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Building Technology 2 Lecture

Building Technology 2 Lab (Adamson University)

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DRAWING AS A GUIDE FOR minimum skills of the painter must

CONSTRUCTION be specified, and the cleanup
needed must be called out.
 Drawings serve as the prime
means of communication for CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS
constructing buildings, interior
 Construction drawings (often
spaces, cabinets, furniture, and
called working drawings) visually
other objects.
communicate the design and the
 Construction drawings are
information required to bring a
scaled, detailed, and accurate
building or space into reality to
representations of how an object
everyone who is involved in the
looks and how it is constructed, as
building process.
well as the materials used
 These drawings generally follow a
o The drawings follow
set of architectural drawing
established architectural
conventions that are widely
graphic conventions to
accepted in the industry.
indicate sizes, material, and
 However, there is not just one right
related information that is
way to do construction drawings.
needed to bring the objects
The office staff and project size,
or spaces into reality.
office standards, and the detail
o The builder needs clear,
needed for custom fabrications can
concise drawings that are
require construction drawings that
directly related to the
vary from the conventions.
different views of an object,
such as plans, elevations, ORGANIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION
sections and other drawing DRAWINGS
types that are discussed in
 A variety of types of drawings are
later chapters.
needed to accurately describe a
CONTRACT DOCUMENTS project to the various tradespeople
who will do the work.
 Specifications, contracts, and
 The main types are what are
construction drawings are an
generally called architectural and
integral part of what is referred to
engineering drawings.
as the contract documents.
 For example, a concrete wall may
These documents form a guide for
be described as to its size and
the various workers and suppliers
finish on the architectural
to follow in constructing the
drawings, but an engineering
project.
drawing is also needed to spell out
 The construction drawings show
the exact structural components,
the location, size, and particulars of
such as size and spacing of steel
a structure to be built. The
reinforcing in the wall.
specifications set the standards
 Construction drawings are
of the workmanship and materials
sequentially arranged by major
in writing.
components.
 The drawings and specifications
 This sequence generally follows
complement one another and are
how the building is constructed,
used together.
from the ground to the shell of the
THE DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS building to the interiors. However,
COMPLEMENT ONE ANOTHER AND ARE the exact sequence of drawings
USED TOGETHER and their content will vary from
project to project and office to
 For example, the drawings show office.
the color and location of paint to be
applied to a wall surface, but do SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION
not tell how it is to be applied DRAWINGS
(sprayed, rolled, or brushed) and
1. TITLE/COVER SHEET
the resulting quality of
- Client, project, designer
workmanship required.
information
 In this case, the subsurface must
- Index of sheets, professional
first be prepared to receive the
stamps
paint, adjacent areas need to be
- Architectural symbols &
protected from the painting, the
abbreviations

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- Perspective or other visuals A list of the most common prefixes

- Design factors and applicable follows; however; other prefixes
codes may be added as needed
2. LOCATION OR SITE PLAN (Civil
A – Architecture
engineer’s drawings might include
these) S – Structural
- This information might be on
M – Mechanical
cover sheet
3. FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY PLAN (might E – Electrical
be included on another sheet)
- Exits, firewalls, square footages, P – Plumbing
and other code compliances I – Interiors
4. FOOTING AND FOUNDATION PLAN
(if required) F – Finishes or Furniture
- Might be part of the structural Q – Equipment
engineer’s drawings
5. DEMOLITION PLANS (if required)
6. FLOOR PLAN (S) PREPARING CONSTRUCTION
- Begin with lowest floor first DRAWINGS
7. BUILDING SECTIONS
- Key to floor plans  Sheet Size
8. EXTERIOR ELEVATIONS (if required)  The size of sheets that drawings
9. WALL SECTIONS, STAIR SECTIONS are done on can vary among
- Drawn at large scale professional firms, depending
10. INTERIOR ELEVATIONS upon the office standards, the
- Show most prominent elevations type of project, and the form of
11. DETAILS reproduction selected for the
- Drawn at large scale drawings.
12. FINISH PLAN (S) or FINISH  Generally, sheets are composed
SCHEDULE in a horizontal format, and
- Include legend and specific multiple sheets (which comprise
finishes a set) are bound on the left side,
13. FURNITURE INSTALLATION as for a book.
PLAN (S)  A0, A1, A2, A3
- Include legend and furniture  Sheet Composition
placement  When sheets are bound into a
14. FURNISHING AND EQUIPMENT set and a person leafs through
PLAN (S) if required the sheets, the information on
15. REFLECTED CEILING PLAN (S) the right-hand side of the sheet
- Include legend and coordinate is generally seen first. For this
with Electrical & Mechanical reason, title blocks and
16. ELECTRICAL PLAN (S) important information are often
AND/OR POWER/COMMUNICATION placed to the right side of the
PLAN (S) sheet. This is particularly
- Include legend and reference to important if the sheet is not
reflected ceiling plan completely filled with drawings,
17. MECHANICAL PLAN (S) schedules, etc. The blank,
including plumbing unused areas should appear to
18. SPECIFICATIONS (if required the left.
or put in separate booklet)

 The sheet numbering system can  Title Blocks

vary according to the complexity of  Title blocks on a construction
the project and office preference. drawing sheet serve a number
 For small projects, a simple of key functions. These title
numeric system can be used. Most blocks are drawn in a variety of
offices prefer to use a system that ways.
identifies each area of specialty by  Title blocks typically contain
a prefix. information that identifies the
project, its location, the name of
the client, the designer’s (or
firm’s) name and address,

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names or initials of the drafters  Construction drawings (often

and checkers, revision blocks, called working drawings) visually
and space for professional seals. communicate the design and the
information required to bring a
building or space into reality to
 Lettering in Drawings everyone who is involved in the
 The most important aspect of building process.
lettering in construction  These drawings generally follow a
drawings is its readability. set of architectural drawing
 It should be consistent in style conventions that are widely
and easy to follow. Most offices accepted in the industry.
use uppercase lettering for  However, there is not just one right
quick readability, but a clear way to do construction drawings.
lowercase alphabet can also be The office staff and project size,
employed. office standards, and the detail
 In both manual and computer- needed for custom fabrications can
aided lettering, a consistent require construction drawings that
style or font should be selected vary from the conventions.
and used by all participants.
DRAWING CONVENTIONS AND
 The height of lettering on
REPRESENTATIONS
construction drawings varies
according to the hierarchy of the  Construction drawings
information being presented and communicate how something is
the type of reproduction being built by showing specific
used. The following standards assemblies and employing
are generally used: architectural drawing conventions.
1. Sheet numbers in the title These conventions are fairly
block = ½ in. (12 mm) standard throughout the industry
2. Main titles under and are used to reduce the drawing
individual drawings = 3/18 time and space needed to convey
– ¼ in. (5-6 mm) information.
3. Subtitles, such as room  Abbreviations, graphic symbols,
names = 3/16 in. (5 mm) keys, and legends are used as
4. Majority of lettering, such shorthand to reduce drawing time
as notes and dimensions while conveying important
= 3/32 – 1/8 in. (2.4 – 3 information.
mm)  Another convention governs how
dimensions are recorded in a
 Notes drawing. Dimensioning standards
 Notes are used on construction ensure that the exact sizes and
drawings for the identification of placement of assemblies are
features or information that communicated by using a system
cannot be conveyed by that is recognized by both the
drawings or by a symbol. Notes designer and the builder.
should be concise, easy to read,
and clear in their meaning.
 Notes should be grouped and  Abbreviations
aligned vertically to the right or  Abbreviations for words and
left side. They should also be short phrases are often used in
placed close to the elements construction drawings.
described in order to keep  The architect, engineer, interior
leaders as short and direct as designer, drafter, and contractor
possible. Notes should be placed must all be able to recognize
in open areas of the drawings so what each abbreviation stands
line work, textures, and for. The drafter should include a
dimensions will not be drawn legend of abbreviations (often
over them. shown on the title sheet of a set
of drawings) to insure their
meaning is understood.
CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS
 Symbols

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 Symbols are used in

construction drawings as a
pictorial shorthand language to
reduce drawing time and
coordinate separate drawings.
 Graphic symbols can be used
 Symbols are divided into several
to index related parts of
types: material symbols, line
drawings, either on the same
symbols, graphic symbols, and
sheet or multiple sheets.
component symbols.
Letters, numbers, and notes can
 Material symbols are used in
be placed within the symbol to
drawings to represent the type
organize it with other symbols
of construction materials used in
and refer to other sheet
a component. Symbols are also
numbers. Symbols can also be
used to indicate materials in
used to denote a specific height
elevation drawings.
of a floor elevation or structural
 Materials shown in section view
column designation.
are rendered with commonly
 This example shows a few of the
recognized marks, as seen in
most commonly recognized
this partial example.
architectural symbols.
 Standard techniques can also be
used to represent material seen
in elevation views,

 Legends
 Construction drawing legends
combine graphic symbols with
notes. They are used on a
variety of drawings, such as
floor plans, furniture plans,
electrical plans, and lighting
plans.
 A wall legend is helpful for
designating specific wall types
in a floor

 The electrical legend details out

 Line symbols use the graphic the information represented by
look, line weight, and thickness symbols on the electrical plan
of elements represented in the
drawings to communicate
information to the viewer.
 Line widths and types are used
as graphic symbols with specific
meanings.

 The plumbing legend details out

the information represented by
symbols on the plumbing and
sanitary plan.

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 Graphic symbols used on studs, or make a center mark on

electrical plans to indicate the the stud. This takes extra time
location of the electrical outlets and introduces the possibility of
and wall switches errors. However, this method is
appropriate where one wants to
locate a wall in the exact center
 Dimensioning of a space, or in the center of a
 Dimensioning involves structural frame gridwork.
incorporating numerical values  In the field of kitchen design,
in a drawing to accurately locate specialized cabinetry is almost
and size various objects and exclusively dimensioned in only
assemblies in buildings and inches (or millimeters) instead
interiors. of feet and inches, to the finish
 Dimension lines and arrows (or faces.
tick marks) are used to identify  The usual distance of the
exactly where the dimension nearest dimension line from the
begins and ends. building line is 20 mm, and the
 Dimensions are grouped, where distance between dimension
possible, and ordered in a lines is 10 mm.
hierarchical manner. First the
overall, or outside, dimension of
a space or object is indicated, FLOOR PLAN
then the dimension of smaller
 The floor plan is perhaps the
details within the space are
most significant architectural
noted.
drawing, as it contains a
 Dimensions are required on all
tremendous amount of
construction drawings and must
information about the design
be accurate, complete, and
and construction of a building or
readable. At the present time,
space.
most construction drawings are
 It also serves as the primary
dimensioned in the English or
drawing to which many of the
metric systems, using feet and
other specialty drawings can be
inches, or meters.
keyed.
 In drawings using the metric
 A floor plan is an orthographic
system, all dimensions (texts)
view of a total building or an
are in millimeters, such as 5
area within a building, seen as if
mm.
a horizontal cutting plane were
 The most common method of
passed through it at a height of
dimensioning is the framing
approximately 1.50 meters
technique. The advantage of
above the floor line.
this system is that it most
 The portion of the building seen
closely follows the construction
from above may be in three
sequence in the field and
dimensions but the drawing
informs the particular trades of
shows these elements only in
dimensions most important to
two dimensions: length and
their area of construction. The
width. There is no sense of
framing technique is to the face
height.
of a stud, concrete, or masonry
 In multiple-level buildings, a
wall.
separate floor plan is drawn for
 The dimension can be placed to
each level. In turn, each level is
either the face of the sub wall
aligned with the one above for
(depending on the location and
bearing walls, stairways,
how easy it is for the builder to
ductwork, and other vertical
make a mark), or to each side,
elements related to both floors.
with an indication of the total
 Stairways are labeled “up” on
sub wall thickness.
one level and “down” on the
 The other method of
level above. When viewing a
dimensioning involves locating
floor plan of a building that
the centerline of a wall. In this
includes a mezzanine or loft, the
case the builder must subtract
upper level is shown in plan,
from the centerline to find
where to run the face of the wall

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with the lower level also shown  Metal studs are manufactured in
or simply labeled “open”. a “U” shape with small flanges
 In construction drawings, floor and have precut openings for
plans are drawn to scale and the passage of electrical conduit
detailed to show walls, doors, and other cables. They are
windows, plumbing fixtures, attached to a top and bottom
appliances, stairs, cabinetry, metal channel or “runner.”
and any other built-in or free-  Metal studs are similar in size to
standing interior features. Most wood studs and are available in
of these items are drawn, as widths of 1-5⁄8, 2-1⁄2, 3-5⁄8, 4,
viewed from above. and 6 inches (41.3, 63.5, 92.1,
101.6, and 152.4 mm).
 Like wood studs, they are
WALL AND PARTITION TYPES spaced 16 inches or 24 inches
(406 mm or 610 mm) on center.
 There are three commonly used
For most commercial interior
interior partition types in building
partition construction 24-inch
design.
spacing is used.
 These are wood frame, steel
frame, and masonry partitions;
or a combination of these.
 Masonry Partition
o Wood Frame
 Masonry partitions refer to walls
o (Galvanized) Steel Frame
constructed of concrete block,
o (Brick) Masonry Partition glass block, brick structural clay
tile, terra cotta, and gypsum
block.
 Wood Frame Partitions  Generally, masonry partitions
 Wood construction for interior form the exterior walls that are
partitions generally consists of what the building is constructed
2-4” wood studs [actual size is of. However, depending on the
1-1⁄2" x 3-1⁄2" (38.1 mm x 88.9 design intent, there may be
mm)] spaced 16 inches (406 interior masonry partitions
mm) or 24 inches (610 mm) on required for special purposes
center; the 16-inch spacing such as a bearing wall, fire
being more common. resistive construction, or
 Studs are upright supports in acoustical barrier.
the wall of a building to which
sheathing, drywall, etc., are
attached. SCALE OF FLOOR PLAN
 Gypsum wall board of various
thicknesses is nailed or screwed  Floor plans are drawn at a scale
directly to the wood studs on that best presents the
one or both sides of the partition information to be conveyed
depending on the design intent, without being too small to read.
use of space, fire and sound  Residential floor plans are
rating. relatively small in overall square
meter and are generally drawn
at a scale of 1:50 in metric
 Steel (Metal) Frame Partition scale.
 Steel construction with metal  As commercial spaces can be
studs is more common for large quite large, a scale of 1:100
commercial buildings and metric or even 1:200 metric
consists of galvanized steel. might be more appropriate.
 Metal studs are available in  In NBCP, Floor Plans drawn to
several thicknesses, referred to scale of not less than 1:100
as gages. The most common showing: gridlines, complete
thickness used for studs and identification of rooms or
other metal framing is 25 gage functional spaces.
(0.0175" or 0.455 mm). Heavier
gages are used for load-bearing
partitions, framing door DRAFTING STANDARDS
openings, or very tall partitions.  Walls in Plan View

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 The actual wall thickness will the room name; however, this is
vary with the type of done mostly in presentation
construction and materials, but drawings, as the dimension is
typically exterior walls are generally not accurate enough
drawn at about 6 to 8 inches for a construction drawing.
(152 to 203 mm) thick,
depending upon what materials
they are constructed of and  Architectural Symbols
interior walls are generally  A number of specialized symbols
drafted at approximately 5 are used on the floor plan.
inches (127 mm) thick in plan  For example, columns are
view. usually assigned a grid number
o EXTERIOR WALLS = 15 mm and referenced to the column
or 20 mm with plastering centerline for dimensioning
o INTERIOR WALLS = 10 mm / purposes. The grid consists of
15 mm with plastering numbers along one axis and
 Generally, a minimum of three letters of the alphabet along the
line weights should be used. other, so that one can easily
Walls should be drawn with the pinpoint a specific column, such
darkest and thickest lines as D-2 or C-4. A centerline is
o Textures are represented with drafted as a series of single
light lines. dashes and long lines passing
o Built-in furniture, cabinetry, through the column. A column
and other objects are drawn designation bubble (sized for
with medium lines. the appropriate lettering within
o Walls are drawn with heavy it) is placed at the end of this
lines. line. In some cases, such as at
an end column, the reference
 Doors and Windows in Plan View line might be to the face of a
 Doors and windows are drawn in column, instead of the center.
the floor plan using various  Wall and building section cuts
symbols and images, and are are shown on the floor plan with
further dimensioned and a symbol that indicates the
referenced to schedules in the approximate location of the cut
construction drawings. and the direction of view.
 The symbols used will depend  A circle is generally used that is
upon the operating action of the divided in two sections. The top
door or window, the specifics portion a letter, such as A, B,
needed to describe it, and the and C, generally indicates how
scale of the floor plan drawing. many sections are cut. The
 Windows are drawn in floor bottom section of the circle
plans in a variety of ways contains a number that refers to
according to the scale of the the sheet number this section is
plan and office standards. drawn on. In small projects
Generally, if the scale is large where there are a limited
enough, windows are drawn in number of sheets, bottom
based on their style and type of numbers are not used.
operation.
Graphic and Text Notation on Floor Plans Dimensioning Floor Plan
 Room Names and Notes  A floor plan is carefully
 There are a number of items in a dimensioned to ensure items
floor plan drawing that cannot such as walls, columns, doors,
be portrayed graphically and windows, openings, stairs, and
need to be noted. These will other particulars are correctly
vary according to the scale of located for construction.
the floor plan, its complexity,  Generally it uses the frame
and whether it is a design or dimensioning technique.
construction drawing.
 Approximate room size is
sometimes indicated beneath Dimensioning Technique

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 The extension line begins  Designation of Materials

slightly away from the object a  Floor plans generally are not
minimum 1.50 mm never used to designate specific
touching it. It extends about 3 materials, as finishes might be
mm beyond the dimension line. too small to show in plan and
 Arrows, dots, or 45-degree tick their selections might be
marks (most common) are used changed later. The amount of
at the extension line and material information provided
dimension line junction. The on a floor plan depends on the
arrows, dots, or tick marks are size and complexity of the
drawn with a thicker and/or proposed construction.
darker line to make them stand  The plans for a small residential
out graphically. The 45-degree project may contain more
tick marks are drawn in a detailed information, such as
consistent direction, generally the finished floor materials,
sloping left to right. because the design may be
 Exterior walls of a building are simpler and very few materials
dimensioned outside the floor used.
plan. The outermost dimension  The few materials that might be
line is the overall building designated on the floor plan are
dimension. The next dimension the walls, which can be pouched
line, moving toward the plan, to indicate wood or other wall
indicates wall locations and material designations such as
centerlines to doors and block, brick, or concrete. Floor
windows (depending on the wall and wall finish materials are
type). better indicated on the finish
 Other miscellaneous details in plans.
the plan (such as minor offsets,
jogs, or cabinetry and fixtures)
are located on a third dimension
line. This hierarchy of line work
allows the carpenters and other
trades to quickly locate major
framing elements and minor
details by referring to the
appropriate dimension line.
 Numerals are placed above and
centered on the dimension line,
being drafted at a height of 1⁄8
to 3⁄16 inch (3.17 to 4.76 mm =
5 mm).
 The numbers do not rest on the
dimension line, as they might
blend in with the line and
become unreadable. In
computerized drafting, the
machine is often programmed to
automatically place the
numbers centered in the broken
dimension line, rather than
above it.
 Dimensions are oriented to read
from the base or right side of a
drawing. When an area is too
small for the dimension to go in
the usual place, the numbers
are placed outside (or
sometimes below) the extension
line and a leader is used to point
to the dimensioned area.

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