Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536

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Lithos
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / l i t h o s

Postcollisional magmatism: Geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Mesozoic

granitoids in the Sulu orogen, China
Juan Zhang a, Zi-Fu Zhao a,⁎, Yong-Fei Zheng a, Mengning Dai b
a
CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
b
State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A combined study of zircon U–Pb ages and Lu–Hf isotopes, mineral O isotopes, whole-rock elements and Sr–
Received 6 April 2010 Nd isotopes was carried out for Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula in east-central China,
Accepted 5 August 2010 which tectonically corresponds to the eastern part of the Sulu orogen that formed by the Triassic continental
Available online 13 August 2010
collision between the South and North China Blocks. Four plutons were investigated in this region, with the
Linglong and Guojialing plutons from the northwestern part (Jiaobei) and the Kunyushan and Sanfoshan
Keywords:
Postcollisional granitoid
plutons from the southeastern part (Jiaodong). The results show that these granitoids mostly have high Sr,
Petrogenesis low Yb and Y contents, high (La/Yb)N and Sr/Y ratios with negligible to positive Eu anomalies (Eu/
Zircon Eu* = 0.69–1.58), which are similar to common adakites. On the other hand, they have relatively low MgO,
U–Pb age Cr, Ni contents and thus low Mg#. Zircon U–Pb dating yields Late Jurassic ages of 141 ± 3 to 157 ± 2 Ma for
Lu–Hf isotopes the Linglong and Kunyushan plutons, but Early Cretaceous ages of 111 ± 2 to 133 ± 3 Ma for the Guojialing
Trace elements and Sanfoshan plutons. Some zircon cores from the Linglong and Kunyushan granitoids have Neoproterozoic
Oxygen isotopes U–Pb ages. All the granitoids have variably negative zircon εHf(t) values of −39.6 to −5.4, with
Dabie–Sulu
Mesoproterozoic to Paleoproterozoic Hf model ages of 1515 ± 66 to 2511 ± 97 Ma for the Sanfoshan pluton,
but Paleoproterozoic to Paleoarchean Hf model ages of 2125 ± 124 to 3310 ± 96 Ma for the other three
plutons. These indicate that the Mesozoic granitoids formed in the postcollisional stage and were derived
mainly from partial melting of the subducted South China Block that is characterized by Paleoproterozoic
juvenile crust and Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks along its northern edge. However, there are some
differences between the Jiaobei and Jiaodong plutons. Compared to the Jiaodong granitoids, the Jiaobei
granitoids have very old zircon Hf model ages of 3310 ± 96 Ma suggesting the possible involvement of a
Paleoarchean crust that may be derived from the North China Block. Therefore, the continental collision
between the two blocks would bring crustal materials from both sides into the subduction zone in the
Triassic, yielding subduction-thickened crust as the magma source for the adakite-like granitoids. While
lithospheric extension and orogenic collapse are considered a major cause for postcollisional magmatism,
anatexis of the subducted mafic crust is proposed as a mechanism for chemical differentiation of the
continental crust towards felsic composition.
© 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Postcollisional magmatic rocks also widely occur along the orogenic
belt (e.g., Zhao et al., 2004, 2005, 2007; Huang et al., 2006). These
It is generally assumed that a thickened lithosphere would form magmatic rocks provide a record of the thermal and chemical
during the collision of continental plates. Extensional collapse of evolution of orogenic lithosphere in the continental collision zone.
collisional orogens is commonly accompanied by large-scale post- They contain valuable information on the chemical geodynamics of
collisional magmatism due to partial melting of the thickened continental subduction, and thus can be used to provide insights into
lithosphere (e.g., Xie et al., 2006; Zhao and Zheng, 2009). The reworking of subducted continental lithosphere and into processes of
Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt that formed by the Triassic collision postcollisional tectonic evolution.
between the North China Block and the South China Block is known The Shandong Peninsula in east-central China is an important region
to contain the largest ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane of Mesozoic magmatic rocks with outcrops of many granitoid-host gold
on Earth (e.g., Carswell and Compagnoni, 2003; Zheng, 2008). deposits. Tectonically it corresponds to the eastern part of the Sulu
orogen, with the Wulian–Yantai Fault as the suture between the two
collided continental blocks (Tang et al., 2006, 2007, 2008a). Its
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 551 3600093. northwestern part is commonly called the Jiaobei terrane and
E-mail address: [email protected] (Z.-F. Zhao). petrotectonically belongs to the southern margin of the North China

0024-4937/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2010.08.005
 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536 513

Block, whereas its southeastern part is named the Jiaodong terrane and The Precambrian basement in the Jiaobei terrane is predominated
belongs to the northern margin of the South China Block. Although a by the Archean Jiaodong Group, the Paleoproterozoic Fenzishan and
number of studies have been devoted to Mesozoic granitoids in the Jingshan Groups, and the Neoproterozoic Penglai Group (e.g., Tang et
Jiaobei terrane (e.g., Wang et al., 1998; Qiu et al., 2002; Hu et al., 2004; al., 2007; Jahn et al., 2008). The Jiaodong Group mainly consists of
Guo et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2006; Hou et al., 2007), most of these tonalite–throndhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneiss with small
studies were only focused on isotope geochronology. There is still a amounts of supracrustal rocks and mafic granulite/amphibolite
controversy with respect to their origin and genesis, and especially the lenses. Geochronological and geochemical studies revealed that the
tectonic affinity of their magma source. It is traditionally considered that TTG gneiss, amphibolite and granulite have protolith ages of ~2.9 and
the Jiaobei granitoids were derived from partial melting of the North ~2.7 Ga, ~2.5 Ga, and ~2.4 Ga, respectively; and Nd model ages of ~2.6
China Block (e.g., Hou et al., 2007). In contrast, the Jiaodong granitoids to 3.0 Ga (Tang et al., 2007; Jahn et al., 2008). The Fenzishan and
formed by partial melting of the South China Block as indicated by Jingshan Groups comprise schist, paragneiss, calc-silicate rocks,
abundant occurrences of residual zircon with Neoproterozoic ages of marble, and minor mafic granulite and amphibolite, and unconform-
700 to 800 Ma (Hu et al., 2004; Guo et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2006). ably lie on the TTG gneiss. The metamorphic grade of the Fenzishan
Based on radiogenic isotope data, variable degrees of mantle compo- Group is upper greenschist-facies to lower amphibolite-facies, but
nents from the enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle or the that of the Jingshan Group is amphibolite-facies to granulite-facies.
depleted asthenospheric mantle were suggested to be involved in the SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating for metasedimentary rocks of the
origin of Early Cretaceous granitoids (Guo et al., 2005; Hou et al., 2007). Fenzishan and Jingshan Groups obtained variable detrital ages from
In addition, the previous studies reveal that some of the Mesozoic 2.9 to 2.2 Ga (Wan et al., 2006). A detrital zircon U–Pb age of ~ 3.3 Ga
granitoids have high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios (Zhang et al., 2006; Hou was reported by Ji (1993) for a metasedimentary rock in the
et al., 2007), which are similar to adakites produced by partial melting Fenzishan Group, suggesting the presence of Paleoarchean crustal
of subducted oceanic crust (Defant and Drummond, 1990; Martin, relict in the Jiaobei terrane. These Paleoproterozoic to Archean rocks
1999). However, these granitoids have high initial Sr isotope ratios, were subjected to a ~1.8 Ga regional metamorphism (e.g., Wan et al.,
and very negative εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) values, precluding 2006; Tang et al., 2007; Jahn et al., 2008; Zhou et al., 2008). The
involvement of subducted oceanic crust. With respect to petrogenetic Penglai Group also unconformably lies on the TTG gneiss or the
models, there are three main ones for the Mesozoic granitoids Fenzishan Group, and mainly consists of crystalline limestone, slate
(including the adakite-like ones) in eastern China: (1) mixing and quartzite that only experienced lower greenschist-facies defor-
between mantle-derived mafic and crustal-derived felsic magmas mation–metamorphism (Faure et al., 2001, 2003).
accompanied by fractional crystallization (e.g., Ma et al., 1998; Chen In contrast to the wide distribution of Paleoproterozoic to Archean
et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2005b); (2) partial melting of the delaminated basement rocks in the Jiaobei terrane, the Precambrian basement in the
mafic lower crust (e.g., Gao et al., 2004; Huang et al., 2008; Liu et al., Jiaodong terrane is mainly composed of Neoproterozoic igneous
2008); (3) partial melting of the subduction-thickened orogenic crust protoliths of voluminous granitic gneisses and sporadic eclogites
in the continental collision zone (Huang et al., 2006; Wang et al., which experienced UHP metamorphism during the Triassic continental
2007; Xu et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2007). collision, with small amounts of orogenic peridotite and UHP metase-
The Linglong, Guojialing, Kunyushan and Sanfoshan granitoids are dimentary rocks including marble and quartzite as enclaves in the
the most important Mesozoic magmatic rocks in the Shandong granitic gneisses (e.g., Zheng et al., 2004; Huang et al., 2006; Tang et al.,
Peninsula, and host the largest lode-gold deposits in China (Wang 2008a). Very small amounts of eclogite, granulite and amphibolite with
et al., 1998; Qiu et al., 2002). They are spatially located on the both sides protolith ages of Paleoproterozoic (1.8 to 2.0 Ga) also occur in the
of the suture boundary formed by the continental collision but Jiaodong terrane (Yang et al., 2003; Liou et al., 2006; Tang et al., 2008a).
temporally formed in a postcollisional setting. Therefore, studies It has been well established that the majority of the UHP metamorphic
concerning the timing, rock type, geochemical characteristics, magma rocks in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt have igneous protoliths with
source, and geodynamic setting of these postcollisional granitoids rocks middle Neoproterozoic ages of 740 to 780 Ma and significant 18O
are very important to understanding the recycling of subducted depletion, which were attributed to rift magmatism along the northern
continental lithosphere and the tectonic evolution of collisional orogens. margin of the South China Block and its associated high-T water–rock
In this paper, we report new zircon SHRIMP and LA-ICPMS U–Pb ages, interactions. The UHP metamorphism occurred in the middle Triassic
whole-rock major-trace elements and Sr–Nd isotopes, zircon Lu–Hf (Zheng et al., 2009). Zircon Hf isotope studies indicate that the source
isotopes, and mineral O isotopes for these granitoids, with the aim of rocks of the middle Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks mainly belong to
deciphering their source and petrogenetic mechanism. two episodes of juvenile crust, one is late Meoproterozoic to early
Neoproterozoic and the other is middle Paleoproterozoic (Zheng et al.,
2. Geological setting and samples 2005b, 2006, 2009; Zhao et al., 2008). So far neither the middle
Neoproterozoic magmatism nor the middle Paleoproterozoic growth of
The Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt was formed by the Triassic juvenile crust has been reported in the North China Block (Tang et al.,
subduction of the South China Block beneath the North China Block 2007, 2008a). These differences have been viewed as diagnostic indices
(e.g., Cong, 1996; Liou et al., 1996; Zheng et al., 2003; Zheng, 2008). It that distinguish the South China Block from the North China Block
is separated by the Tanlu fault into two segments, the Dabie orogen in (Zheng and Zhang, 2007; Tang et al., 2008a).
the west and the Sulu orogen in the east (Fig. 1a). Because of a left- Mesozoic magmatic rocks widely crop out in the Jiaobei and
lateral strike-slip along the Tanlu fault, the Sulu orogen was north- Jiaodong terranes, including a series of granitoids, volcanic rocks and
wardly displaced by about 500 km. The Shandong Peninsula is mafic dykes. Zircon U–Pb dating indicates that Mesozoic granitoids
geologically divided into the southeastern Jiaodong terrane and the were mainly emplaced in the Late Jurassic (163–145 Ma: Wang et al.,
northwestern Jiaobei terrane by the Wulian–Yantai fault that marks 1998; Hu et al., 2004; Guo et al., 2005) and Early Cretaceous (135–
the suture between the South and North China Blocks (Fig. 1a). The 110 Ma: Wang et al., 1998; Guo et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2006). Small-
Jiaobei terrane petrotectonically belongs to the southern margin of volume alkaline rocks of Late Triassic age (215–205 Ma) are only
the North China Block, whereas the Jiaodong terrane belongs to the found in the southeastern edge of the Jiaodong terrane (Chen et al.,
northern margin of the South China Block. There are significant 2003; Guo et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2005a). In contrast to the Late
differences in the tectonic property of the Precambrian basement Jurassic granitoids, the Early Cretaceous granitoids are widely
between the two blocks (Zheng et al., 2005a; Tang et al., 2007, 2008a; distributed and accompanied by sporadic occurrences of contempo-
Zheng and Zhang, 2007). raneous mafic–ultramafic intrusions and dykes.
514 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536

Fig. 1. Sketch map of the geology of the Shandong Peninsula, with location of samples from the Mesozoic granitoids used in this study. (a) Shandong Peninsula (modified from Tang
et al., 2006); (b) Jiaobei terrane; (c) Jiaodong terrane.

This study deals with the Mesozoic granitoids from both the mainly consist of granite, the Early Cretaceous Guojialing and
Jiaobei and Jiaodong terranes (Fig. 1a). Two plutons, Linglong and Sanfoshan plutons have variable rock types of monzonite, quartz
Guojialing, were sampled in the Jiaobei terrane (Fig. 1b). The Linglong monzonite, granodiorite and granite (Table 1).
pluton mainly consists of coarse-grained amphibole-bearing biotite Thirty-seven samples of granitoids were investigated in this study of
granite intruded into the Precambrian basement in the Late Jurassic, the Linglong, Guojialing, Kunyushan and Sanfoshan plutons. Detailed
and locally has gneissic textures. The Guojialing pluton, consisting of sampling locations and mineral assemblages are depicted in Fig. 1 and
medium- to coarse-grained porphyritic quartz monzonite, granodio- presented in Table 1. Petrographically, these samples are primarily
rite, and biotite K-feldspar granite, intruded into the Precambrian composed of quartz (20–40%), K-feldspar (25–45%), plagioclase (20–
basement and Linglong pluton in the Early Cretaceous. Two plutons 45%) and biotite (2–15%), with different proportions of these minerals
were sampled in the Jiaodong terrane, the Late Jurassic Kunyushan for different rock types. The accessory minerals are zircon, apatite and
pluton and the Early Cretaceous Sanfoshan pluton (Fig. 1c). The magnetite. In addition, small amounts of amphibole, allanite, titanite,
Kunyushan pluton, primarily consisting of biotite K-feldspar granite, epidote, garnet, muscovite and chlorite also occur in some samples.
intruded into the Neoproterozoic protolith of granitic gneiss. The
Sanfoshan pluton, consisting of medium- to coarse-grained and 3. Analytical methods
locally porphyritic monzonite, quartz monzonite and granite,
intruded into the Neoproterozoic protolith of granitic gneiss and the 3.1. Zircon U–Pb dating
Kunyushan pluton. Generally, the four plutons are all composed of
several intrusions with either the same age or similar ages within each Zircons were separated for CL imaging and U–Pb dating. The CL
pluton. While the Late Jurassic Linglong and Kunyushan plutons imaging was performed at the Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese
 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536 515

Table 1
Sample locations and mineral assemblages for Mesozoic granitoids in the Shandong Peninsula.

Sample no. Location GPS Rock type Mineral assemblage

Sanfoshan pluton
06SD01 Xingcunzhen 36°41′33″N, 121°02′42″E Monzonite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD02 Haiyang 36°46′04″N, 121°13′51″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Mus + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD04 Haoqian 36°48′57″N, 121°23′49″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Mus + Chl + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD05 Rushan 36°52′23″N, 121°31′04″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD16 Chijinbo 37°03′17″N, 121°46′08″E Quartz monzonite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Ep + Chl + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD17 Gaojiatai 37°02′49″N, 121°45′04″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD18 Songjiazhuang 37°13′10″N, 121°50′34″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD20 Jieshi 37°14′33″N, 121°50′42″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD29 Taoyuan 37°11′37″N, 121°04′55″E Quartz monzonite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD31 Tianlicun 37°12′28″N,121°01′08″E Quartz monzonite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap

Kunyushan pluton
06SD11 Shuidao 37°10′26″N, 121°35′39″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Mus + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD12 Jugezhuang 37°10′31″N, 121°37′44″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Aln + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD13 Gejia 37°08′48″N, 121°45′00″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Ep + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD21 Longquan 37°18′26″N, 121°47′32″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Gt + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD23 Wanggezhuang 37°15′30″N, 121°27′14″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Aln + Chl + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD28 Taocun 37°10′39″N, 121°23′06″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Gt + Aln + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap

Guojialing pluton
06SD36 Shagoucun 37°32′33″N, 120°53′52″E Quartz monzonite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD38 Xilancun 37°34′39″N, 121°05′20″E Quartz monzonite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD40 Wangwu 37°31′26″N, 120°40′30″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Ep + Chl + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD43 Chenjia 37°25′21″N, 120°34′28″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Mus + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD44 Luanjiadian 37°28′33″N, 120°35′05″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD47 Wangwu 37°32′50″N, 120°36′47″E Granodiorite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD64 Yidao 37°13′12″N, 120°09′59″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Aln + Ep + Chl + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD73 Pengjia 36°54′03″N, 120°05′07″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Gt + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap

Linglong pluton
06SD39 Daliuhang 37°35′50″N, 121°02′49″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD49 Nanshan 37°34′45″N, 120°29′43″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD52 Linglong 37°27′03″N, 120°29′23″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD54 Jiuqucun 37°28′06″N, 120°33′28″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD55 Jiuqucun 37°26′56″N, 120°31′54″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Chl + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD56 Jiuqucun 37°26′26″N, 120°30′35″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD59 Zhaoyuan 37°22′21″N, 120°19′21″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Chl + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD61 Canzhuang 37°23′45″N, 120°15′42″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Chl + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD62 Canzhuang 37°23′52″N, 120°11′08″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Chl + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD69 Dalizhuang 37°01′50″N, 120°11′08″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Gt + Aln + Ep + Chl + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD70 Dalizhuang 36°59′50″N, 120°11′59″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Aln + Ep + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD72 Badouzicun 36°59′54″N, 120°06′44″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Gt + Mt + Zr + Ap
06SD75 Fengmingcun 36°48′57″N, 120°05′06″E Granite Kfs + Pl + Qz + Bi + Amp + Gt + Aln + Ep + Ttn + Mt + Zr + Ap

Mineral abbreviations: Kfs—K-feldspar, Pl—plagioclase, Qz—quartz, Zr—zircon, Amp—amphibole, Mt—magnetite, Aln—allanite, Ep—epidote, Gt—garnet, Ttn—titanite, Bi—biotite, Mus—
muscovite, Chl—chlorite, Ap—apatite.

Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing. Both optical photomicrograph The data were treated following the SQUID and the ISOPLOT program
and CL image were taken as a guide to selection of the U–Pb dating spot. of Ludwig (2001). The results are reported with 1σ errors.
Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb dating was carried out at the Beijing SHRIMP Zircon LA-ICPMS U–Pb dating was carried out at the State Key
Center, Chinese Academy of Geosciences. Instrumental conditions and Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi'an. A
data acquisition generally followed those described by Compston et al. GeoLas 200 M laser ablation system equipped with a 193 nm ArF-
(1992) and Williams (1998). The U–Pb isotope data were collected in excimer laser was used in connection with an ELAN6100 DRC ICPMS.
sets of five scans throughout the masses and a reference zircon Helium was used as the carrier gas to enhance the transport efficiency of
TEMORA (417 Ma) was analyzed every fourth analysis. The common the ablated material. The detailed analytical method was described by
Pb was corrected using the measured 204Pb. The common Pb isotope Yuan et al. (2004). Spot diameter was 30 μm. The standard silicate glass
compositions of both the reference TEMORA and the samples were NIST SRM610 was used to calibrate U, Th and Pb concentrations. Raw
calculated by the model of Stacey and Kramers (1975) at t = 417 Ma. data were processed using GLITTER 4.0 software (Macquarie

Table 2
SHRIMP zircon U–Pb isotope data for granite 06SD17 from Sanfoshan pluton in the Shandong Peninsula.
206 206
Spot Pbc (%) U (ppm) Th (ppm) Th/U Pb* (ppm) Isotopic ratio Apparent age (Ma)
207
Pb*/206Pb* ±% 207
Pb*/235U ±% 206
Pb*/238U ±% 206
Pb/238U 207
Pb/206Pb 208
Pb/232Th

1.1 0.63 650 23.1 0.04 14.4 0.0542 2.9 0.1915 3.0 0.0256 0.9 163 ± 1 380 ± 65 248 ± 47
2.1 1.87 619 730 1.22 9.67 0.0482 8.8 0.1184 8.9 0.0178 1.0 114 ± 1 107 ± 210 114 ± 4
3.1 13.3 1021 726 0.73 25.5 0.0520 18 0.1336 18 0.0186 1.6 119 ± 2 285 ± 410 148 ± 6
4.1 1.29 748 1226 1.69 11.9 0.0483 6.3 0.1213 6.3 0.0182 0.9 116 ± 1 114 ± 150 117 ± 2
5.1 3.63 788 939 1.23 12.8 0.0498 13 0.1246 13 0.0181 1.0 116 ± 1 186 ± 300 104 ± 5
204
Pbc and Pb* indicate the common and radiogenic portions, respectively. Common Pb corrected using measured Pb.
516 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536
 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536 517

University). All measurements were performed using zircon 91500 as normalized against 146Nd/144Nd = 0.7219. The results are reported
the external standard with a recommended 206Pb/238U age of 1065.4 ± as 2σ errors. During the period of data acquisition, the La Jolla Nd
0.6 Ma (Wiedenbeck et al., 1995). The common Pb correction was standard gave 143Nd/144Nd ratios of 0.511859 ± 6. Single-stage Nd
carried out by using the EXCEL program of ComPbCorr# 151 (Andersen, model ages (TDM1) are calculated relative to the depleted mantle
2002). Ages were calculated using the ISOPLOT program of Ludwig (DePaolo, 1988), and two-stage Nd model ages (TDM2) are calculated
(2001). The results are reported with 1σ errors. at different ages of magmatism relative to the average continental
crust with a 147Sm/144Nd ratio of 0.118 (Jahn and Condie, 1995).
3.2. Zircon Lu–Hf isotopes
3.4. Mineral O isotopes
Lu–Hf isotope in-situ analysis was carried out using a Geolas-193
laser ablation microprobe, attached to a Nu plasma high-resolution Mineral O isotope analysis was carried out by the laser fluorination
(HR) Multi-Collector (MC)-ICPMS, at the State Key Laboratory of technique using a 25 W MIR-10 CO2 laser at the CAS Key Laboratory of
Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi'an. The analytical Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, University of Science and
procedures followed those described by Yuan et al. (2008). The energy Technology of China, Hefei. The liberated O2 was directly transferred to
density applied was 15–20 J/cm2 and a spot size of 63 μm was used. a Delta+ mass spectrometer for the measurement of O isotope ratios
Helium was also used as carrier gas. In the case of isotopic zoning or (Zheng et al., 2002). The O isotope data are reported as parts per
with intersecting cracks/inclusions, only the flattest, most stable thousand differences (‰) from the reference standard VSMOW in the
portions of the time-resolved signal were selected for integration. δ18O notation. A number of replicate analyses gave the reproducibility
Isobaric interference of 176Lu on 176Hf was corrected by measuring the as better than ±0.1‰ (1σ) for the routine analyses. Four standard
intensity of the interference-free 175Lu isotope and using a recom- materials were used in the laser fluorination analyses: (1) δ18O = 5.8‰
mended 176Lu/175Lu ratio of 0.02669 (DeBievre and Taylor, 1993) to for garnet UWG-2 (Valley et al., 1995); (2) δ18O = 11.11‰ for quartz
calculate 176Lu/177Hf ratios. Correction for the isobaric interference of GBW04409 (Zheng et al., 1998); (3) δ18O = 10.0‰ for zircon 91500
176
Yb on 176Hf was performed in ‘real time’ as advocated by (Zheng et al., 2004); (4) δ18O = 3.7‰ for garnet 04BXL07 (Gong et al.,
Woodhead et al. (2004) and developed by Iizuka and Hirata (2005). 2007). Mineral-pair O isotope temperatures are calculated following
This involved measuring the interference-free 172Yb and 173Yb during the calibration of Zheng (1991, 1993a,b).
the analysis, calculating mean βYb value from 172Yb and 173Yb and
using the recommended 176Yb/172Yb ratio of 0.5886 (Chu et al., 2002). 4. Results
Zircon 91500 was used as the reference standard afterwards, with a
recommended 176Hf/177Hf ratio of 0.282306 ± 10 (Woodhead et al., 4.1. Zircon petrography and U–Pb ages
2004). All the Lu–Hf isotope analysis results were reported with an
error of 2σ of the mean. Zircons from the four plutons were dated with reference to their CL
We have adopted a decay constant for 176Lu of 1.865 × 10− 11 year− 1 images (Tables 2 and S1). Some of the CL images are presented in
(Scherer et al., 2001). Initial 176Hf/177Hf ratios εHf(t) were calculated Fig. 2, together with corresponding 206Pb/238U ages. For each group of
with reference to the chondritic reservoir (CHUR) of Blichert-Toft and U–Pb isotope data on single samples, a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age
Albarede (1997) at the time of zircon growth from the magma. Single- was calculated by the ISOPLOT program. The results are presented
stage Hf model age (TDM1) is calculated relative to the depleted mantle with 2σ errors in the Wetherill-type Concordia diagram (Fig. 3).
with present-day 176Hf/177Hf = 0.28325 and 176Lu/177Hf = 0.0384 The zircons are generally euhedral, pale-yellowed and translucent.
(Nowell et al., 1998; Griffin et al., 2000). Two-stage Hf model age Most of them are equant to long prismatic. They range in length from
(TDM2) is calculated relative to the average continental crust with a 30 to 300 μm, and have length to width ratios of about 1:1 to 6:1.
176
Lu/177Hf ratio of 0.015 (Griffin et al., 2002). Zircon Hf model ages are Based on CL images, magmatic oscillatory zoning is common in most
interpreted following the convention that adopts single-stage model crystals, but some are obscured (Fig. 2). Residual zircon cores are
(TDM1) relative to the depleted mantle when εHf(t) values are positive, observed in some grains from the Linglong and Kunyushan granitoids,
but two-stage model (TDM2) relative to average continental crust when but few in the Guojialing and Sanfoshan granitoids. Some zircons are
εHf(t) values are negative (Zheng et al., 2007). partially resorbed and recrystallized with bright rounded rims,
indicating they suffered post-magmatic high-T hydrothermal alter-
3.3. Whole-rock major and trace elements as well as Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr ation (Liati et al., 2002; Zheng et al., 2004).
isotopes
4.1.1. Linglong
Whole-rock major and trace elements, and Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr As listed in Table S1, two samples (06SD39 and 06SD52) from the
isotopes were analyzed at the State Key Laboratory of Continental Linglong pluton were selected for LA-ICPMS zircon U–Pb dating. Twenty
Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi'an. Major element oxide concen- zircon spots were analyzed for sample 06SD39, yielding concordant
206
trations were measured by XRF using a Rigaku RIX 2100 spectrometer. Pb/238U ages with a weighted mean of 157 ± 2 Ma (Fig. 3i). For
Trace element concentrations were determined by Elan 6100 DRC ICP- sample 06SD52, on the other hand, seventeen of nineteen U–Pb isotope
AES. Analyses of USGS rock standards (BCR-2, BHVO-1 and AGV-1) analyses define a discordia lower intercept age of 148 ± 5 Ma and an
indicate a precision and accuracy of better than 5% for major elements upper intercept age of 769 ± 19 Ma; the remaining two analyses gave
and 10% for trace elements and REE. concordant U-Pb ages of 124 ± 5 Ma (Fig. 3j). The upper intercept age
Whole-rock Nd–Sr isotopic compositions were determined using a is similar to a concordant 206Pb/238U age of 773 ± 4 Ma for a residual
Micromass IsoProbe multi-collector (MC–ICPMS). Analytical preci- core (Table S1 and Fig. 3j), and the lower interpret age is consistent
sions of isotope ratio measurements are given as ±2σ standard errors. with a weighted mean of 147±3 Ma.
Sr isotopic ratios were corrected for mass fractionation relative to
86
Sr/88Sr= 0.1194, BCR-2 standard yielded a 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7050 ± 4.1.2. Kunyushan
10. Separation of Sm and Nd was done using a routine two-column As listed in Table S1, three samples (06SD12, 06SD21 and 06SD28)
ion-exchange technique. The measured 143Nd/144Nd ratios were from the Kunyushan pluton were selected for LA-ICPMS zircon U–Pb

Fig. 2. Selected zircon CL images on analyzed spots with apparent U–Pb ages and εHf(t) values (rock-forming age) for Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula. Figures
(a) and (b) are for Sanfoshan, figures (c) to (e) for Kunyushan, figures (f) to (h) for Guojialing, and figures (i) and (j) for Linglong.
518 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536

dating. U–Pb isotope data define a discordia lower intercept age of of CaO, Al2O3, FeOt, MgO, P2O5, Sr and Ba decrease but K2O and Rb
149 ± 5 Ma and an upper intercept age of 784 ± 36 Ma for sample increase. These granitoids are all rich in K2O (Fig. 5i), falling in the
06SD12 (Fig. 3c), 130 ± 9 Ma and 793 ± 260 Ma for sample 06SD21 high-K calc-alkaline field (with one exception).
(Fig. 3d), and 143 ± 4 Ma and 790 ± 21 Ma for sample 06SD28 (Fig. 3e). REE patterns for the four plutons are illustrated in Fig. 6. They
exhibit strong LREE enrichment, with (La/Yb)N ratios of 6 to 92
4.1.3. Guojialing (Table 4). Most granitoids have negligible negative Eu anomalies to
As listed in Table S1, three samples (06SD36, 06SD64 and 06SD73) weakly positive Eu anomalies, with Eu/Eu* ratios of 0.69 to 1.31. In Sr/
from the Guojialing pluton were selected for LA-ICPMS zircon U–Pb Y vs. Y and (La/Yb)N vs. YbN diagrams (Fig. 7), most granitoids plot in
dating. Most of apparent 206Pb/238U ages are in agreement with each the adakite field. A few samples (06SD02, 06SD17 and 06SD73) that
other, yielding a weighted mean of 121 ± 2 Ma for sample 06SD36 have high SiO2 contents of greater than 77% show weak LREE
(Fig. 3f), 111 ± 2 Ma for sample 06SD64 (Fig. 3g), and 133 ± 3 Ma for enrichment, significant negative Eu anomalies and low Sr/Y ratios
sample 06SD73 (Fig. 3h). (1.10 to 14.1). They are similar to highly fractionated I-type granites in
NE China (Wu et al., 2001). In the spidergram (Fig. 6), the four plutons
are characterized by enrichment of LILE and Pb, but relative depletion
4.1.4. Sanfoshan
of Nb, Ta and Ti, typical of arc-derived continental crust (Taylor and
Samples 06SD01 and 06SD17 from the Sanfoshan pluton were
McLennan, 1985; Rudnick, 1995; Zheng et al., 2008).
dated by LA-ICPMS and SHRIMP techniques, respectively (Tables 2
and S1). Twenty analyses on 20 zircon grains were performed for
sample 06SD01 (Table S1), in which nineteen analyses are in
4.3. Zircon saturation thermometry
agreement with each other in apparent 206Pb/238U ages, yielding a
weighted mean of 114 ± 3 Ma (Fig. 3a). Five analyses on 5 zircon
Based on the calibration of Watson and Harrison (1983), whole-rock
grains were performed for sample 06SD17 (Table 2), in which four
Zr saturation temperatures (TZr) were calculated (Table 4). Calculated
analyses are in agreement with each other in apparent 206Pb/238U
TZr values range from 730 to 791 °C for the Linglong pluton, 721 to
ages, yielding a weighted mean of 116 ± 3 Ma (Fig. 3b).
768 °C for the Kunyushan pluton, 754 to 793 °C for the Guojialing pluton
and 706 to 842 °C for the Sanfoshan pluton. According to the CL images
4.1.5. Summary and U–Pb ages (Figs. 2 and 3), the Linglong and Kunyushan granitoids
As shown in Table 3 and Fig. 3, the zircon U–Pb dating yields Late contain abundant residual zircons, but the Guojialing and Sanfoshan
Jurassic ages of 141 ± 3 to 157 ± 2 Ma for the Linglong and Kunyushan granitoids contain few residual zircons. As suggested by Miller et al.
plutons, but Early Cretaceous ages of 111 ± 2 to 133 ± 3 Ma for the (2003), for inheritance-rich (N10% grains with premagmatic cores)
Guojialing and Sanfoshan plutons. It appears that there are two episodes granitoids, TZr should place an upper limit on magma temperature; for
of granitoid magmatism in the Shandong Peninsula. The Early inheritance-poor (b10% grains with premagmatic cores) granitoids, TZr
Cretaceous U-Pb ages of 124 ± 5 Ma also occur in the Linglong pluton provides good estimate of magma temperature. Therefore, the
(Fig. 3j), suggesting local reworking of the Late Jurassic intrusion. The calculated TZr values for the Linglong and Kunyushan granitoids may
residual zircons from the Linglong and Kunyushan plutons have U–Pb represent the upper limit of their magma temperatures, whereas the
ages of 773 ± 4 to 790 ± 21 Ma, indicating that source of the granitoid calculated TZr values for the Guojialing and Sanfoshan granitoids are
magmas is Neoproterozoic age Precambrian crust. approximate to their magma temperatures.

4.2. Whole-rock major and trace elements

4.4. Whole-rock Sr–Nd isotopes
The whole-rock major and trace element data are presented in
Table 4, including seven samples from the Linglong pluton, three Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd isotopic data for the four plutons are presented
samples from the Kunyushan pluton, four samples from the Guojialing in Table 5, and initial 87Sr/86Sr and 144Nd/143Nd ratios are calculated
pluton and seven samples from the Sanfoshan pluton. for the ages of magma crystallization (Table 5). The Linglong pluton
The Linglong and Kunyushan plutons show similar major and trace has high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7089 to 0.7139 and negative εNd(t)
element compositions. They have SiO2 concentrations of 69.11% to 74.58%, values of −22.1 to −10.9 (Fig. 8). The single-stage (depleted mantle)
falling in the domains of granite in the total alkalis vs. silica diagram Nd model ages (TDM1) range from 1.65 to 2.68 Ga, and two-stage
(Fig. 4). They exhibit relatively high contents of K2O (3.32 to 4.48%), Al2O3 (continental crust) Nd model ages (TDM2) are from 1.82 to 2.72 Ga.
(14.25 to 15.62%), Sr (334 to 927 ppm), Ba (913 to 2244 ppm), and Sr/Y The Kunyushan pluton has high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7102 to
ratios (N50), but low contents of MgO (0.12 to 1.37%), TiO2 (0.06 to 0.27%), 0.7113 and negative εNd(t) values of −20.1 to − 19.3 (Table 5 and
CaO (1.09 to 2.93%), Rb (63 to 133 ppm), and Rb/Sr ratios (b0.3). Fig. 8). The TDM1 ages are from 1.96 to 2.66 Ga, and TDM2 ages are from
The Sanfoshan and Guojialing plutons have SiO2 concentrations of 2.50 to 2.57 Ga.
60.75% to 77.73%, falling in the domains of granite, quartz monzonite, Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and εNd(t) values for the Guojialing pluton
granodiorite and monzonite in the total alkalis vs. silica diagram (Fig. 4). range from 0.7106 to 0.7121 and from −22.3 to −11.9, respectively
Their major and trace elements vary widely, with K2O from 2.65 to (Table 5 and Fig. 8). The TDM1 ages range from 1.61 to 2.50 Ga, and
5.09%, Al2O3 from 11.94 to 17.33%, CaO from 0.25 to 4.84%, MgO from TDM2 ages are from 1.88 to 2.72 Ga.
0.08 to 2.91%, TiO2 from 0.08 to 0.56%, Sr from 32 to 2009 ppm, Ba from The Sanfoshan granitoids have high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7080 to
57 to 3010 ppm, and Rb from 66 to 356 ppm. They have variable Sr/Y 0.7111 and negative εNd(t) values of −22.3 to −13.0 (Table 5 and Fig. 8).
ratios from 1 to 325, and Rb/Sr ratios from 0.04 to 11.1. The TDM1 ages range from 1.47 to 1.99 Ga, and TDM2 ages are from 1.74 to
All four plutons are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous 2.46 Ga.
(Table 4), with A/CNK ratios of 0.91 to 1.10 except sample 06SD05 The highly fractionated samples, 06SD02 and 06SD73, have very
with an A/CNK ratio of 1.20. As shown in Fig. 5, there are correlations high measured 87Rb/86Sr ratios of 12.7 and 32.4 as well as 87Sr/86Sr ratios
between major elements, some trace elements and SiO2 for the four of 0.7798 and 0.8409, respectively. Correspondingly, they also have high
plutons (with few exceptions). With increasing SiO2, concentrations age-corrected initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7246 and 0.8193 (Table 5).

Fig. 3. Zircon U–Pb concordia diagrams for Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula. Figures (a) and (b) are for Sanfoshan, figures (c) to (e) for Kunyushan, figures (f) to
(h) for Guojialing, and figures (i) and (j) for Linglong.
J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536 519
520 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536

Table 3
Summary of zircon U–Pb age, Lu–Hf and O as well as whole-rock Sm–Nd isotopic compositions for Mesozoic granitoids in the Shandong Peninsula.

Sample Rock type U–Pb age (Ma) Lu–Hf isotopes Whole-rock Sm–Nd Zircon

Magmatic zircon Residual zircon εHf(t) TDM1 (Ma) TDM2 (Ma) εNd(t) TDM2 (Ma) δ18O(‰)

Sanfoshan pluton
06SD01 Monzonite 114 ± 3 (n = 20) −19.3 ± 0.4 (n = 17) 1551 ± 17 2387 ± 21 −16.6 2072 5.34
06SD17 Granite 116 ± 3 (n = 5) −14.7 ± 0.1 (n = 15) 1381 ± 62 2097 ± 63 −13.0 1742

Guojialing pluton
06SD36 Quartz monzonite 121 ± 2 (n = 17) −17.4 ± 0.6 (n = 14) 1459 ± 24 2277 ± 39 −14.7 2106 8.76
06SD64 Granite 111 ± 2 (n = 20) −19.0 ± 0.6 (n = 15) 1529 ± 25 2363 ± 30 −22.3 2718
06SD73 Granite 133 ± 3 (n = 16) −23.9 ± 0.9 (n = 15) 1718 ± 37 2685 ± 58 −15.4 2183 4.28

Kunyushan pluton
06SD12 Granite 149 ± 5 (lower intercept age) 784 ± 36 (upper intercept age) −26.0 ± 0.6 (n = 20) 1848 ± 27 2831 ± 40 −20.1 2567 6.95
06SD21 Granite 141 ± 3 (n = 11) -26.5 ± 0.5 (n = 9) 1885 ± 43 2856 ± 44 −19.5 2515 6.22
06SD28 Granite 146 ± 4 (n = 5) 790 ± 21 (upper intercept age) −24.3 ± 0.6 (n = 11) 1762 ± 22 2726 ± 35 −19.3 2502 6.59
−17.7 ± 1.4 (n = 4) 1506 ± 45 2311 ± 72

Linglong pluton
06SD39 Granite 157 ± 2 (n = 17) −24.2 ± 0.7 (n = 15) 1770 ± 31 2730 ± 46 −10.9 1824 8.93
06SD52 Granite 147 ± 3 (n = 5) 769 ± 19 (upper intercept age) −26.7 ± 1.5 (n = 14) 1863 ± 58 2839 ± 54 −21.7 2690 7.34
773 ± 4 (n = 1) −18.0 ± 1.6 (n = 10) 1527 ± 60 2333 ± 99
−39.6 ± 0.8 (n = 1) 2382 ± 61 3310 ± 96

4.5. Oxygen isotopes ages of 2665 to 3014 Ma with a weighted mean of 2839 ± 54 Ma
(Fig. 11j). The other group shows εHf(t) values of − 20.1 to −14.7
The O isotope compositions of whole-rock and mineral separates with a weighted mean of −18.0 ± 1.6, and TDM2 ages of 2125 to
from the four plutons are presented in Table 6. Whole-rock δ18O 2517 Ma with a weighted mean of 2333 ± 99 Ma.
values vary from 2.83 to 10.14‰. δ18O values of minerals are 4.22 to
12.81‰ for quartz, 2.80 to 9.89‰ for K-feldspar, 2.31 to 9.64‰ for 4.6.2. Kunyushan
plagioclase, 1.26 to 8.41‰ for amphibole, 0.86 to 6.67‰ for biotite, Twenty-spot analyses for sample 06SD12 yield relatively uniform
−1.72 to 3.80‰ for magnetite (Fig. 9). Zircon δ18O values vary from initial 176Hf/177Hf ratios of 0.281892 to 0.282039, and εHf(t) values
4.28 to 8.93‰ (Table 6). Most of them are higher than normal mantle- of −27.8 to −22.6, with a weighted mean of − 26.0 ± 0.6 (Fig. 10c).
derived zircon δ18O values of 5.3 ± 0.3‰ (Valley et al., 1998), but Their TDM2 ages range from 2623 to 2948 Ma, with a weighted mean of
several samples have δ18O values similar to, or slightly lower than, the 2831 ± 40 Ma (Fig. 11c).
mantle values (sample 06SD73 has the lowest value of 4.28‰). Analyses for sample 06SD21 exhibit uniform initial 176Hf/177Hf
pt?>Most of the granitoids display O isotopic equilibrium ratios of 0.281910 to 0.281976, and εHf(t) values of − 27.4 to − 25.1,
fractionations between quartz and zircon at magmatic temperature with a weighted mean of −26.5 ± 0.5 (Fig. 10d). Their TDM2 ages
(Fig. 9a). Quartz–zircon O isotope temperatures range from 557 to range from 2770 to 2915 Ma, with a weighted mean of 2856 ± 44 Ma
746 °C for the Linglong pluton, 573 to 916 °C for the Kunyushan (Fig. 11d).
pluton, 638 to 902 °C for the Guojialing pluton, and 726 to 782 °C for Eleven analyses for sample 06SD28 show similar initial 176Hf/177Hf
the Sanfoshan pluton. However, K-feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, ratios of 0.281957 to 0.282061, and εHf(t) values of − 25.6 to − 22.0,
amphibole and titanite are in significant disequilibrium when paired with a weighted mean of −24.3 ± 0.6 (Fig. 10e). Their TDM2 ages
with quartz for some samples (Fig. 9), indicating retrograde resetting range from 2578 to 2807 Ma with a weighted mean of 2726 ± 35 Ma
by post-magmatic water–rock interaction. (Fig. 11e). The other four analyses give εHf(t) values of −18.6
to −15.6 with a weighted mean of − 17.7 ± 1.4, and TDM2 ages of 2182
4.6. Zircon Hf isotopes to 2367 Ma with a weighted mean of 2311 ± 72 Ma.

The zircons from the four plutons that were dated for their U–Pb 4.6.3. Guojialing
ages were also analyzed for Lu–Hf isotopes on domains of the same or Zircon grains from sample 06SD36 exhibit uniform initial 176Hf/
177
similar structures (Fig. 2), and the results are listed in Table S2. Initial Hf ratios of 0.282144 to 0.282243, and εHf(t) values of − 19.6 to
176
Hf/177Hf ratios, denoted as εHf(t) values, are calculated for the −16.1, with a weighted mean of −17.4 ± 0.6 (Fig. 10f). Their TDM2
crystallization ages from the U–Pb dating. Figs. 10 and 11 show ages range from 2191 to 2411 Ma, with a weighted mean of 2277 ±
histograms of εHf(t) values and Hf model ages for these granitoids. 39 Ma (Fig. 11f).
Fifteen analyses for sample 06SD64 yield relatively uniform initial
176
4.6.1. Linglong Hf/177Hf ratios of 0.282108 to 0.282214, and εHf(t) values of −21.1
Zircon grains from sample 06SD39 exhibit relatively uniform initial to −17.3, with a weighted mean of − 18.9 ± 0.6 (Fig. 10g). Their TDM2
176
Hf/177Hf ratios of 0.281897 to 0.282041, and εHf(t) values of −27.4 ages range from 2261 to 2497 Ma, with a weighted mean of 2363 ±
to −22.4, with a weighted mean of −24.2 ± 0.7 (Fig. 10i). Correspond- 30 Ma (Fig. 11g).
ingly, their two-stage Hf model ages (TDM2) range from 2615 to Analyses for sample 06SD73 exhibit initial 176Hf/177Hf ratios of
2931 Ma, with a weighted mean of 2730 ± 46 Ma (Fig. 11i). 0.281882 to 0.282087, and εHf(t) values of −28.7 to − 21.5, with a
Zircon grains from samples 06SD52 show large variations in εHf(t) weighted mean of − 23.9 ± 0.9 (Fig. 10h). Their TDM2 ages are from
values and TDM2 ages (Figs. 10j and 11j). Except for one analysis (spot 2534 to 2985 Ma, with a weighted mean of 2685 ± 58 Ma (Fig. 11h).
#14 in Table S2) that gave an extremely negative εHf(t) value
of −39.6 with a TDM2 age of 3310 Ma, the other analyses can be 4.6.4. Sanfoshan
divided into two groups. One group has εHf(t) values of −34.6 Seventeen analyses for sample 06SD01 yield relatively uniform
to − 23.3 with a weighted mean of −26.7 ± 1.5 (Fig. 10j), and TDM2 initial 176Hf/177Hf ratios of 0.282100 to 0.282182, and εHf(t) values of
 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536 521

Table 4
Major and trace element compositions of Mesozoic granitoids in the Shandong Peninsula.

Sample Sanfoshan pluton Guojialing pluton

06SD01 06SD02 06SD04 06SD05 06SD16 06SD17 06SD29 06SD36 06SD47 06SD64 06SD73

SiO2 60.75 77.57 69.69 71.90 72.65 77.27 67.62 67.28 68.91 71.69 77.73
TiO2 0.56 0.09 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.08 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.10 0.15
Al2O3 17.33 12.49 16.41 14.76 14.32 12.81 15.88 15.91 16.17 15.76 11.94
(Fe2O3)T 4.98 0.60 1.95 1.79 1.76 0.72 3.26 2.70 2.51 0.98 0.84
MnO 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.05
MgO 2.91 0.08 0.41 0.36 0.59 0.08 1.65 1.92 1.25 0.25 0.14
CaO 4.84 0.37 1.84 0.25 1.44 0.67 3.12 3.08 2.98 1.32 0.43
Na2O 4.33 3.39 4.34 4.03 4.02 4.36 4.10 4.35 4.85 4.65 3.40
K2O 2.93 4.88 4.27 4.80 4.39 3.76 3.61 4.08 2.65 4.31 5.09
P2O5 0.35 0.01 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.01 0.16 0.21 0.12 0.04 0.02
LOI 0.87 0.37 0.62 1.31 0.65 0.49 0.38 0.53 0.50 0.64 0.67
Mg# 2.91 0.08 32.89 31.91 0.59 0.08 1.65 1.92 1.25 0.25 0.14
TZr (°C) 759 730 814 842 785 706 759 793 772 754 772
Total 99.91 99.86 99.83 99.51 100.13 100.28 100.14 100.39 100.26 99.76 100.46
A/CNK 0.91 1.08 1.08 1.20 1.02 1.03 0.97 0.93 0.99 1.07 1.00
K2O/Na2O 0.68 1.44 0.98 1.19 1.09 0.86 0.88 0.94 0.55 0.93 1.50

Trace elements (ppm)

Ba 1890 56.6 2857 1251 1059 173 1755 3010 645 2207 146
Rb 66.1 356 109 120 129 178 98.3 84.5 89.8 70.5 187
Sr 1195 32.0 1056 259 434 110 859 2009 962 1021 42.9
Nb 7.77 23.5 16.0 15.4 13.8 21.5 9.02 7.76 6.06 3.70 18.7
Ta 0.44 1.93 0.89 1.13 1.15 2.00 0.70 0.45 0.39 0.12 1.34
Hf 3.83 2.83 4.86 5.38 3.82 2.19 3.23 4.95 4.00 2.75 4.52
Zr 185 72.0 223 254 164 57.1 142 232 158 110 131
Th 6.84 36.8 9.31 17.0 19.8 33.6 9.36 14.5 9.21 2.43 17.1
U 1.30 3.50 0.91 2.78 3.05 4.60 1.40 1.61 2.01 0.36 2.15
Cr 67.2 43.2 1.16 2.54 5.05 0.23 37.1 57.9 29.9 0.42 4.04
Ni 28.3 6.86 1.68 4.93 4.10 1.45 14.4 39.0 14.6 1.39 1.81
Sc 10.3 1.73 2.16 2.96 2.17 1.13 6.12 5.30 4.55 1.31 1.23
V 86.8 3.28 9.63 19.6 20.5 4.23 52.1 46.0 38.8 4.26 4.50
Cu 4.40 2.17 2.41 2.18 2.61 1.77 3.34 3.24 3.58 2.10 1.69
Pb 14.7 32.3 36.4 21.6 23.4 28.4 25.0 41.2 34.9 31.1 30.2
Zn 55.1 7.81 42.3 43.4 30.3 12.2 51.0 63.9 61.6 41.1 30.1
Co 14.2 0.30 1.66 1.98 2.50 0.28 7.87 7.59 5.41 0.54 0.19
Ga 22.3 17.0 22.6 16.5 16.3 16.2 19.1 25.0 25.2 18.6 14.5
Rb/Sr 0.06 11.1 0.10 0.46 0.30 1.62 0.11 0.04 0.09 0.07 4.34
Sr/Y 84.0 4.77 81.7 13.1 35.9 14.1 74.1 134 124 325 1.10

REE (ppm)
La 56.7 26.9 50.8 56.0 38.1 18.1 39.6 104 24.4 13.1 31.4
Ce 104 40.3 83.7 95.5 65.6 31.0 68.1 179 44.2 24.3 60.6
Pr 11.6 3.61 8.40 9.77 6.68 2.70 7.11 19.5 4.78 2.56 6.64
Nd 42.7 9.08 27.6 32.6 22.3 7.36 25.0 71.1 17.7 8.81 22.8
Sm 6.39 0.99 3.67 5.02 3.41 0.96 3.73 10.7 2.93 1.35 4.95
Eu 1.78 0.12 0.99 1.01 0.79 0.16 1.06 2.70 0.83 0.62 0.28
Ti 0.56 0.09 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.08 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.10 0.15
Gd 4.95 0.98 3.15 4.08 2.81 0.97 3.13 7.51 2.44 1.08 4.99
Tb 0.55 0.13 0.39 0.54 0.35 0.13 0.37 0.73 0.28 0.12 0.88
Dy 2.55 0.65 2.04 2.81 1.80 0.71 1.80 2.99 1.26 0.48 5.49
Ho 0.45 0.17 0.39 0.55 0.35 0.18 0.35 0.45 0.24 0.10 1.19
Er 1.20 0.56 0.97 1.62 1.01 0.57 0.95 1.10 0.62 0.24 3.64
Tm 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.27 0.17 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.09 0.05 0.60
Yb 1.08 1.07 0.82 1.71 1.15 1.02 0.99 0.85 0.62 0.33 3.71
Lu 0.16 0.20 0.12 0.27 0.19 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.05 0.55
Y 14.2 6.70 12.9 19.8 12.1 7.79 11.6 14.9 7.74 3.14 39.0
ΣREE 249 80 171 194 157 72 164 416 109 56 187
Eu/Eu* 0.97 0.37 0.89 0.69 0.78 0.49 0.95 0.92 0.95 1.58 0.17
(La/Yb)N 37.8 18.0 44.6 23.6 23.7 12.8 28.7 87.2 28.0 28.1 6.08

Sample Kunyushan pluton Linglong pluton

06SD12 06SD21 06SD28 06SD39 06SD52 06SD54 06SD56 06SD61 06SD69 06SD75

SiO2 73.69 74.48 72.90 69.11 73.79 73.91 73.29 72.08 74.58 73.00
TiO2 0.09 0.06 0.11 0.27 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.06 0.06
Al2O3 14.72 14.26 15.24 15.62 14.82 14.97 14.70 15.62 14.25 15.35
(Fe2O3)T 0.81 0.70 1.09 2.56 1.43 1.00 1.28 1.30 0.79 0.94
MnO 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03
MgO 0.17 0.13 0.24 1.37 0.28 0.20 0.21 0.31 0.12 0.17
CaO 1.29 1.09 1.60 2.93 1.51 1.39 1.22 2.33 1.21 1.75
Na2O 4.49 4.11 3.94 4.35 4.03 4.44 3.81 3.99 3.92 4.45
K2O 3.88 4.48 4.46 3.43 4.10 3.98 4.45 3.32 4.29 3.56
P2O5 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.03

(continued on next page)

522 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536

Table 4 (continued)
Sample Kunyushan pluton Linglong pluton

06SD12 06SD21 06SD28 06SD39 06SD52 06SD54 06SD56 06SD61 06SD69 06SD75

LOI 0.33 0.39 0.36 0.66 0.27 0.24 0.46 0.48 0.28 0.27
TZr (°C) 768 721 768 749 791 741 778 776 730 732
Total 99.51 99.74 99.98 100.46 100.44 100.29 99.59 99.63 99.53 99.61
A/CNK 1.06 1.05 1.07 0.96 1.07 1.06 1.10 1.08 1.07 1.07
K2O/Na2O 0.86 1.09 1.13 0.79 1.02 0.90 1.17 0.83 1.09 0.80

Trace elements (ppm)

Ba 1746 1071 1969 913 1791 1185 1850 2186 1570 2244
Rb 68.2 96.7 103 107 106 133 93.9 62.9 98.9 94.7
Sr 548 334 605 793 651 499 561 927 486 786
Nb 4.13 5.66 12.1 7.25 7.15 13.8 7.38 2.89 3.98 5.91
Ta 0.14 0.22 0.76 0.43 0.37 1.03 0.46 0.10 0.18 0.42
Hf 3.19 1.95 2.99 3.21 4.04 2.63 3.57 3.22 2.13 2.03
Zr 127 70 128 124 164 91.7 137 139 76.9 81.7
Th 4.73 3.15 6.77 8.82 5.68 5.20 6.96 6.18 3.50 1.43
U 0.48 0.43 0.89 1.63 0.86 0.85 0.72 0.35 0.57 0.51
Cr 7.76 1.63 0.91 43.8 3.75 2.97 0.36 3.43 0.9 7.9
Ni 2.44 1.55 1.63 17.6 1.86 1.89 1.36 2.18 1.44 2.32
Sc 1.06 0.99 1.47 5.80 1.46 1.82 1.69 1.26 1.15 0.99
V 3.34 2.88 6.05 42.5 4.52 3.67 3.86 6.18 3.15 3.40
Cu 1.95 1.83 5.21 3.94 2.24 2.00 2.81 2.76 1.87 2.22
Pb 22.5 28.5 32.0 37.7 29.1 36.3 31.6 19.5 31.9 30.3
Zn 10.0 13.1 22.6 55.7 46.4 48.7 39.7 35.2 27.1 35.5
Co 0.37 0.08 0.56 6.05 0.79 0.51 0.80 1.22 0.26 0.47
Ga 17.8 16.9 19.1 22.8 20.1 22.9 19.5 19.2 17.9 18.1
Rb/Sr 0.12 0.29 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.27 0.17 0.07 0.20 0.12
Sr/Y 148 56.9 89.7 92.2 98.1 58.8 91.8 253 77.6 95.0

REE (ppm)
La 26.6 8.1 27.5 19.2 30.1 16.9 35.0 34.0 10.6 6.9
Ce 46.0 16.6 47.9 37.3 52.0 30.7 59.8 57.7 20.6 13.0
Pr 4.70 1.89 4.98 4.15 5.43 3.21 6.25 6.07 2.26 1.46
Nd 15.9 6.93 17.2 15.7 18.6 11.3 21.5 20.9 8.12 5.05
Sm 2.24 1.42 2.74 2.78 2.63 2.07 3.06 2.89 1.56 0.98
Eu 0.77 0.46 0.93 0.78 0.80 0.57 0.78 0.97 0.57 0.46
Ti 0.09 0.06 0.11 0.27 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.06 0.06
Gd 1.70 1.25 2.15 2.37 2.05 2.07 2.34 2.11 1.46 1.17
Tb 0.18 0.17 0.25 0.30 0.25 0.29 0.26 0.21 0.20 0.19
Dy 0.67 0.82 1.10 1.39 1.10 1.42 1.10 0.74 0.97 1.05
Ho 0.12 0.19 0.20 0.27 0.21 0.26 0.19 0.12 0.21 0.24
Er 0.28 0.54 0.51 0.71 0.51 0.62 0.47 0.25 0.52 0.69
Tm 0.05 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.09 0.13
Yb 0.35 0.71 0.57 0.72 0.50 0.55 0.46 0.27 0.55 0.89
Lu 0.06 0.12 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.08 0.15
Y 3.70 5.87 6.74 8.61 6.64 8.48 6.11 3.66 6.27 8.27
ΣREE 103 45 113 95 121 79 138 130 54 41
Eu/Eu* 1.21 1.07 1.17 0.93 1.06 0.84 0.89 1.20 1.15 1.31
(La/Yb)N 55.0 8.22 34.6 19.1 43.4 21.8 54.5 91.7 13.7 5.56

−21.3 to −18.4, with a weighted mean of −19.3 ± 0.4 (Fig. 10a). ancient, rather than juvenile, crustal basement. The two-stage Hf model
Correspondingly, their TDM2 ages range from 2331 to 2511 Ma, with a ages for the granitoids are mostly 1.9 to 2.9 Ga, suggesting involvement
weighted mean of 2387 ± 21 Ma (Fig. 11a). of Paleoproterozoic to Mesoarchean crustal basement in their origin.
Except for one analysis of sample 06SD17 (spot #13 in Table S2)
that gives a relatively high initial 176Hf/177Hf ratio of 0.282548 and a
εHf(t) value of −5.4, and thus a younger TDM2 age of 1515 Ma, the 5. Discussion
other fourteen analyses yield 176Hf/177Hf ratios of 0.282198 to
0.282391, and εHf(t) values of − 17.8 to −10.9, with a weighted A lot of geochronological data, obtained using different dating
mean of − 14.7 ± 1.0 (Fig. 10b). TDM2 ages range from 1864 to methods, are available for the Mesozoic granitoids in the Shandong
2293 Ma, with a weighted mean of 2097 ± 63 Ma (Fig. 11b). Peninsula. Whole-rock Rb–Sr isochron and mineral Ar–Ar plateau
ages for the Linglong granites are variable from Early Cretaceous
(120–130 Ma) to Late Jurassic (150–160 Ma) (e.g., Xu et al., 1989);
4.6.5. Summary mineral Ar–Ar plateau ages for the Kunyushan granite are also
There are variably negative zircon εHf(t) values of −39.6 to −5.4 for variable from 120 to 160 Ma (Xu et al., 1997); mineral Ar–Ar plateau
the Mesozoic granitoids in the Shandong Peninsula (Table S2). They ages for the Sanfoshan granitoids are 110–120 Ma (Zhang and Zhang,
correspond to two-stage Hf model ages of 2125 ± 124 to 3310 ± 96 Ma 2007). Because of possible resetting of Rb–Sr and Ar–Ar isotope
for the Linglong, Kunyushan and Guojialing plutons, and 1515 ± 66 to systems by diffusion and hydrothermal alteration, the whole-rock Rb–
2511 ± 97 Ma for the Sanfoshan pluton (Table 3). These results suggest Sr isochron and mineral Ar–Ar plateau ages may be influenced to
that the Mesozoic granitoids were derived from partial melting of different extents by post-magmatic processes. In contrast, zircon U–
 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536 523

(2) high A/CNK values for some samples (Table 4); and (3) relatively
high initial Sr isotope ratios for some samples (Table 5 and Fig. 8). The
supracrustal materials would reside on the surface of subducted
continental crust and be tectonically transported into the subduction
zone during the Triassic continental collision, and then become
partially melted at pressures typical of the lower crust in the
subduction-thickened orogen during the Late Jurassic to Early
Cretaceous.

5.2. Source nature of the granitoids

Fig. 12 illustrates the relationship between the zircon Hf and

whole-rock Nd isotopes for the Mesozoic granitoids in the Shandong
Peninsula. It appears that most samples fall in the terrestrial array as
defined by Vervoort et al. (1999). However, most of the two-stage Nd
model ages are younger than the two-stage Hf model ages, especially
for granite 06SD39 (Fig. 12b). This can be explained by the zircon
Fig. 4. TAS diagram for Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula.
effect, which assumes higher stability of zircon Lu–Hf isotope system
than the whole-rock Sm–Nd isotope system for chemical differenti-
ation during partial melting and chemical weathering (Patchettet al.,
1984; Zheng et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2008). Thus the zircon Hf model
Pb ages are capable of providing a reliable dating of granitoid ages provide a more reliable constraint than the whole-rock Nd model
emplacement. Wang et al. (1998) reported SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages ages on the timing of crust–mantle differentiation and thus the age of
of 149–163 Ma and 124–133 Ma for the Linglong and Guojialing juvenile crustal formation (Kemp et al., 2006; Nebel et al., 2007;
granitoids, respectively. Hu et al. (2004) reported SHRIMP zircon U– Zheng et al., 2007).
Pb ages of 149–163 Ma for the Kunyushan monzogranite. Guo et al. The two-stage Hf model ages for the four plutons are depicted in
(2005) reported SHRIMP zircon U–Pb ages of 106–114 Ma for the Fig. 13. The Linglong granitoids have two peaks of TDM2 ages at 2778 ±
Sanfoshan and Weideshan granitoids. The present U–Pb dates 39 Ma and 2333 ± 99 Ma, respectively (Fig. 13d), with one exception
(Table 3) are basically in agreement with the previous zircon U–Pb of the oldest TDM2 age at 3310 ± 96 Ma. This suggests the presence of a
ages within analytical errors. In this regard, we pay more attention to Paleoarchean crustal component in the source of the Linglong pluton.
petrogenesis of the Mesozoic granitoids within the framework of Similarly, the Guojialing granitoids show two peaks of TDM2 ages at
continental collision between the South and North China Blocks. 2330 ± 28 Ma and 2685 ± 58 Ma, respectively (Fig. 13c). A histogram
of TDM2 ages for the Kunyushan granitoids also shows two peaks with
weighted means of 2811 ± 28 Ma and 2311 ± 72 Ma, respectively
5.1. Origin of high δ18O granitoids (Fig. 13b). The old Hf model ages indicate that the sources of the
Linglong, Guojialing and Kunyushan plutons are mainly composed of
As shown in Table 6, the zircon δ18O values of 5.9 to 8.9‰ for most Neo-Mesoarchean and Paleoproterozoic crusts. In contrast, TDM2 ages
of the granitoids in the Shandong Peninsula are higher than 5.3 ± for the Sanfoshan granitoids show two peaks (Fig. 13a) with weighted
0.3‰ for the normal mantle zircon. Compared to the other minerals, means of 2385 ± 20 Ma and 2096 ± 65 Ma, respectively. This suggests
zircon shows extremely high stability, and thus is capable of that the source of the Sanfoshan granitoids is principally Paleoproter-
preserving its magmatic δ18O value even after undergoing subsolidus ozoic crust.
water–rock interaction and dry granulite-facies metamorphism The extremely negative zircon εHf(t) and whole-rock εNd(t) values
(Valley, 2003; Zheng et al., 2004). The high zircon δ18O values for as well as very old zircon Hf model ages indicate that the source
these Mesozoic granitoids suggest their crystallization from high 18O materials of the Jiaobei granitoids (Linglong and Guojialing) are
magmas which could be derived from a high δ18O crustal source that Paleoproterozoic to Archean crust. On the other hand, the LA-ICPMS
once underwent either low-T hydrothermal alteration or chemical zircon U–Pb dating yields discordia upper intercept ages of 769 ±
weathering. 19 Ma and a concordant age of 773 ± 4 Ma on a residual core of
The post-magmatic alteration is evident from the O isotope sample 06SD52 from the Linglong pluton. These U–Pb ages are
disequilibria between quartz and the other rock-forming minerals consistent with the protolith ages of 740 to 780 Ma for the UHP
(Fig. 9), so that the measured whole-rock δ18O values cannot reflect metaigneous rocks in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt (Zheng et al., 2004,
those of their primary magma. Therefore, the primary whole-rock 2009; Tang et al., 2008a,b). Similar results were also obtained by
δ18O values are calculated by using two different methods (Table 6). Wang et al. (1998) for the Linglong granitoids. This suggests
One is based on measured zircon δ18O values, isotope fractionation involvement of the Neoproterozoic crust of the subducted South
factors between zircon and magmatic rocks (Zhao and Zheng, 2003), China Block in the magma source of the Jiaobei granitoids. In essence,
and zircon saturation temperatures. The other is based on measured the Paleoproterozoic juvenile crust, as indicated by the zircon Hf and
zircon δ18O values and whole-rock SiO2 contents as well as the δ18O– whole-rock Nd model ages, and the Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks
SiO2 equation of Valley et al. (1994). As shown in Table 6, the two are the characteristic features of the South China Block (e.g., Zheng
calculated results agree well with each other. Most of the samples et al., 2004, 2006, 2009; Tang et al., 2008a,b; Zhao et al., 2008).
have whole-rock δ18O values of 6.4 to 9.5‰, similar to those of normal Tectonically, the Jiaobei region belongs to the southern margin of the
granitoids (Taylor and Sheppard, 1986). The remaining samples North China Block, which is characterized by Archean Nd model ages
exhibit high δ18O values of 10.2 to 11.1‰, suggesting involvement of (Wu et al., 2005) but the absence of Neoproterozoic magmatism
supracrustal rocks in the magma source of these granitoids. (Tang et al., 2007). In this regard, the occurrence of Neoproterozoic U–
The involvement of supracrustal materials in the magma source of Pb ages for the residual zircons and the Paleoproterozoic Hf model
these granitoids is consistent with the following observations: (1) the ages for the Mesozoic granitoids in the Jiaobei terrane indicate that
presence of primary muscovite or garnet in some samples (Table 1); their source contains crustal materials from the South China Block.
524 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536

Fig. 5. Major and trace elements vs. SiO2 plots for Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula. Boundaries in the K2O vs. SiO2 diagram are after Rickwood (1989).

The discordia upper intercept U–Pb ages of 784 ± 36 Ma and 790 ± Neoproterozoic cores (700 to 800 Ma) in the Early Cretaceous granitoids
21 Ma were obtained for samples 06SD12 and 06SD28 from the from the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt (Hacker et al., 1998; Zhou et al., 2003;
Kunyushan granitoids in the Jiaodong terrane, indicating that the Bryant et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2004, 2007; Yang et al., 2005b; Huang
Neoproterozoic crust served as their magma source. Similar results were et al., 2006). Therefore, the two plutons from the Jiaodong terrane have
also reported by Hu et al. (2004) and Guo et al. (2005). The Sanfoshan the same source as the other Mesozoic granitoids in the Dabie–Sulu
granitoids contain few residual zircon cores, which gave two-stage Hf orogenic belt, i.e. the South China Block.
model ages of Paleoproterozoic. These are consistent with known zircon In addition, the Jiaobei granitoids contain residual zircons with
U–Pb and Hf model ages for protolith of the UHP metaigneous rocks in Archean U–Pb ages (Wang et al., 1998; Li et al., 2005), but no Archean
the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt (Zheng et al., 2004, 2009; Zhao et al., U–Pb age was found in the Jiaodong granitoids (Guo et al., 2005; this
2008), indicating that the Jiaodong granitoids (Kunyushan and study). The oldest Hf model age of 3310 ± 96 Ma for one zircon grain
Sanfoshan) were principally derived by partial melting of the subducted from the Linglong pluton is also in agreement with the oldest SHRIMP
South China Block. As shown in Fig. 8, the whole-rock Sr–Nd isotopes for zircon U–Pb ages of ~3.4 Ga for residual cores in the Jiaobei granitoids
the Sanfoshan granitoids are similar to many Early Cretaceous granitoids (Wang et al., 1998) and ~ 3.3 Ga detrital zircon ages for metasedi-
widely distributed in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt (Chen et al., 2002; mentary rocks of the Fenzishan Group in the Jiaobei terrane (Ji, 1993).
Zhang et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2005b; Huang et al., 2006). A large number These results indicate that there exists a significant difference in the
of zircon U–Pb geochronological studies also reveal the presence of source between the Jiaobei and Jiaodong granitoids. The Paleoarchean
 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536 525

Fig. 6. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (left) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns (right) for Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula. The
chondrite REE and primitive mantle normalization values are from McDonough and Sun (1995).

zircon Hf model ages and residual zircon U–Pb ages for the Jiaobei (Zheng, 2008). A number of studies show that many adakite-like
granitoids suggest that their source contains ancient crustal material granitoids are not associated with subducted oceanic crust, including
derived from the North China Block. In contrast, the Jiaodong those in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt (Wang et al., 2007; Xiao and
granitoids lack both the Paleoarchean zircon Hf model ages and Clemens, 2007; Xu et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2008) and in the northern
Archean residual zircon U–Pb ages, indicating that their source has no margin of the North China Block (Jiang et al., 2007).
or little contribution from the North China Block. On the basis of the tectonic setting and geochemical character-
istics, three common petrogenetic models can be considered for the
6. Constraints on petrogenesis of adakite-like granitoids Mesozoic granitoids in the Shandong Peninsula: (1) magma mixing
coupled with assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC), (2)
Generally, most granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula are melting of delaminated lower crust, and (3) partial melting of
characterized by high SiO2 and Sr contents but low MgO, Yb and Y subduction-thickened orogenic crust in the continental collision
contents, strongly fractionated REE patterns and high Sr/Y and (La/ zone. Below we examine these models by an integrated interpretation
Yb)N ratios, and lack significant negative Eu anomalies (Figs. 4 to 7). of major and trace element data as well as stable and radiogenic
As depicted in Fig. 7, these geochemical features are similar to modern isotope data. In doing so, we have kept in mind that major elements
adakites (Defant and Drummond, 1990; Martin, 1999) and thus in this mean key problems in petrology, whereas minor elements mean
study we refer to these rocks as adakite-like granitoids. Compared to major problems in chemical geodynamics (Allegre, 2008); interpre-
typical adakites that formed by partial melting of subducted oceanic tation of trace element and isotope systematics must satisfy the
crust (Defant and Drummond, 1990), the granitoids in the Shandong constraints imposed by the straightjacket of major element phase
Peninsula clearly formed in a continent–continent collision zone relations and phase boundaries (Wyllie, 1984). As emphasized by
526 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536

are attempting to decipher the origin and genesis of continental

igneous rocks with robust constrains from the various aspects of
igneous petrology and geochemistry.

6.1. Magma mixing and AFC process

Because of the absence of Late Jurassic mafic rocks in the Shandong

Peninsula, it is difficult to link the petrogeneses of the Late Jurassic
granitoids to mantle-derived mafic magma. Nevertheless, there are
widespread occurrences of small mafic–ultramafic plutons, mafic
volcanics and dykes with Early Cretaceous ages of 130 to 110 Ma in
the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt (e.g., Zhao et al., 2005; Zhao and Zheng,
2009).
Previous studies have found that the Early Cretaceous granitoids
and mafic–ultramafic rocks from the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt have
similar characteristics to arc-like trace element distributions (enrich-
ment of LREE and LILE, depletion in HFSE) and enriched Sr–Nd isotope
compositions (Ma et al., 1998; Jahn et al., 1999; Chen et al., 2002;
Zhang et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2005b; Zhao et al., 2005, 2007). If the
Early Cretaceous granitoids could form by mixing between mafic and
felsic magmas coupled with fractional crystallization, the low SiO2
samples should have low δ18O values because coeval mafic–ultramafic
rocks in the Dabie orogen mostly have low δ18O values (Zhao et al.,
2005). However, this is not the case. Furthermore, the volume of mafic
rocks is very small compared to the coeval granitoids. Therefore, the
available observations do not favor magma mixing as the possible
mechanism for the petrogenesis of Early Cretaceous granitoids.
As shown in Table 4 and Fig. 6, most of the samples show no
significant Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.69 to 1.31), suggesting that they
neither contain significant cumulus feldspar nor did they experience
extensive fractionation of feldspar. Nevertheless, there are three
highly fractionated samples (06SD02, 06SD17 and 06SD73) with
significant negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.17 to 0.49) and one
sample (06SD64) with a significant positive Eu anomaly (Eu/
Eu* = 1.58), suggesting that cumulation and fractionation of feldspar
occurred only in local volumes. In addition, there is a negative
correlation between Sr and SiO2 contents (Fig. 5f); and similar
correlations are also found between Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios and SiO2
Fig. 7. Diagrams of Sr/Y vs. Y (a) and (La/Yb)N vs. YbN (b) for Mesozoic granitoids from contents (not shown). In this regard, even if fractionation could occur
the Shandong Peninsula. The fields for adakite and island-arc rocks are after Martin for some samples, it would decrease rather than increase their Sr
(1999).
contents, Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios. Thus, the primary magmas should
have higher Sr contents, Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios. However, the Early
Cretaceous mafic–ultramafic rocks in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt
Wyllie (1984) from numerous studies of experimental petrology, for have relatively low Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios (e.g., Jahn et al., 1999;
example, granitoid melts cannot be generated from partial melting of Yang et al., 2005b; Zhao et al., 2005). Therefore, the Early Cretaceous
normal mantle peridotites, nor from oceanic crust in subduction granitoids with high Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios cannot form by the
zones. In the literature, however, positive εNd(t) values for granitoids fractional crystallization of coeval mafic–ultramafic magma.
were often misinterpreted as originating from the depleted mantle In summary, it is unlikely that the mixing of mafic and felsic
rather than the juvenile crust, neglecting the insufficient accumula- magmas coupled with an AFC process could be responsible for the
tion of radiogenic Nd and Sr isotopes within short timescales. petrogenesis of Mesozoic granitoids in the Shandong Peninsula.
Negatively correlated trends between initial Nd and Sr isotope ratios
for granitoids were often misinterpreted as a result of crust–mantle 6.2. Partial melting of delaminated lower crust
mixing during magmatism rather than isotope heterogeneity in
magma sources, overlooking the contemporaneous mixing of major Kay and Kay (1993) proposed that the delamination or foundering
and trace elements between the crust and mantle components. of dense garnet-bearing mafic lower crustal rocks (e.g., eclogite and
Typically, the Paleozoic granites from the Lachlan Fold Belt in garnet pyroxenite) into the asthenospheric mantle and subsequent
Australia define an apparent sample, negatively correlated array on interaction with mantle peridotite could yield melts with high ratios
the εNd(t) vs. initial 87Sr/86Sr diagram (e.g., McCulloch and Chappell, of Sr/Y and La/Yb under continental collision orogens. This mechanism
1982). Such an observation was generally interpreted as indicating a has been used to interpret the petrogeneses of many Mesozoic
large-scale mixing process between primitive magma from the magmatic rocks in eastern China that have high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios
depleted upper mantle and evolved crustal endmembers (e.g., Gray, (Xu et al., 2002, 2006; Gao et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2006; Huang et al.,
1984; Faure, 1986). Although single granites were probably derived 2008; Liu et al., 2009). However, delamination of the mafic lower crust
from single source regions, mixing processes between the juvenile must be coupled with sinking of the subcontinental lithospheric
and ancient crustal sources are a key to understanding of large mantle (SCLM) because the latter has a much greater thickness and
variations in major and trace elements as well as radiogenic isotopes weight than the former. As a consequence, what would be
in continental igneous rocks (e.g., Zhang et al., 2010a). In this way, we delaminated is not only the garnet-rich mafic lower crust but also
 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536 527

Table 5
Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd isotopic compositions of Mesozoic granitoids in the Shandong Peninsula.
87
Sample Rb Sr Rb/86Sr 87
Sr/86Sr 2σ (87Sr/86Sr)i(t) Sm Nd 147
Sm/144Nd 143
Nd/144Nd 2σ εNd(t) TDM1 TDM2 fSm–Nd
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (Ma) (Ma)

Sanfoshan pluton
06SD01 66.1 1195 0.1623 0.709551 16 0.7093 6.39 42.7 0.0904 0.511703 9 −16.6 1785 2072 −0.54
06SD02 356 32.0 32.36 0.779823 16 0.7246 0.99 9.08 0.0657 0.511633 9 −17.6 1559 1999 −0.67
06SD04 109 1056 0.3038 0.711627 23 0.7111 3.67 27.6 0.0804 0.511403 8 −22.3 1991 2463 −0.59
06SD05 120 259 1.3347 0.710496 10 0.7083 5.02 32.7 0.0929 0.511839 8 −14.0 1650 1885 −0.53
06SD16 129 434 0.8611 0.709415 18 0.7080 3.41 22.3 0.0925 0.511875 8 −13.3 1599 1817 −0.53
06SD17 178 110 4.6722 0.716243 12 0.7083 0.96 7.36 0.0791 0.511855 9 −13.0 1465 1742 −0.60
06SD29 98.3 859 0.3355 0.709889 12 0.7093 3.73 25.0 0.0904 0.511626 6 −18.1 1879 2193 −0.54

Guojialing pluton
06SD36 84.5 2009 0.1213 0.710840 13 0.7106 10.7 71.1 0.0908 0.511801 18 −14.7 1669 2106 −0.54
06SD47 89.8 962 0.2693 0.711254 12 0.7108 2.93 17.7 0.1003 0.511953 8 −11.9 1606 1878 −0.49
06SD64 70.5 1021 0.1992 0.712469 12 0.7121 1.35 8.81 0.0925 0.511413 7 −22.3 2177 2718 −0.53
06SD73 187 42.9 12.69 0.840923 18 0.8193 4.95 22.8 0.1309 0.511784 8 −15.4 2503 2183 −0.33

Kunyushan pluton
06SD12 68.2 548 0.3593 0.710972 13 0.7102 2.24 15.9 0.0855 0.511497 6 −20.1 1959 2567 −0.57
06SD21 96.7 334 0.8360 0.712609 12 0.7108 1.42 6.93 0.1236 0.511568 8 −19.5 2660 2515 −0.37
06SD28 103 605 0.4901 0.712316 12 0.7113 2.74 17.2 0.0965 0.511549 7 −19.3 2074 2502 −0.51

Linglong pluton
06SD39 107 793 0.3885 0.711453 18 0.7106 2.78 15.7 0.1068 0.511992 9 −10.9 1648 1824 −0.46
06SD52 106 651 0.4704 0.712953 14 0.7120 2.63 18.6 0.0854 0.511419 6 −21.7 2049 2690 −0.57
06SD54 133 499 0.7695 0.713547 12 0.7119 2.07 11.3 0.1103 0.511480 8 −20.9 2449 2631 −0.44
06SD56 93.9 561 0.4828 0.713419 19 0.7124 3.06 21.5 0.0861 0.511410 10 −21.8 2070 2704 −0.56
06SD61 62.9 927 0.1957 0.711892 12 0.7114 2.89 20.9 0.0838 0.511415 5 −21.7 2028 2693 −0.57
06SD69 98.9 486 0.5875 0.715111 16 0.7139 1.56 8.12 0.1164 0.511428 8 −22.1 2682 2723 −0.41
06SD75 94.7 786 0.3479 0.709659 16 0.7089 0.98 5.05 0.1179 0.511486 10 −21.0 2631 2634 −0.40

Model ages (TDM1) were calculated relative to the depleted mantle. Two-stage model ages (TDM2) were calculated relative to the average continental crust at t = 120 and 150 Ma,
respectively.

the underlying SCLM. Nevertheless, the breakoff and sinking of with respect to the felsic continental crust. Thus, a geochemical test to
subducted continental or oceanic lithosphere into the asthenospheric validate the delamination model is to examine whether or not the
mantle may be a principal cause for mantle heterogeneity (Zhang Mg# values for the high Sr/Y and La/Yb magmatic rocks are negatively
et al., 2009). The mantle peridotite in the asthenosphere is commonly correlated with SiO2 and Al2O3 contents as well as initial 87Sr/86Sr
considered to be depleted not only in such major elements as SiO2, ratios, but positively correlated with initial 144Nd/143Nd ratios.
Al2O3 and K2O but also in such radiogenic isotopes as 87Sr and 144Nd A growing number of studies have demonstrated that primary
melts with high ratios of Sr/Y and La/Yb would acquire mantle
components such as MgO, Cr and Ni but would lose SiO2 and K2O
during magmatic ascent by reaction with mantle peridotite. Melts
without interaction with mantle peridotite, produced by melting
experiments of metabasalts and eclogites at 1–4 GPa, usually have
Mg# values lower than 45 (Sen and Dunn, 1994; Rapp and Watson,
1995; Rapp et al., 1999). Stern and Kilian (1996) suggested that the
high Mg# value (~ 68) and low SiO2 (~ 58%) adakites from the Cook
Islands only needed an addition of 10–20% mantle peridotite. The
experiment study of Rapp and Watson (1995) indicated that 10%
mantle peridotite added to primary melts with high Sr/Y and La/Yb
ratios would raise their Mg# from 44 to 55. Therefore, the contents
of MgO, Cr and Ni as well as the Mg# of primary melts would be
profoundly elevated by adding small amounts of mantle peridotite
to the felsic melt. Most of the Mesozoic granitoids from the
Shandong Peninsula have low contents of MgO, Cr and Ni as well as
low Mg#, suggesting their derivation from partial melting of the
subduction-thickened orogenic crust rather than the delaminated
lower crust.

6.3. Partial melting of the subduction-thickened orogenic crust

Partial melting of the subduction-thickened continental crust at

87 86
the lower crust level is considered the most likely model for the
Fig. 8. Initial ( Sr/ Sr)i vs. εNd(t) for Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong
Peninsula. Data for the Early Cretaceous granitoids in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt are
petrogenesis of the Mesozoic adakite-like granitoids in the
from Chen et al. (2002), Ma et al. (1998), Zhang et al. (2002), Yang et al. (2005b) and Shandong Peninsula. This model is also applicable to low Mg#
Huang et al. (2006). adakite-like magmatic rocks in other collisional orogens (e.g.,
528 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536

Table 6
Oxygen isotope compositions of mineral separates and whole-rock from Mesozoic granitoids in the Shandong Peninsula.

Sample δ18O (‰) T

(°C)
Zr Qz Kfs Pl Mt Amp Bi Mus Ttn Aln Ep Chl Gt Wr Wr(1) Wr(2)

Sanfoshan pluton
06SD01 5.34 4.22 2.31 −1.72 5.22 7.14 6.73
06SD02 9.29 6.45 6.90 1.26 5.17 6.55 7.07
06SD04 6.20 5.52 3.80 1.98 6.40
06SD05 6.46 6.38 6.30 2.66 6.40 8.31 8.52
06SD16 6.09 8.99 4.65 5.55 2.47 5.16 1.55 4.73 4.07 −0.32 −2.26 5.76 8.16 8.20 782
06SD17 4.85 2.80 2.73 2.83
06SD18 10.30 7.93 7.66 1.42 4.49
06SD20 9.82 7.26 6.90 0.86 4.52
06SD29 7.13 10.27 8.05 7.41 3.10 6.21 4.83 5.95 6.07 8.21 9.20 8.93 735
06SD31 7.10 10.29 8.12 8.02 2.38 5.88 4.96 5.40 6.77 726

Kunyushan pluton
06SD11 5.98 10.23 9.09 8.65 9.65 573
06SD12 6.95 10.07 5.24 5.77 0.16 1.07 4.49 5.43 5.96 9.09 9.12 739
06SD13 6.88 10.25 6.93 7.07 1.19 3.18 696
06SD21 6.22 8.52 4.41 5.13 2.81 1.59 5.91 6.12 8.57 8.44 916
06SD23 6.97 10.08 6.41 5.59 3.30 4.95 6.68 2.92 741
06SD28 6.59 10.53 7.80 7.47 4.93 6.21 7.10 6.51 8.58 8.72 8.71 612

Guojialing pluton
06SD36 8.76 11.74 8.91 8.70 0.43 7.51 6.66 6.30 7.17 8.50 10.69 10.55 765
06SD38 8.56 10.91 6.66 7.34 7.31 3.30 7.07 8.03 902
06SD40 8.09 10.51 4.45 5.28 2.51 6.02 2.38 5.46 6.40 0.45 −1.96 886
06SD43 10.61 7.37 7.09 4.22 8.31
06SD44 7.82 11.39 8.10 8.68 0.77 7.24 5.17 6.81 9.06 665
06SD47 8.35 12.11 9.09 9.26 1.45 7.44 5.54 7.22 7.59 9.55 10.41 10.23 638
06SD64 10.19 6.41 6.90 −0.14 4.09 6.58 5.23 1.36 7.75
06SD73 4.28 7.57 5.69 5.42 −1.08 0.86 2.65 3.47 5.85 6.41 6.69 710

Linglong pluton
06SD39 8.93 12.81 9.75 9.00 8.41 6.67 7.11 10.14 11.08 10.82 620
06SD49 7.91 11.21 8.30 8.57 0.47 4.64 6.95 708
06SD52 7.34 10.43 8.39 8.37 2.06 4.87 7.10 9.26 9.39 9.52 746
06SD54 10.39 9.89 9.64 1.60 4.55 9.40 8.64 8.69
06SD55 7.14 11.53 9.20 8.55 3.44 5.13 8.31 5.03 557
06SD56 6.54 10.44 7.76 8.59 2.32 4.88 6.31 9.40 618
06SD59 9.67 6.86 7.13 1.52 4.35 6.55 4.37
06SD61 11.07 7.74 7.93 2.06 4.39 5.10 6.39 2.89 8.68
06SD62 6.90 10.33 7.77 7.22 1.32 3.59 5.61 3.03 687
06SD69 6.13 9.27 7.14 6.73 0.50 3.35 4.25 6.26 5.16 −0.01 5.00 7.16 8.44 8.35 736
06SD70 5.91 9.90 7.32 7.34 0.36 3.42 4.44 5.33 5.53 606
06SD72 10.49 7.00 7.31 3.98 6.58
06SD75 10.02 7.26 7.05 0.94 3.62 5.18 5.68 5.34 5.28 8.09

Mineral abbreviations refer to Table 1; Wr—measured whole-rock δ18O values; Wr(1)—calculated whole-rock δ18O values based on measured zircon δ18O values, isotope
fractionation factors between zircon and magmatic rocks (Zhao and Zheng, 2003), and zircon saturation temperatures (Table 4); Wr(2)—calculated whole-rock δ18O values based on
measured zircon δ18O values and whole-rock SiO2 contents as well as the equation of Valley et al. (1994); T (°C)—apparent temperatures calculated by δ18O values of zircon and
quartz in terms of theoretically calibrated oxygen isotope fractionation factors (Zheng, 1993a).

Atherton and Petford, 1993; Kay and Kay, 2002; Defant et al., 2002; than 1.5 GPa (Sen and Dunn, 1994; Rapp and Watson, 1995; Skjerlie
Chung et al., 2003). Stevenson et al. (2005) found for the first time and Johnston, 1996; Litvinovsky et al., 2000; Skjerlie and Patiño
melt with high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios within mafic granulite in the Douce, 2002; Patiño Douce, 2005). Thus, a thickened (N50 km) crust is
lower crust, providing direct evidence for partial melting of the suggested to be present in the Shandong Peninsula when the
lower crust to form the adakite-like rocks. Previous studies also Mesozoic granitoids were emplaced. Many field-based studies also
suggested that Early Cretaceous adakite-like magmatic rocks in the indicate that adakitic melts derived from partial melting of subducting
Dabie orogen were derived from partial melting of the thickened oceanic crust have high Na2O contents and low K2O/Na2O ratios as do
crust in the continental collision orogen (e.g., Wang et al., 2007; Xu typical adakites (Na2O ≥ 3.5 wt.% and K2O/Na2O ~ 0.42: Martin et al.,
et al., 2007). 2005). However, the distinct enrichment of K in the continental-type
Most of the Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula (C-type) adakite-like granitoids in eastern China is significantly
exhibit low Yb and Y contents, strongly fractionated REE patterns and different from the enrichment of Na in the typical oceanic-type (O-
high Sr/Y ratios, indicating the presence of garnet or garnet and type) adakites where K2O/Na2O ratios approximate to unity (e.g.,
amphibole as residual phases. The high Sr contents and the lack of Wang et al., 2007; Xiao and Clemens, 2007; Xu et al., 2007). A number
pronounced negative Eu anomalies in the granitoids suggest the of experimental studies also suggest that the high K2O contents of
absence of plagioclase as residual phase. These features require that felsic melts may be dictated by the composition of source rocks that
partial melting would occur at the base of the thickened crust with are enriched in potassium, and thus K-rich rocks are appropriate
garnet and/or amphibole rather than plagioclase as the residual source rocks for the C-type adakite-like rocks (Sen and Dunn, 1994;
phases. Many experimental studies indicate that garnet ± amphibole Prouteau et al., 2001; Rapp et al., 2002; Skjerlie and Patiño Douce,
dominates residues but plagioclase disappears at pressures greater 2002; Xiao and Clemens, 2007).
 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536 529

Fig. 9. Mineral δ–δ plots for Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula. Isothermal lines are calculated using oxygen isotope fractionation equations of Zheng (1991, 1993a,b).

7. Implications for chemical differentiation of the synexhumation magmatism, subduction-thickened orogenic collapse
orogenic lithosphere and postcollisional magmatism.
The Mesozoic adakite-like granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula
Subduction-thickened continental crust commonly forms during have an arc-like distribution of whole-rock trace elements and
collision of continental plates, with one being subducted beneath the Paleoproterozoic Hf model ages for many magmatic zircons, and contain
other. Generation of large-scale postcollisional magmatic rocks is residual zircons with mid-Neoproterozoic U–Pb ages. These features are
usually caused by the tectonic collapse of subduction-thickened shared by the protolith of the UHP metaigneous rocks in the Dabie–Sulu
orogens (Dewey, 1988; Xie et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2008). It is well orogenic belt (Jahn, 1998; Zheng et al., 2004, 2009; Zhao et al., 2007,
known that the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt formed by the Triassic 2008), suggesting a common precursor of the subducted South China
continental collision between the South China Block and the North Block for both the granitoids and the UHP metaigneous rocks. This
China Block, with the significant occurrence of UHP metamorphic indicates that the thickened continental crust formed during the Triassic
rocks (Zheng, 2008). Postcollisional magmatic rocks widely occur in continental collision between the South China Block and the North
this orogenic belt (Zhao and Zheng, 2009). Therefore, a cyclical China Block. The occurrence of adakite-like features in the granitoids
process appears to have taken place between the South and North may suggest that they formed at pressures in the garnet stability field
China Blocks during the Mesozoic, including subduction of the (Martin, 1999), corresponding to lithospheric depths of N50 km. Similar
continental crust and its associated collision, HP to UHP metamor- conclusions were also reached for Early Cretaceous adakite-like
phism, exhumation of HP and UHP slices and associated anatexis for granitoids elsewhere in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt (e.g., Guo et al.,
530 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536

Fig. 10. Zircon εHf(t) values for Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula. Figures (a) and (b) are for Sanfoshan, figures (c) to (e) for Kunyushan, figures (f) to (h) for
Guojialing, and figures (i) and (j) for Linglong.

2006; Hou et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2007; Xiao and Clemens, 2007; Xu et Hammarstrom, 1984). Thus at least 25 km of the crust must have been
al., 2007; Huang et al., 2008). On the other hand, the presence of removed by surface erosion since the emplacement of these plutons.
magmatic epidote in some samples (Table 1) implies that some This is consistent with exhumation of the UHP metamorphic rocks that
granitoids in the Shandong Peninsula were emplaced at moderately would first ascend to middle to lower crustal levels in the Late Triassic
high pressures, corresponding to a depth of at least 25 km (Zen and (Zhao et al., 2008; Zheng et al., 2009).
 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536 531

Fig. 11. Zircon two-stage Hf model ages (TDM2) for Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula. Figures (a) and (b) are for Sanfoshan, figures (c) to (e) for Kunyushan, figures
(f) to (h) for Guojialing, and figures (i) and (j) for Linglong.

Partial melting of thickened continental lithosphere is commonly continental lithosphere of the South China Block underwent partial
caused by the tectonic collapse of collisional orogens due to gravitational melting at different depths. The high Sr/Y and La/Yb features of adakite-
instability or lithospheric extension (Zheng et al, 2009). This is capable like rocks imply that either crustal anatexis occurred at high pressures in
of producing postcollisional magmatic rocks with various compositions, the garnet stability field (Martin, 1999), or these rocks have inherited
including adakite-like and normal granitoids, and even gabboric and such features from their source (Zhang et al., 2010b). In either case, the
dioritic rocks. The occurrence of postcollisional magmatic rocks with partial melting of subduction-thickened orogenic crust caused intra-
various compositions in the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt, especially the crustal differentiation of their chemical composition. In particular,
adakite-like and normal granitoids, suggests that the subducted extensive extraction of low-density felsic melts would leave more mafic
532 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536

rifting. This tectonic cycle would not only cause physical and chemical
mixing between juvenile mantle-derived materials and sedimentary
component, but also effectively differentiate the chemical composi-
tion of the juvenile mafic crust. In particular, tectonic collapse of the
collisional orogen triggered extensional anatexis in the postcollisional
stage, resulting in chemical differentiation of the orogenic lithosphere.
As advocated by Zheng et al. (2008), the chemical differentiation of
the mafic crust is closely associated with plate-rift processes in the
history of the Earth, leading to the chemical evolution of the
continental crust towards felsic composition. Such a source-process
relationship also has important implications not only for petrogenesis
of continental igneous rocks but also the chemical evolution of the
continental crust.
According to the zircon U–Pb and Hf model ages for the Jiaobei
granitoids, the ancient crust from the obducted North China Block was
also involved in their origin. The continental collision ended in the
Late Triassic (Zheng et al., 2009) and the South and North China Blocks
were unified to form the eastern part of the Eurasian continent. Thus,
reworking of the orogenic lithosphere is marked by postcollisional
magmatism in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. This can be linked
to subduction erosion of the Pacific plate beneath the Euroasian
continent in the Mesozoic (Zhang et al., 2009). On this occasion, it is
also accompanied by backarc extension and rifting, triggering tectonic
collapse of the Triassic continent–continent collisional orogen. This
would bring about the partial melting of different lithologies at
different depths forming the postcollisional magmatism (Zhao and
Zheng, 2009). The large-scale thinning of the thickened continental
crust would occur in this period, leading to the foundering of the
orogenic root and the uplift of mountain belt. Such portion of the
plate-rift processes may occur episodically in the eastern edge of
Eurasian continent since the late Precambrian, providing a causal link
between plate tectonics and continental dynamics for the origin and
genesis of igneous rocks in intracontinental orogens.

8. Conclusions

Postcollisional granitoids in the Shandong Peninsula mainly

Fig. 12. Diagram showing the relationship between zircon Hf and whole-rock Nd formed in two periods of the Late Jurassic (141 ± 3 to 157 ± 2 Ma)
isotopes in Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula. (a) Zircon εHf(t) values and the Early Cretaceous (111 ± 2 to 133 ± 3 Ma), respectively. They
vs. whole-rock εNd(t) values, with terrestrial array after Vervoort et al. (1999); (b) were derived from partial melting of Paleoproterozoic to Archean
zircon Hf vs. whole-rock Nd model ages.
continental crust. Most of the granitoids have geochemical features
similar to modern adakites with low contents of MgO and Ni as well as
low Mg#, indicating their derivation from partial melting of
restites of high density in the orogenic root. Geophysical observations subduction-thickened continental crust rather than delaminated
suggest the relative lack of the mafic lower crust in the Dabie–Sulu lower crust. The thickened orogenic lithosphere was formed by the
orogenic belt, with about 35 km thickness of averaged crust (e.g., Gao et Triassic continental collision between the South China Block and the
al., 1998; Wang et al., 2000; Yang, 2002). Together with the removal of at North China Block. Neoproterozoic residual zircon U–Pb ages and
least 25 km of the uppermost crust by surface erosion, the orogenic crust Paleoproterozoic zircon Hf model ages occur in both the Jiaobei and
would have a thickness of N60 km in the Late Jurassic to Early Jiaodong granitoids, indicating that their sources have tectonic affinity
Cretaceous. Thus, the formation of adakite-like granitoids is associated to the South China Block. Nevertheless, the occurrence of Paleoarch-
with the accumulation of garnet in the mafic restites to form a kind of ean Hf model ages and residual zircon U–Pb ages for some Jiaobei
magmatic eclogites. This would favor gravitational sinking of eclogite granitoids suggests that their source contains ancient crustal material
together with the underlying SCLM. Thus, the relative lack of mafic from the North China Block. Therefore, the postcollisional granitoids
lower crust in the orogenic belt lends support to the contention that the were derived from the partial melting of orogenic roots between the
SCLM and the lower part of the overlying mafic lower crust in eastern two collided continents, with a predominant contribution from the
China were delaminated by basal erosion due to the Mesozoic subducted continent but a subordinate contribution from the
subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the eastern edge of the Eurasian obducted continent. The partial melting of the subduction-thickened
continent (Zhang et al., 2009). orogenic crust in the plate-rift processes may be also an important
The plate-rift model has been advanced by Zheng et al. (2008) to cause for chemical differentiation of the continental lithosphere.
account for the tectonic development and igneous petrogenesis in the Supplementary materials related to this article can be found online
periphery of the Yangtze craton during the Rodinia assembly and at doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2010.08.005.
breakup from the Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic. It includes the
subduction of the oceanic crust, island-arc magmatism and juvenile Acknowledgments
crustal growth, the closure of backarc basins, arc-continent collision
and juvenile crust melting, chemical erosion and sedimentary burial, This study was supported by funds from the Chinese Academy of
postcollisional collapse and rift anatexis, and finally supercontinental Sciences (KZCX2-YW-Q08-3), the Chinese Ministry of Science and
 J. Zhang et al. / Lithos 119 (2010) 512–536 533

Fig. 13. Histogram of zircon two-stage Hf model ages (TDM2) for Mesozoic granitoids from the Shandong Peninsula. (a) Sanfoshan; (b) Kunyushan; (c) Guojialing; (d) Linglong.

Technology (2009CB825004) and the Natural Science Foundation of Chen, B., Jahn, B.M., Wei, C.J., 2002. Petrogenesis of Mesozoic granitoids in the Dabie UHP
complex, Central China: trace element and Nd–Sr isotope evidence. Lithos 60, 67–88.
China (40921002). Thanks are due to Yuruo Shi for his assistance with Chen, J.F., Xie, Z., Li, H.M., Zhang, X.-D., Zhou, T.X., Park, Y.S., Ahn, K.S., Chen, D.G., Zhang,
SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating, to Xiaoming Liu and Honglin Yuan for X., 2003. U–Pb zircon ages for a collision-related K-rich complex at Shidao in the
their assistance with laser zircon U–Pb and Lu–Hf analyses, to Jianqi Sulu ultrahigh pressure terrane, China. Geochemical Journal 37, 35–46.
Chu, N.C., Taylor, R.N., Chavagnac, V., Nesbitt, R.W., Boela, R.M., Milton, J.A., Germain, C.R.,
Wang, Ye Liu, Chunrong Diwu and Chunlei Zong for their assistance Bayon, G., Burton, K., 2002. Hf isotope ratio an analysis using multi-collector
with whole-rock Sr–Nd and element analyses, to Jun Tang for his help inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: an evaluation of isobaric interference
with field sampling, and to Bing Gong, Renxu Chen and Xiangpin Zha corrections. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 17, l567–l1574.
Chung, S.L., Liu, D.Y., Ji, J.Q., Chu, M.F., Lee, H.Y., Wen, D.J., Lo, C.H., Lee, T.Y., Qian, Q.,
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Zhang, Q., 2003. Adakites from continental collision zones: melting of thickened
Eby for his editorial suggestions and to B.A. Litvinovsky and A.E. Patiño lower crust beneath southern Tibet. Geology 31, 1021–1024.
Douce for their constructive comments that greatly helped improved Cong, B.L., 1996. Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Rocks in the Dabieshan–Sulu Region
of China. Science Press, Beijing. 224 pp.
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