1.

It is an interdisciplinary field concerned with inventing new materials and improving previously
known materials by developing a deeper understanding of the microstructure-composition-
synthesis-processing relationships. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (MSE)

2. It means the chemical make-up of a material. COMPOSITION

3. It means a description of the arrangement of atoms, as seen at different levels of detail.

4. It refers to how materials are made from naturally occurring or man-made chemicals.
SYNTHESIS

5. It refers to how materials are made from naturally occurring or man-made chemicals.
PROCESSING

6. It is the microscopic changes in structure, can be observed with an optical microscope.

7. Electrical conductor wire. Properties include high electrical conductivity and good formability.
COPPER

8. Used in automobile engine blocks. Properties include being castable, machinable, and vibration-
damping. GRAY CAST IRON

9. Used in wrenches and automobile chassis. Properties include being significantly strengthened
by heat treatment. ALLOY STEELS

10. What are the three examples of Metals and Alloys? COPPER, GRAY CAST IRON , ALLOY
STEELS

11. Used in capacitors for microelectronics. Properties include a high ability to store charge.
BARIUM TITANATE

12. Used in optical fibers for information technology. Properties include refractive index and low
optical losses. SILICA

13. Used in food packaging. Properties include being easily formed into thin, flexible, airtight film.
POLYETHYLENE

14. Used in encapsulation of integrated circuits. Properties include being electrically insulating and
moisture-resistant. EPOXY

15. Used in adhesives for joining plies in plywood. Properties include being strong and moisture-
resistant. PHENOLICS

16. Used in transistors and integrated circuits. Properties include unique electrical behavior.
SILICON
17. Used in optoelectronic systems, converting electrical signals to light, lasers, laser diodes, etc.
GAAS

18. Used in aircraft components. Properties include a high strength-to-weight ratio. GRAPHITE
EPOXY

19. They have relatively high strength, high stiffness, ductility or formability, and shock resistance.
They are particularly useful for structural or loadbearing applications. METALS AND ALLOYS

20. It can be defined as inorganic crystalline materials. They are probably the most ‘‘natural’’
materials. The naturally occurring examples of this material are Beach sand and rocks.
CERAMICS

21. They are used in substrates that house computer chips, sensors and actuators, capacitors,
spark plugs, inductors, and electrical insulation. ADVANCED CERAMICS

22. Typically, organic materials produced using a process known as polymerization. POLYMERS

23. A type of polymers is stronger but more brittle because the molecular chains are tightly linked.
THERMOSETTING POLYMERS

24. A type of polymers, in which the long molecular chains are not rigidly connected, have good
ductility and formability. THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS

25. What is the one of the most important functions of materials scientists and engineers needs to
establish? RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE PROPERTIES OF A MATERIAL AND ITS
PERFORMANCE

26. Silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide-based semiconductors are part of a broader class of
materials known as ________. ELECTRONIC MATERIALS

27. The main idea in developing composites is to blend the properties of different materials. These
are formed from two or more materials, producing properties not found in any single material.
Concrete, plywood, and fiberglass are examples of this materials. COMPOSITE MATERIALS

28. It is made by dispersing glass fibers in a polymer matrix. It makes the polymer matrix stiffer,
without significantly increasing its density. FIBERGLASS

29. What are called to those that occupy the outermost shell. These electrons are extremely
important; as will be seen, they participate in the bonding between atoms to form atomic and
molecular aggregates. VALENCE ELECTRONS

30. One of these most valuable qualities is its high strength-to-weight ratio. This means it is both
very strong, but also very light. It is twice as strong as aluminum, but only weighs 60% more. It
is also as strong as steel but weighs much less. TITANIUM
31. It is known as one of the toughest things found in nature. It is super dense and almost impossible
to melt. It has the highest melting point of any metal. It is used in filaments in incandescent light
bulbs, it is also used in electric contacts and arc-welding electrodes. It is used in alloys, such as
steel, to which it imparts great strength. TUNGSTEN

32. It is a silver-white metal and when made into a fine powder can be combustible and can
spontaneously ignite. PURE TUNGSTEN

33. It is used mostly in its metal form. About 60% of the materials produced is used for electrical
wiring and cable. It is an excellent material for wiring because of its electrical conductivity,
ductility, corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, and tensile strength. COPPER

34. It has the highest electrical conductivity of all the elements as well as the highest thermal
conductivity of the metals. SILVER

35. It is the most malleable of the metals meaning that it can be pounded into a very thin sheet. It is
also one of the most ductile metals and can be easily stretched into a long wire. It is more than
just a beautiful metal. It is an excellent conductor of electricity and heat. It is also one of the most
resistant metals to corrosion and rust when exposed to air and water. GOLD

36. It is often used as currency and as an investment. It is also used in coins and to make jewelry
such as rings, earrings, and watches. PLATINUM

37. The primary industrial use of this material is to make ammonia. NITROGEN

38. What is called to the process by which nitrogen is used to make ammonia where nitrogen and
hydrogen are combined to make NH3 (ammonia). Ammonia is then used to create fertilizers,
nitric acid, and explosives. HABER PROCESS

39. Three different types of primary or chemical bond are found in solids. IONIC, COVALENT, AND
METALLIC.

40. A type of bonding that is perhaps the easiest to describe and visualize. It is always found in
compounds composed of both metallic and nonmetallic elements; elements situated at the
horizontal extremities of the periodic table. Atoms of a metallic element easily give up their
valence electrons to the nonmetallic atoms. IONIC BONDING

41. A second bonding type, it is found in materials whose atoms have small differences in
electronegativity—that is, that lie near one another in the periodic table. For these materials,
stable electron configurations are assumed by the sharing of electrons between adjacent atoms.
Two covalently bonded atoms will each contribute at least one electron to the bond, and the
shared electrons may be considered to belong to both atoms. COVALENT BONDING

42. The final primary bonding type is found in metals and their alloys. A relatively simple model has
been proposed that very nearly approximates the bonding scheme. With this model, these
valence electrons are not bound to any particular atom in the solid and are more or less free to
drift throughout the entire metal. They may be thought of as belonging to the metal as a whole
or forming a “sea of electrons” or an “electron cloud.” The remaining nonvalenced electrons and
 atomic nuclei form what are called ion cores, which possess a net positive charge equal in
magnitude to the total valence electron charge per atom. METALLIC BONDING

43. They are weak in comparison to the primary or chemical bonds; bonding energies range between
about 4 and 30 kJ/mol. This bonding exists between virtually all atoms or molecules, but its
presence may be obscured if any of the three primary bonding types is present. SECONDARY
BONDS, OR VAN DER WAALS (PHYSICAL) BONDS

44. Correlations between bonding type and material class were noted:
Polymers—covalent
Metals—metallic
Ceramics—ionic / mixed ionic–covalent
Molecular solids—van der Waals
Semi-metals—mixed covalent–metallic
Intermetallics—mixed metallic–ionic

45. It is one in which the atoms are situated in a repeating or periodic array over large atomic
distances—that is, long-range order exists, such that upon solidification, the atoms will position
themselves in a repetitive three-dimensional pattern, in which each atom is bonded to its nearest
neighbor atoms. CRYSTALLINE MATERIAL

46. These materials lack a crystalline structure and do not exhibit long-range atomic order upon
solidification. NON-CRYSTALLINE/AMORPHOUS MATERIAL

47. This term pertains to the spatial arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules within a material,
influencing its properties. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

48. Upon solidification, exhibit long-range order due to the formation of multiple small crystalline
regions or grains. Each grain possesses its own crystallographic orientation, contributing to the
overall structure's long-range order. POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS

49. This model illustrates atoms as spheres that touch each other at their closest points,
representing nearest-neighbor interactions. ATOMIC HARD-SPHERE MODEL

50. The atomic order in crystalline solids indicates that small groups of atoms form a repetitive
pattern. Thus, in describing crystal structures, it is often convenient to subdivide the structure
into small repeat entities called _______. UNIT CELLS

51. It is the ability of a specific chemical composition to crystallize in more than one form. This
generally occurs as a response to changes in temperature or pressure or both.
POLYMORPHISM

52. The different structures of such a chemical substance are called POLYMORPHIC FORMS, OR
POLYMORPHS

53. If a chemical element can exist in two or more different forms, the forms are known as
allotropes of the element, and this type of behavior is called _____. ALLOTROPY
54. It is defined as the number of atoms per unit length whose centers lie on the direction vector for
a specific crystallographic direction. LINEAR DENSITY (LD)

55. It is taken as the number of atoms per unit area that are centered on a particular crystallographic
plane. PLANAR DENSITY (PD)

56. It occurs when a wave encounters a series of regularly spaced obstacles that (1) are capable of
scattering the wave and (2) have spacings that are comparable in magnitude to the wavelength.
DIFFRACTION

57. It is a consequence of specific phase relationships established between two or more waves that
have been scattered by the obstacles. DIFFRACTION

58. It is defined as the instantaneous load divided by the original specimen cross-sectional area.
STRESS

59. It is conducted like the tensile test, except that the force is compressive and the specimen
contracts along the direction of the stress. COMPRESSION TEST

60. A test performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of certain materials when twisted. a
variation of pure shear in which a structural member is twisted. TORSIONAL TEST

61. It is defined as the tangent of the strain angle. SHEAR STRAIN

62. It describes the relationship between engineering stress and engineering strain for elastic
deformation, both in tension and compression. HOOKE’S LAW

63. It refers to a type of deformation where stress and strain are proportional. It's nonpermanent,
meaning that when the applied load is released, the material returns to its original shape.
ELASTIC DEFORMATION

64. It occurs when a material is deformed beyond the elastic limit, where the stress is no longer
proportional to strain, resulting in permanent, nonrecoverable deformation. PLASTIC
DEFORMATION

65. It is reflected in small changes in the interatomic spacing and the stretching of interatomic bonds.
MACROSCOPIC ELASTIC STRAIN

66. It is a property of materials that refers to their ability to exhibit time-dependent deformation under
applied stress. ANELASTICITY

67. It refers to the point at which a metal transitions from elastic behavior to plastic deformation. It
represents the maximum stress level that a material can withstand before it begins to undergo
plastic deformation. YIELD STRENGTH

68. It occurs when a material undergoes plastic deformation under stress, meaning it changes shape
permanently without fracturing. This term is used to describe the process of a material reaching
its yield point and entering the plastic deformation phase. YIELDING
69. It refers to the ability of a metal to bend or stretch significantly before breaking. DUCTILITY

70. Metals that exhibit minimal plastic deformation and fracture easily are considered brittle, while
those that can stretch extensively before breaking are classified as DUCTILE.

71. It is a measure of how much a material stretches before it breaks, expressed as a percentage
of its original length. It provides a quantifiable measure of ductility. PERCENT ELONGATION

72. It refers to a material's ability to absorb energy when deformed elastically and subsequently
recover that energy upon unloading. It indicates the ability of a material to withstand
deformation or stress without suffering permanent damage. RESILIENCE

73. It is calculated as the ratio of the applied load to the original cross-sectional area of the material.
ENGINEERING STRESS

74. It is the ratio of the change in length to the original length of the material. ENGINEERING
STRAIN

75. It is defined as the instantaneous applied load divided by the instantaneous cross-sectional area,
providing a more accurate measure of stress as the specimen undergoes deformation. TRUE
STRESS (σT)

76. It is equal to the natural logarithm of the ratio of the instantaneous and original specimen lengths,
providing a more accurate measure of strain as the material undergoes deformation. TRUE
STRAIN (εT)

77.
78.

79. Materials scientists and engineers not only deal with the development of materials, but also with
the synthesis and processing of materials and manufacturing processes related to the
production of components.
80. One of the most important functions of materials scientists and engineers is to establish the
relationships between the properties of a material and its performance. In materials
science, the emphasis is on the underlying relationships between synthesis and processing,
structure, and properties of materials.
81. In materials engineering, the focus is on how to translate or transform materials into a useful
device or structure.
82. The structure of a material significantly influences properties, even if the overall composition
remains unchanged. For instance, repeatedly bending a pure copper wire makes it harder and
more brittle without altering its chemical makeup.
83. The microstructure-synthesis and processing-composition are all interconnected and affect the
performance-to-cost ratio. TRUE
84. Scientists found unexpectedly that certain ceramic compounds based on yttrium barium copper
oxides (known as YBCO) can carry electrical current without any resistance under certain
conditions. TRUE
85. In general, due to the presence of porosity (small holes), ceramics tend to be brittle. Ceramics
must also be heated to very high temperatures before they can melt. Ceramics are strong and
hard, but also very brittle.
86. Thermoplastics are made by shaping their molten form. Thermosets are typically cast into molds.
The term plastics is used to describe polymeric materials containing additives that enhance their
properties.
87. The electrical conductivity of semiconducting materials is between that of ceramic insulators and
metallic conductors. Semiconductors have enabled the information age.
88. In semiconductors, the level of conductivity is controlled to enable their use in electronic devices
such as transistors, diodes, etc., that are used to build integrated circuits.
89. With composites, we can produce lightweight, strong, ductile, high-temperature-resistant
materials, or we can produce hard, yet shock-resistant, cutting tools that would otherwise shatter.
90. One early outgrowth of quantum mechanics was the simplified Bohr atomic model, in which
electrons are assumed to revolve around the atomic nucleus in discrete orbitals, and the position
of any particular electron is more or less well defined in terms of its orbital.
91. To determine the manner in which these states are filled with electrons, we use the Pauli
exclusion principle, another quantum-mechanical concept, which stipulates that each electron
state can hold no more than two electrons that must have opposite spins. Thus, s, p, d, and f
subshells may each accommodate, respectively, a total of 2, 6, 10, and 14 electrons.
92. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
Geckos, harmless tropical lizards, are extremely fascinating and extraordinary animals. They
have very sticky feet (one of which is shown in the third photograph) that cling to virtually any
surface. This characteristic makes it possible for them to run rapidly up vertical walls and along
the undersides of horizontal surfaces. In fact, a gecko can support its body mass with a single
toe! The secret to this remarkable ability is the presence of an extremely large number of
microscopically small hairs on each of their toe pads. When these hairs come in contact with a
surface, weak forces of attraction (i.e., van der Waals forces) are established between hair
molecules and molecules on the surface. The fact that these hairs are so small and so numerous
explains why the gecko grips surfaces so tightly. To release its grip, the gecko simply curls up its
toes and peels the hairs away from the surface.
93. The alkali and the alkaline earth metals (Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, etc.) are labeled as Groups IA
and IIA, having, respectively, one and two electrons in excess of stable structures. Alkali and
alkaline earth metals, which are located in groups 1 and 2 of the periodic table, respectively, are
labeled as electropositive because they readily give up electrons to form positively charged ions.
This behavior is due to their relatively low ionization energies, which means it requires relatively
little energy to remove an electron from their outermost shell.
94. most of the elements really come under the metal classification. These are sometimes termed
electropositive elements, indicating that they are capable of giving up their few valence electrons
to become positively charged ions.