EAP FLUID MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SYSTEM OF
PIPELINES
BY: ING. NYKUE GAMBOA ALARCON
1. DEFINITIONS

1.1 PIPELINES
Pipes are a system made up of tubes,
which can be made of different
materials, which fulfill the function of
allowing the transport of liquids, gases
or solids in suspension (mixtures)
efficiently, following standardized rules
and whose selection is made according
to the work needs to be carried out.

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1.2 Industrial Pipes
• Pipes for industrial use have a very
wide application, since it is through
them that all fluids (gases, mixtures,
liquids, etc.) are transported to
optimize and not limit industrial
processes.
• Their main destination is the
construction industry, the electrical
industry and metalworking. Within the
construction industry, pipes are in
demand for the creation of firm
structures as well as for wiring,
ventilation, sewage and white and
black water conduction.

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 1.3 Characteristic Data
Nominal pressure
• The design pressure shall not be less
than the pressure at the most severe
conditions of coincident pressure and
temperature, externally or internally,
expected in normal operation.
• The most severe matching pressure and
temperature condition is that condition
that results in the greatest required
thickness and highest rating of the
piping system components.

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Nominal Temperature • For piping components without external
• It is the temperature of the metal that insulation and without internal lining ,
represents the most severe condition of with fluids at temperatures of 32ºF (0ºC)
coincident pressure and temperature. and higher, the design material
The requirements for determining the temperature will be the maximum
temperature of the design material for reduced fluid design temperature,
pipes are as follows: according to the percentages in the
table.
• For externally insulated piping
components , the design material • For fluid temperatures less than 32ºF
temperature will be the maximum (0ºC ), the material temperature for the
design temperature of the contained design will be the design temperature of
fluid. the contained fluid.

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 Nominal diameter
• Outside diameter of the tube. It is the measurement of an accessory by which it is
identified and depends on the required technical specifications.
Endurance
• It is the tension capacity in pounds or kilograms that a
given accessory can provide when fully operational.
Alloy
• It is the material or set of materials from which a pipe
fitting is made.
1.4 Piping system design procedure

• The design of a piping system consists of the design of its pipes, flange,

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 gaskets, valves, accessories, filters, d) Selection of “rating” classes of flanges
steam traps, expansion joints. and valves.
a) Establishment of design conditions
including pressure, temperatures and
other conditions, such as wind speed,
seismic movements, fluid shocks,
thermal gradients and number of
cycles of various loads.
b) Determination of the diameter of the
pipe, which fundamentally depends on
the conditions of the process, that is,
the flow rate, speed and pressure of
the fluid.
c) Selection of pipe materials based on
corrosion, embrittlement and
resistance.

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e) Calculation of the minimum wall piping system.
thickness (Schedule) for the g) Flexibility stress analysis to verify
design temperatures and that the stresses produced in the
pressures, so that the pipe is pipe by the different types of
capable of supporting the load are within the admissible
tangential stresses produced by values, in order to verify that the
the fluid pressure. loads on the equipment do not
f) Establishing an acceptable exceed the limit values, thus
configuration of supports for the satisfying the code criteria. use.

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 1.5 Pipe fittings repairs or maintenance.

• It is the set of molded or machined parts

that, joined to the tubes through a
specific procedure, form the structural
lines of pipes of a process plant.
FLANGES
• They are accessories to connect pipes • Types and Characteristics of Flanges
with equipment (pumps, heat • Threaded flange . They are flanges that
exchangers, boilers, tanks, etc.) or can be installed without the need for
accessories (elbows, valves, etc.). welding and are used in lines with fluids
• The advantages of flanged joints lie in with moderate temperatures, low
the fact that they allow quick assembly pressure and little corrosion. They are
and disassembly in order to carry out not suitable for services that involve

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 thermal fatigue.

• Blind flange . It is a completely solid

piece without a fluid hole, and is joined
to the pipes through the use of screws. It
can be placed together with another
type of flange of the same diameter,
face and strength.

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ELBOWS ready for the pre-fabrication of pipe
• They are curved shaped fittings that are pieces and that are cast in a single piece
used to change the direction of flow of (45º,90º,180º).
the lines by as many degrees as specified
in the piping plans or drawings.
Types of Elbows
• Standard elbows are those that come

180° SHORT
45° ELBOW
RADIUS ELBOW

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Characteristics • They are accessories that are used to
• Diameter. It is the size or measurement carry out manufacturing in pipeline lines.
of the elbow hole between its walls, • Guys
which range from ¼'' to 120''. • Equal diameters or straight tees
• Angle. It is the one existing between
both ends of the elbow.
• Thicknesses . a manufacturer's
regulation or coding determined by the
thickness of the elbow wall.
• Alloy. Carbon steel, chrome steel,
stainless steel, galvanized, etc.
• Board. It is the procedure used to glue
an elbow with another accessory
(weldable, threadable, embeddable).

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• Reducer with two holes of equal
diameter and one unequal.
• Characteristics
• Diameter . Tees exist in diameters from
¼'' to 72'' REDUCTION T

• Thickness. This factor depends on the

thickness of the pipe or accessory to
which it is installed.
• Alloy. Carbon steel, stainless steel,
galvanized, etc.

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REDUCTION stainless steel, etc.
• They are conical shaped accessories
that are used to reduce the volume of
fluid through pipe lines.
• Guys
• Concentric standard . It is used to
decrease the flow rate of the fluid by
increasing its speed, maintaining its
axis.
• Eccentric standard . It is used to reduce REDUCER
the flow of fluid in the line, increasing ECCENTRIC
its speed and losing its axis.
• Characteristics
• Diameter. Varies from ¼'' x 3/8''.
• Alloy. Carbon steel, chrome steel,
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Gaskets • Asbestos packing.
• Accessory used to seal existing • Rubber gaskets.
machined joints in service lines or plants • Graphite gaskets
in process.
• Guys
• Flexitalic packing. This type of gasket is
made of metal.
• Steel rings. They are those used with a
flange that have slots for the connection
with the steel ring.

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PLUGS . • Characteristics
• They are accessories used to block or • Endurance. They have a resistance capacity
prevent the passage or exit of fluids at a of 150 pounds up to 9000 pounds
certain time. They are mostly used in
smaller diameter lines. • Board. Most of the time these accessories
are installed in a screwable manner,
• Guys however due to safety regulations, they
• Depending on the way they are are often welded in addition to the
installed, they can be male and female. threads.

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 1.6 Valves by means of flanges welded or
threaded directly to it.

• They are accessories that are used to

regulate and control the fluid in a
pipe.
• Valves are one of the most essential
control instruments in industry.
• Control valves basically consist of two
parts:
• Actuator : called actuator or
motor, it can be pneumatic,
electric or hydraulic
• Valve body : it is provided with a plug
or plug, its seats and a series of
accessories. The connection between
the valve and the pipe can be made
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GATE VALVES • Disadvantages:
This valve closes with a flat or specially • It is generally suitable for on-off control,
shaped vertical disc, which moves since in intermediate positions it tends
vertically to the fluid flow. to block.
Advantages: • It requires a lot of force to operate it
It presents very little resistance to fluid • Applications:
flow when in the fully open position. • General service, oils and petroleum, gas,
Hermetic closure. air
Low cost.

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GLOBE VALVES • Advantages
• A globe valve is a multiple-turn valve, in • Efficient throttling, with minimal erosion.
which closure is achieved by means of a • Short disc stroke and few turns to
disc or plug that closes or cuts off the activate them.
passage of the fluid in a seat that is
usually parallel with the circulation in the • Precise control of circulation.
pipe. • Disadvantages :
• Large pressure drop.
• High relative cost

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CHECK VALVES (CHECK)
• The check valve is intended to prevent a
reversal of circulation.
• The circulation of the liquid in the desired
direction opens the valve; When circulation BALL VALVE
is reversed, it closes
• Ball valves are ¼ turn valves, in
• There are three basic types of check which a drilled ball rotates
valves: 1) swing, 2) lift, and 3) butterfly between elastic seats, which
check valves. allows direct circulation in the
Advantages open position and cuts off the
flow when the ball is turned 90°
• It can be completely visible.
• The turbulence and pressures inside the
valve are very low.

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 and closes the passage. • It cleans itself.
• Little maintenance.
• No lubrication required.
• Compact size.
• Hermetic seal with low torque (torque).

Advantages
• Low cost.
• High capacity.
• Bidirectional cutting.
• Straight line circulation.
• Few leaks.
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DIAPHRAGM VALVES • High torque when closing with a full pipe
• Diaphragm valves are multi-turn valves
and close by means of a flexible
diaphragm attached to a compressor. I -'I

When the valve stem lowers the

compressor, the diaphragm seals and cuts
off circulation.
• Advantages
• Low cost.
• They do not have gaskets.
• There is no chance of leaks through the
stem.
Disadvantages
• Diaphragm susceptible to wear.
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 1.7 Expansion joints
• They reduce the efforts due to the expansions and
compressions that occur in different types of
pipes, thus reducing vibrations and noise.
• The vibration isolation that these connectors
provide avoids the danger of “buckling” that is
caused in the pipes.
• They are manufactured according to specifications
with elastomers resistant to corrosion and
abrasion.

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1.8 Supports
• They provide adequate support to the
piping system, whether fixed or
mobile (due to expansion).
• It is very important to avoid friction of
the pipe with the support, and they must
be strong enough to maintain
alignment at all times.

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 1.9 Control Elements
• Control elements are equipment that
are available to measure and control the
correct functioning of a piping system,
detect a failure immediately and be able
to correct it in time.
PRESSURE REGULATOR
• With these regulators we can avoid
overpressures that could break pipes,
emitters, etc. They normally regulate
pressures between 0.2 and 8 kg/cm 2 .

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• FLOW OR FLOW METERS
• Special meters . The dual flow meter
consists of two pressure gauges that are
mounted on the back of a single
instrument, making it possible for both to
record on the same graph.
• It consists of a flow sensor connected to
two range tubes. Its purpose is to
counteract the low sensitivity that a
differential pressure sensor presents, in
the lower part of the flow scale.
• Detent type flow meters. They measure
the force with which the fluid current hits
a surface in its path

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 2. PIPING REPRESENTATION SYSTEMS

Two representation systems can be used in pipe drawing:

1. Scale layout system (double or real line layout).

2. Schematic system (simple or simplified line drawing).

2.1 SYSTEM DOWN TO SCALE

They are mainly used for large pipes (generally with flanges), such as in boiler and power plant works, where
lengths are critical, and especially when the pipe is not cut and fitted on site. The views are clearer by rotating the
entire pipe until it is extended on a plane and making a single developed view or what is equivalent to showing an
isometric view.
 2.2 SCHEMATIC SYSTEM
Following this system, the accessories are indicated by symbols and the pipe sections are shown by a single
line, regardless of the diameters of the pipe. When pipes carry different liquids, or the same substance in
different physical states, they are identified by a code of symbols or the line is varied. The single line
representing the pipe in the drawing should be made thicker than the other lines in the drawing.
Locknut
Male plug - "
2.3 ISOMETRIC Pipeline
Pipes and lemons (Fittings and Expansion Joints)

2.4 Symbols
Pipe with flow indication

REPRESENTATION Flexible tube 2*-*

*4*
Elbow

In the case of isometric projections, the pipe

drawings are usually in real representation, Tee 1___
1
revealing characteristic details of the
Lateral (Yee) —| and - -1
components of the system, allowing the *******
components of the system to be clearly seen
Union -
and are usually identified with items so that — 1—
whoever interprets the plan can determine the Eccentric Reduction (Weldable)
quantity. or component details.
Concentric Reduction (Weldable) •
Cap (Internal thread cap) - Closes
********* ■■ - ■■ *************"
J.
tube end
Plug (External Thread Plug) - Close accessory
—
opening

Pipe with flange 3 F

Flanges with Hole

 gia symbol of Valves
Gate valve

Gate Valve with Handwheel

----N -XH
D1
Flanged Gate Valve
Globe Valve
11
0
Security valve

Retention valve

Pressure reducing valve

-—
d
Ball valve
CL
Butterfly valve
TO
Angle valve

3 way valve
 Accessories
Funnel or Drain

Air duct
AND
Sucker

Equipment
Centrifugal pump
)
Flanged Centrifugal Pump
*************

DIN Centrifugal Pump

jb
Deposit --3*-

Motorized Mixer
 Indication and Measurement Instrument
Visual flow indicator
Observation Glass
(D.
either
Counter

Pressure Gauge 6
(/)
vacuum pressure gauge
1W
Composite pressure gauge
*,4
Thermometer

•
Thermometer with remote reading

•
Level indicator
Devices or equipment
 Name Symbol

1. Filter —____________________

Z Serpentine

___________________________

J._____l
।J
3. Gas meter

4. H5persor

5 Water meter — —-F m }—■

6. Pressure gauge
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Egm. 1: Shows the schematic
representation of a part of the piping
system, identify all the accessories and
represent the orthogonal system