Atomic Model
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AND. Schrodinger (1926) (electron cloud model)
Atomic model
Democritu
s
Democritus
He was a Greek mathematical philosopher, disciple of Leucippus, born in 460 BC.
Development and complement of the atomic theory of the universe, he stated that
everything that surrounds nature is a mixture of atom and void, atoms move naturally
and consubstantial in the movement they make, collide with each other and combine
when their characteristic properties and forms allow it.
The three postulates: -Atoms are indivisible, eternal, incomprehensible,
homogeneous.
- They differ in shape and size but their internal qualities are the same.
-The properties of matter change depending on the grouping of atoms.
DALTON'S ATOMIC MODEL
What is Dalton's atomic model?
It is the first atomic model that says that all matter is composed of very
small particles that cannot be destroyed and are called atoms. John Dalton
(1766_1844)
British chemist
What does it consist of? and physicist
This model consists of the first conceptualization of the functioning,
structure and arrangement of atoms. Dalton called it “atomic theory” or
“atomic postulates” at the time.
It was postulated in 1803 by John Dalton, who imagined atoms as tiny
spheres.
Dalton's atomic model
DALTON'S ATOMIC MODEL
Dalton's Postulates
# Matter is made up of very small particles called atoms, which are indivisible and
cannot be destroyed.
# The atoms of the same element are equal to each other, atoms atoms atoms
hydrogen oxygen bromine
they have their own weight and their own qualities. The
atoms of the different elements have different weights .
# Chemical compounds are formed by joining atoms of two
or more different elements which are in
constant and simple proportions.
THOMSON ATOMIC MODEL
Who was Thomson?
Joseph John Thomson was a British scientist who discovered the first subatomic
particle, the electron, through a cathode ray tube experiment. He was born on
December 18, 1856, and died in 1940, at the age of 83.
What does your model consist of?
He postulated that electrons were uniformly distributed inside the atom, suspended in a cloud
of positive charge. The atom was considered as a positively charged sphere with electrons
distributed like small granules. That is why it is also known as the “PRININ PUDDING” model,
considering the atom as the pudding and the electrons as the raisins.
THOMSON ATOMIC MODEL
Features of Thomson's atomic model:
1. An atom resembles a sphere with positively charged matter and with
electrons (negatively charged particles) present within the sphere.
2. Positive and negative charge are equal in magnitude and therefore an atom has no charge
as a whole and is electrically neutral.
3. To have neutrally charged atoms, the electrons would have to be immersed in a positively
charged substance.
4. Although it was not an explicit part of the model, this model did not have an atomic
nucleus.
RUTHERFORD ATOMIC MODEL
Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30 in New Zealand.
Rutherford held a position at a university in Canada where he studied the chemistry of radioactive
substances, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 .
What is Rutherford's atomic model?
Ernest Rutherford in his atomic model describes the atom as a small, dense nucleus with a positive charge in its core, in
which almost all the mass is concentrated, around which the light and negative components, called electrons, circulate at
a certain distance. , like planets that revolve around the Sun.
RUTHERFORD ATOMIC MODEL
Basic principles of Rutherford's atomic model.
1. Positively charged particles are found in a very small volume compared to the size of the
atom.
2. Most of the mass of the atom is found in that small central volume. Rutherford did not call
him
“nucleus” in his initial papers but he did so from 1912 onwards.
3. Electrons with a negative electrical charge revolve around the nucleus.
4. Electrons rotate at high speeds around the nucleus and in circular paths called orbits.
5. Both the negatively charged electrons and the positively charged nucleus are held together by a force
of electrostatic attraction.
RUTHERFORD ATOMIC MODEL
Rutherford's experiment
Rutherford's experimental method started with several thin sheets of gold that would be bombarded in the
laboratory with helium nuclei (alpha particles), thus measuring the angles of deviation of the particle beam as it
passed through the gold.
This behavior, which sometimes reached deviations of up to 90°, did not agree with the atomic model
proposed by Thompson, prevailing at the time, according to which atoms were diffuse, positively charged
clouds within which there were electromagnetically neutralized electrons . From these results, Rutherford was
able to reformulate the idea of the atom that was used until that time.
BOHR ATOMIC MODEL
Bohr worked on Rutherford's atomic model, and incorporated the Theory of Energy Quantum
developed by Max Planck and Albert Einstein's Photoelectric Effect .
Bohr's atomic model describes in its first postulate the atom as a solar system that has a
nucleus in the center and a cloud of electrons that rotate around it , these electrons are
arranged in well-defined circular orbits around the nucleus.
In his second postulate, Bohr stated that electrons are not at any distance from the nucleus but
are in defined orbits , each with a specific energy level, which are at an exact distance from the
Niels Henrik David Bohr nucleus defined by a quantum number. The energy of the electrons is greater the greater the
(1885-1962), Danish distance from the nucleus.
physicist. Winner of the The third postulate says that when an electron from one orbit passes (jumps) to another, the
Nobel Prize in Physics in difference in energy between the two is emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation. In the
1992. event that an electron that is in a more external orbit, that is, at a higher energy level, moves to a
more internal orbit, of lower energy, energy is emitted outward in the form of photons . If this
happens in reverse, that is, an electron goes from an internal orbit to a more external orbit,
energy is absorbed.
Although this atomic model is too simplistic to accurately explain many anatomical phenomena ,
it can still be used to describe the basic interactions of interest in nuclear medicine .
Bohr atomic model.
James Chadwick
In 1932, he made a fundamental discovery in the field of nuclear science: the
neutron , the particle in the nucleus of the atom with no electrical charge.
Chadwick bombarded a thin sheet of beryllium with alpha particles, the metal
emitted very high energy radiation, similar to Gamma rays.
Later experiments showed that these rays actually consist of a third type of
subatomic particles, which Chadwick called neutrons because they were shown to
be electrically neutral particles with a mass slightly greater than the mass of protons. (1981-1974) English
physicist, Nobel Prize
winner in physics in 1935
Thanks to its discovery, the subatomic particle called the neutron was added to
for the discovery of the
Rutherford's atomic model. neutron.