by wide adoption across
20. Chen, H., Schütz, R., Kazman, R. and industries [Press Release].
Matthes, F. (2017). How Lufthansa 31. Costa, E., Costa, C., Martinho, B., &
capitalized on big data for business model Galvão, J.(2017). A big data system
renovation.MIS Quarterly Executive. 16 supporting bosch braga industry 4.0
(1), pp.19-34. strategy. International Journal of
 Information Management, 37(6), 750–760. service. Civil Aviation Management, 2,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.0 38–44.
7.012
32. Wang, S. Y., Sun, G., Chen, W. C., &
Zhong, Y. J.(2018). Database self-
expansion based on artificial neural
network: An approach in aircraft design.
Aerospace Science and Technology, 72,
77–83.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2017.10.037
33. Yanto, J., & Liem, R. P.(2018). Aircraft
fuel burn performance study: A data-
enhanced modeling approach.
Transportation Research Part D, 65, 574–
595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.09.
34. Ho-Huu, V., Hartjes, S., Visser, H. G., &
Curran, R. (2018). Integrated design and
allocation of optimal aircraft departure
routes. Transportation Research Part D,
63, 689–705.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.07.006
35. Insua, D. R., Alfaro, C., Gomez, J.,
Hernandez-Coronado, P., & Bernal, F.
(2018). A framework for risk management
decisions in aviation safety at state level.
Reliability Engineering and System Safety,
179, 74–82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2016.12.00
2
36. Lališ, A., Socha, V., Křemen, P., Vittek,
P., Socha, L., & Kraus, J. (2018).
Generating synthetic aviation safety data
to resample or establish new datasets.
Safety Science, 106, 154–161.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.03.01
3
37. Hrastovec, M., & Solina, F. (2016).
Prediction of aircraft performances based
on data collected by air traffic control
centers. Transportation Research Part C,
73, 167–182.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.10.018
38. Yondo, R., Andres, E., & Valero, E.
(2018). A review on design of
experiments and surrogate models in
aircraft real-time and many-query
aerodynamic analyses. Progress in
Aerospace Sciences, 96, 23–61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.1
1.003
39. Wang, S. Y., Sun, G., Chen, W. C., &
Zhong, Y. J. (2018). Database self-
expansion based on artificial neural
network: An approach in aircraft design.
Aerospace Science and Technology, 72,
77–83.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2017.10.037
40. He, Q. Z., Wang, Q., Li, M. J., Deng, B.,
Hua, J. T., & Liu, T. L. (2017). Big data
helps airlines improve operation and