CHAPTER – 1

Basic sentence structure

Subject: The subject is the main noun or pronoun that the sentence is about. It performs the
action or is the one being described.
Rules for Identifying the Subject:

• The subject is usually a noun or pronoun.

Example: Mary went to the store.

• The subject can be a group of words acting as a single unit.

Example: The team of researchers conducted the study.

• The subject is typically located at the beginning of the sentence, but not always.
Example: On the top shelf are the books.

• In interrogative sentences, the subject often comes after the verb.

Example: Did you finish your homework?

Types of Subjects:
• Simple Subject:
Consists of the main noun or pronoun.
Example: Dogs bark loudly.

• Compound Subject:
Contains two or more simple subjects.
Example: Tom and Jerry are best friends.

• Complete Subject:
Includes the subject and all its modifiers.
Example: The tall man with a hat is my uncle.
 • Implied Subject:
The subject is not explicitly stated but can be inferred.
Example: (You) Go away!

• Understood Subject:
Similar to an implied subject, often used in commands.
Example: (You) Be quiet!

• Collective Subject:
Refers to a group of individuals as a single unit.
Example: The committee has made a decision.

• Interrogative Subject:
The subject appears after the verb in questions.
Example: Who wrote this poem?

• Expletive Subject:
Placeholder subject used with certain verbs.
Example: It is raining.

• Gerund Subject:
Uses a gerund (verb + -ing) as the subject.
Example: Swimming is my favorite activity.

• Infinitive Subject:
Uses an infinitive (to + verb) as the subject.
Example: To succeed requires hard work.

Verb: The verb is the action or state of being that the subject performs. A sentence must have
a verb to be complete.

Types of Verbs:
 1. Action Verbs:
• Express a physical or mental action. Example: The dog barks loudly.
2. Linking Verbs:
• Connect the subject to a word that identifies or describes the subject. Common
linking verbs include "am," "is," "are," "was," "were," "seem," "become," etc.
Example: She seems happy.
3. Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs:
• Assist the main verb in a sentence. Common helping verbs include "have," "has,"
"had," "do," "does," "did," "shall," "will," "should," "would," "can," "could,"
"may," "might," "must." Example: He is reading a book.
4. Modal Verbs:
• Express possibility, necessity, ability, or permission. Common modal verbs
include "can," "could," "may," "might," "shall," "should," "will," "would," "must."
Example: She can swim.
5. Transitive Verbs:
• Require a direct object to complete their meaning. Example: He ate an apple.
6. Intransitive Verbs:
• Do not require a direct object. Example: She slept peacefully.
7. Dynamic Verbs:
• Show action and can be both transitive and intransitive. Example: The river flows
(intransitive), She writes a letter (transitive).
8. Stative Verbs:
• Express a state or condition rather than an action. Example: I know the answer.

Rules for Using Verbs:

o Subject-Verb Agreement:

• The verb must agree with its subject in number (singular or plural).

• Example: The cat is sleeping. (singular) | The cats are sleeping. (plural)
o Tense:

• Verbs indicate the time of the action (past, present, future).

 • Example: She plays the piano. (present) | He played the piano. (past) | They
will play the piano. (future)
o Consistency of Tense:

• Maintain consistency in the chosen tense throughout a sentence or paragraph.

• Example: She was reading when the phone rang.

o Voice:

• Verbs can be in active or passive voice.

• Example (active voice): The cat chased the mouse.

• Example (passive voice): The mouse was chased by the cat.

o Mood:

• Verbs can express indicative, imperative, or subjunctive mood.

• Example (indicative): She is studying.

• Example (imperative): Study for the exam.

• Example (subjunctive): It's essential that he study for the exam.

o Infinitives:

• Infinitives are the base form of verbs (e.g., "to run," "to eat").

• Example: I like to swim.

o Gerunds:

• Gerunds are verbs ending in "-ing" used as nouns.

• Example: Running is good exercise.

o Participles:

• Participles are verb forms used as adjectives.

• Example: The broken window needs to be repaired.

Object: The object is the noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. Not all
sentences have an object, but when they do, it typically follows the verb.
1. Direct Object:
 • Definition: A direct object is a noun or pronoun that directly receives the action
of the verb.
Example:
• She ate the cake.
In this sentence, "the cake" is the direct object because it directly
receives the action of the verb "ate."
2. Indirect Object:
• Definition: An indirect object is a noun or pronoun that indicates to or for whom
the action of the verb is done. It usually comes before the direct object.
Example:
• He gave me a gift.
In this sentence, "me" is the indirect object because it indicates the
recipient of the action, and "gift" is the direct object.

3. Object of a Preposition:
• Definition: Sometimes, a noun or pronoun functions as the object of a
preposition in a prepositional phrase.
Example:
• They went for a walk in the park.
Here, "the park" is the object of the preposition "in."
4. Object of an Infinitive:
• Definition: An object can also be the direct object of an infinitive verb.
Example:
• She wants to read a book.
In this sentence, "a book" is the direct object of the infinitive verb "to
read."
5. Object of a Gerund:
• Definition: A gerund is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun. It
can have its own objects.
Example:
 • Swimming helps build strength.
Here, "strength" is the direct object of the gerund "swimming."
6. Cognate Object:
• Definition: A cognate object is a noun that is closely related in meaning to the
verb.
Example:
• She sang a song.
In this sentence, "song" is a cognate object because it is related to the
action of singing.

These are examples of simple sentences with a basic structure. However, sentences can
become more complex by including modifiers, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and other
elements. Here are a few examples of sentences with more complexity:
- The energetic cat runs quickly around the house. (Subject + Adjective + Verb + Adverb +
Prepositional Phrase)
- Samantha and her brother are baking cookies in the kitchen. (Compound Subject + Verb +
Object + Prepositional Phrase)
- After finishing her homework, Maria went to the park. (Subordinate Clause + Main Clause)

Person:
In grammar, the personal pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) are grouped into one of
the three categories:
The First Person: This category is used for the point of view of the speaker or a group that
includes the speaker. A basic sentence in the first person would typically start "I [did
something]" or "We [did something]." (In grammar, the first-person personal pronouns are I,
me, we, and us.)
The Second Person: This category is used for those being spoken to. A basic sentence in the
second person would start "You [did something]." (In grammar, the second-person pronoun is
you.)
The Third Person: This category is used for everyone else. A basic sentence in the third person
would start "He [did something]", "She [did something]," or "They [did something]." (In
grammar, the third-person pronouns are he, him, she, her, it, they, and them. The third person
also includes all other nouns, e.g., Fritz, Germans.)

Person Subjective Objective Possessive Absolute Possessive

case case case pronouns

First person I Me My Mine

singular

Second person You You Your Yours

singular

Third person He/ She/ It Him/ Her/ It His/ Her/ Its His/ Hers/ Its
singular

First person We Us Our Ours

plural

Second person You You Your Yours

plural

Third person They Them Their Theirs

plural

• Present Simple Tense:

o First Person Singular (I): Use the base form of the verb (e.g., I eat, I have, I walk).
o Second Person Singular (You): Use the base form of the verb (e.g., You eat, You have,
You walk).
o Third Person Singular (He/She/It): Add -s or -es to the base form of the verb (e.g., He
eats, She has, It walks).
o First Person Plural (We): Use the base form of the verb (e.g., We eat, We have, We
walk).
o Second Person Plural (You): Use the base form of the verb (e.g., You eat, You have, You
walk).
o Third Person Plural (They): Use the base form of the verb (e.g., They eat, They have,
They walk).
Example:
I walk to school every day.
She eats vegetables.
We have a meeting at 3 PM.

• Past Simple Tense:

o All Persons: Add -ed to the base form of regular verbs (e.g., I walked, You talked, He
played).
o Irregular Verbs: Follow irregular patterns (e.g., I had, You went, She did).

Example:
I visited the museum yesterday.
They had a great time at the party.

• Present Perfect Tense:

o First Person Singular (I): Use "have" + past participle (e.g., I have eaten, I have walked).
o Second Person Singular (You): Use "have" + past participle (e.g., You have eaten, You
have walked).
o Third Person Singular (He/She/It): Use "has" + past participle (e.g., He has eaten, She
has walked).
o First Person Plural (We): Use "have" + past participle (e.g., We have eaten, We have
walked).
o Second Person Plural (You): Use "have" + past participle (e.g., You have eaten, You
have walked).
o Third Person Plural (They): Use "have" + past participle (e.g., They have eaten, They
have walked).

Example:
I have finished my homework.
She has already seen that movie.

• Past Perfect Tense:

o All Persons: Use "had" + past participle (e.g., I had eaten, You had walked, They had
finished).
Example:
By the time I arrived, they had already left.

Complements:
In a sentence, there can be two types of complements, namely,

1. The Subject Complement

2. The Object Complement
The Subject Complement:
A subject complement is a word or phrase that modifies the noun or pronoun that acts as the
subject in the sentence. “This dress is new” is a subject complement.
o Today is Wednesday.
o Pranav is a student.
o Your car is amazing.
o She seems nice.
o We were exhausted after a day of tiring work.
The Object Complement:
An object complement is a word or phrase that modifies the noun or pronoun that acts as the
object in the sentence. “We named our dog, Shadow” is the object complement.
o Meeka made her mom happy.
o I painted my nails pink.
o The company designated Tina the employee of the month.
o Making handmade gifts makes my mind stress-free.
o This makes the problem even more complicated.

Modifier:
modifiers are words that modify their sentences’ meanings. Modifiers work by adding
descriptive language to sentences, either just before or just after the words they are modifying.
Modifiers usually answer questions such as when, where or how.
Take a look at these two examples:
I rode the train.
I rode the earliest train into the city.
The second sentence is more descriptive because of the modifiers it contains. Fundamentally,
modifiers’ purpose is to make sentences more descriptive or detailed. They can make a
sentence’s meaning clearer, make a sentence more specific, or simply make it more engaging.
Both of the example sentences above are complete sentences, but only one provides additional
details about the train ride.
Typically, modifiers are placed right beside the noun they’re modifying. Usually, this means
right before or after the noun:

• My calico cat is always by my side.

• The girls ordered a pizza without sauce.

This is also true when they’re modifying a verb or adjective:

• He bought a bright blue van.

• I told the students to listen carefully to the lecture.

1. Placement of Modifiers:
Adjectives: These usually come before the noun they modify.
o Example: The red car is fast.
Adverbs: These can modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and can be placed in
various positions in a sentence.
o Example: She quickly ran to the store. (Modifying the verb)
o Example: It's a very interesting book. (Modifying the adjective)

2. Dangling Modifiers:
A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that is intended to modify a word that is not
clearly stated in the sentence.
• Example: Walking to the store, the rain began to fall. (It's unclear who is walking)
3. Misplaced Modifiers:
Ensure that the modifier is placed next to the word it is meant to modify to avoid
confusion.
• Example: I saw a man on the hill with a telescope. (It's unclear whether the man or I
have the telescope)
4. Squinting Modifiers:
Modifiers that could be interpreted as modifying either the word before or the word
after.
 • Example: I told my brother quickly. (Did I tell him quickly, or was I quick to tell him?)
5. Types of Modifiers:
Adjective Modifiers:
o These modify nouns.
o Example: The book, written by a famous author, is on the shelf.
Adverb Modifiers:
o These modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
o Example: She sang beautifully. (Modifying the verb "sang")
Prepositional Phrases:
o These begin with a preposition and modify nouns or verbs.
o Example: The cat on the roof is stuck.
6. Relative Clauses:
Introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that).

• Example: The girl who won the award is my friend.

7. Participial Phrases:
Modifiers formed from verbs ending in "-ing" or "-ed."
• Example: The dog, barking loudly, scared the mailman.
8. Absolute Phrases:
A modifier with a noun but no true grammatical connection.
• Example: The sun having set, we went inside.
9. Comparative and Superlative Forms:
Use comparative form (-er, more) for two items and superlative form (-est, most) for
three or more items.
o Example: This is the taller building. (Comparative)
o Example: This is the tallest building. (Superlative)
10. Parallel Structure:
When using parallel structure, make sure that the elements being modified have a
similar grammatical structure.
 o Example: She likes to hike, to swim, and to ride her bike.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns:

Countable Noun Examples
Anything that can be counted, whether singular – a dog, a house, a friend, etc. or plural – a few
books, lots of oranges, etc. is a countable noun. The following countable noun examples will
help you to see the difference between countable and uncountable nouns. Notice that singular
verbs are used with singular countable nouns, while plural verbs are used with plural countable
nouns.

• There are at least twenty Italian restaurants in Little Italy.

• Megan took a lot of photographs when she went to the Grand Canyon.
• Your book is on the kitchen table.
• How many candles are on that birthday cake?
• You have several paintings to study in art appreciation class.
• There’s a big brown dog running around the neighborhood.
Uncountable Noun Examples
Anything that cannot be counted is an uncountable noun. Even though uncountable nouns are
not individual objects, they are always singular and one must always use singular verbs in
conjunction with uncountable nouns. The following uncountable noun examples will help you
to gain even more understanding of how countable and uncountable nouns differ from one
another. Notice that singular verbs are always used with uncountable nouns.

• There is no more water in the pond.

• Please help yourself to some cheese.
• I need to find information about Pulitzer Prize winners.
• You seem to have a high level of intelligence.
• Please take good care of your equipment.
• Let’s get rid of the garbage.

Uncountable nouns can be paired with words expressing plural concept. Using these words can
make your writing more specific. Here are some examples of how to format interesting
sentences with uncountable nouns. • Garbage – There are nine bags of garbage on the curb. •
Water – Try to drink at least eight glasses of water each day. • Advice – She gave me a useful
piece of advice. • Bread – Please buy a loaf of bread. • Furniture – A couch is a piece of
furniture. • Equipment – A backhoe is an expensive piece of equipment. • Cheese – Please bag
ten slices of cheese for me.
Confusing uncountable nouns: Sand, Soap, Physics, Mathematics, News, Mumps, Politics,
Information, Food, Meat, Money, Homework, Measles, Air, Advertising, Economics
Quantifiers for Countable Nouns:
Many/Few:
Many is used for a large quantity.

• Example: There are many books on the shelf.

Few is used for a small quantity.

• Example: There are few students in the class.

Several:
Indicates an amount more than a few but not a specific number.

• Example: I saw several birds in the garden.

A few/A couple of:
A few implies a small number, more than one but not many.

• Example: I have a few friends coming over.

A couple of implies two or a small number.

• Example: I need a couple of minutes to finish.

Each/Every:
Each refers to individual items in a group.

• Example: Each student has a different opinion.

Every emphasizes the collective group.

• Example: Every book on the shelf is interesting.

Several:
Refers to an indefinite but not large quantity.

• Example: There are several options to choose from.

Quantifiers for Uncountable Nouns:
Much/Little:

Much is used for a large quantity.

• Example: There is much sugar in the bowl.

Little is used for a small quantity.

• Example: I have little time left.

A bit of/A little:
A bit of implies a small amount.

• Example: Add a bit of salt to the recipe.

A little is used to indicate a small amount.

• Example: I have a little experience in programming.

A great deal of/A lot of:

A great deal of emphasizes a large quantity.

• Example: She has a great deal of patience.

A lot of is used to indicate a significant amount.
 • Example: We have a lot of work to do.
Some/Any:
Some is used in positive sentences to indicate an unspecified but relatively large quantity.

• Example: Can I have some water, please?

Any is used in questions and negatives to indicate an unspecified quantity.

• Example: I don't have any money.

Enough:
Indicates a sufficient quantity.

• Example: There is enough food for everyone.

With Uncountable With Countable With Countable &

Nouns Nouns Uncountable Nouns
Much A majority of All, Enough
A bit (of) A great number of None, No
Little Several Some
A great deal of Many More
A large quantity of A large number of Most
A little Few Lots of
Very little A few Less, Least
A large amount of Very Few Any
Not any
Plenty of

Take Home Assignment:

Identify the type of verbs:
1. The kids play in the park. __________
2. The soup smells delicious. _________
3. She has finished her homework. _________
4. You must complete the assignment. __________
5. He bought a new car. _________
6. The bird sings in the tree. __________
7. They run every morning. ____________
 8. She believes in honesty. ___________
Identify the form of verb according to the person:
9. Harini __________ (keep) her brother happy.
10. Everyone __________ (like) people who talk freely.
11. Jake, Dina and Andrew __________ (play) table tennis.
12. The landlord __________ (agree) to let us pay the rent after the fifth of this month.
13. All the students __________ (to be) excited to see which teacher would win the lemon
and spoon race.
14. Rachel __________ (work) as a waitress at Central Perk earlier.
15. My mom __________ (appreciate) me going out with my friends every now and then.
16. The ambulance driver __________ (make) sure he reaches the spot within five to ten
minutes when called.
17. Your nails __________ (look) great.
18. We __________ (miss) you.
19. Benny __________ (do) this.
20. Nandita said that she __________ (see) you yesterday at the bus stand.
21. My sister __________ (to be) on a strict diet.
22. This game __________ (seem) to interest me at all.
23. Riya __________ (visit) all the seven wonders of the world.
Identify if the sentence is subject complement or object complement:
24. Luke and Lorelai named their daughter Rory.
25. What I said made my uncle angry.
26. The chief guest was late to the meeting.
27. I am irritated.
28. All the members of the team were not happy with the decision.
29. We elected Gokul the class leader.
30. The cupboard was broken.
31. My neighbor is French.
32. Yesterday, the whole city was on red alert.
33. Dennis is an architect.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns Exercises:
Is the underlined noun countable or uncountable?
34. The children fell asleep quickly after a busy day of fun.
35. Be careful! The water is deep.
36. The parade included fire trucks and police cars.
37. We like the large bottles of mineral water.
38. My mother uses real butter in the cakes she bakes.
 39. How many politicians does it take to pass a simple law?
40. Most kids like milk, but Joey hates it.
41. Most pottery is made of clay.
42. Michael can play several different musical instruments.
43. I was feeling so stressed that I ate an entire box of cookies.
Find out the appropriate quantifier:
44. There aren't _______ cookies left in the jar.
a) much
b) many
c) some
d) any
45. I have _______ friends who speak Spanish.
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
46. She has _______ patience when dealing with difficult situations.
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
47. Can I have _______ water, please?
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
48. There is _______ traffic on the road today.
a) many
b) much
c) a lot
d) some
49. I have _______ time to finish the assignment.
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
50. He has _______ experience in software development.
a) few
b) little
 c) a few
d) a little
51. _______ students passed the exam.
a) Few
b) Little
c) A few
d) A little
52. There is _______ snow on the mountain.
a) many
b) much
c) a lot
d) some
53. We need to buy _______ oranges for the recipe.
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
54. _______ people attended the conference.
a) Few
b) Little
c) A few
d) A little
55. She has _______ books on her shelf.
a) many
b) much
c) a lot
d) some
56. There is _______ time left before the movie starts.
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
57. _______ money was spent on the project.
a) Few
b) Little
c) A few
d) A little
58. Do you have _______ information about the topic?
a) few
b) little
 c) a few
d) a little
59. There are _______ cars in the parking lot.
a) many
b) much
c) a lot
d) some
60. She needs _______ help with her homework.
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
61. _______ students failed the test.
a) Few
b) Little
c) A few
d) A little
62. I have _______ information to make a decision.
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
63. There is _______ traffic jam on the highway.
a) many
b) much
c) a lot
d) some
64. He has _______ friends in the city.
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
65. _______ people can solve this puzzle.
a) Few
b) Little
c) A few
d) A little
66. She has _______ money in her wallet.
a) many
b) much
 c) a lot
d) some
67. I have _______ time for a quick lunch.
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
68. _______ effort was put into the project.
a) Few
b) Little
c) A few
d) A little
69. There is _______ sugar in the coffee.
a) many
b) much
c) a lot
d) some
70. We need to make _______ changes to the plan.
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
71. _______ people can speak fluent French.
a) Few
b) Little
c) A few
d) A little
72. She has _______ experience as a teacher.
a) many
b) much
c) a lot
d) some
73. I have _______ friends who enjoy hiking.
a) few
b) little
c) a few
d) a little
 Vocabulary:

Bangla
English Word Meaning Synonyms Antonyms

Abandon পরিত্যাগ Forsake, Desert, Renounce Retain, Keep, Hold

Ridiculous, Preposterous,
Absurd অসাধু Logical, Rational, Sensible
Nonsensical

Accelerate চালডান Speed up, Quick, Hasten Slow down, Decelerate

Adaptable সমর্যথ াগয Flexible, Versatile, Adjustable Inflexible, Rigid, Invariable

Ambiguous অস্পষ্ট Vague, Uncertain, Obscure Clear, Explicit, Distinct

Analyze রিযেষণ কিা Examine, Scrutinize, Evaluate Ignore, Neglect, Overlook

Animate জীিন্ত Lively, Animated, Energetic Lifeless, Inanimate, Dull

Confident, Assured,
Apprehensive আশঙ্কাশীল Anxious, Nervous, Worried
Unconcerned

Capricious, Random, Reasonable, Rational,

Arbitrary ইচ্ছামত্
Whimsical Consistent

Ascend উচ্চাকাঙ্ক্ষী Climb, Rise, Mount Descend, Fall, Lower

Aversion ঘৃণা Dislike, Hatred, Repulsion Liking, Fondness, Affection

Authentic সত্যানুসাযি Genuine, Real, Legitimate Fake, Counterfeit, Phony

Indifferent, Apathetic,
Avid উগ্র Enthusiastic, Zealous, Eager
Uninterested

Banish রনরষদ্ধ কিা Expel, Exile, Oust Allow, Permit, Admit

Malevolent, Malignant,
Benevolent উদাি Kind, Generous, Charitable
Unkind

Bewilder হত্ভ্ররমত্ Confuse, Baffle, Perplex Clarify, Enlighten, Explain

Conciseness, Briefness, Lengthiness, Verbosity,

Brevity সংযেপ
Shortness Prolixity

আত্মসমপণথ
Capitulate Surrender, Yield, Submit Resist, Defy, Oppose
কিা

Dissatisfied, Unhappy,
Complacent আত্মসন্তুষ্ট Self-satisfied, Smug, Content
Discontented

Concede অংগীকাি কিা Admit, Acknowledge, Grant Deny, Reject, Refuse

Constrict সংযকারচত্ কিা Squeeze, Contract, Tighten Expand, Relax, Loosen

Dazzling আযলাকময় Bright, Radiant, Brilliant Dull, Dim, Gloomy

Misleading, Dishonest,
Deceptive রমর্যা Honest, Truthful, Genuine
Fraudulent

Rebellious, Resistant, Obedient, Compliant,

Defiant আপরিজনক
Obstinate Submissive

Denounce রনন্দা কিা Condemn, Criticize, Censure Praise, Commend, Applaud

Deviate পার্াভ্রষ্ট Diverge, Stray, Veer Conform, Adhere, Obey

Gather, Collect,
Disperse ছরডযয় াওয়া Scatter, Distribute, Dissipate
Concentrate

Diverse, Varied, Uniform, Homogeneous,

Eclectic সংকরলত্
Heterogeneous Monolithic

Detailed, Intricate, Simple, Plain,

Elaborate রিস্তারিত্
Complicated Uncomplicated

Embrace আরলঙ্গন কিা Hug, Clasp, Enfold Reject, Shun, Avoid

Clarity, Explanation,
Enigma িহসযময় Mystery, Puzzle, Conundrum
Solution

Exacerbate িাডাযনা Aggravate, Worsen, Intensify Alleviate, Mitigate, Improve

Exquisite সুশীল Beautiful, Elegant, Delicate Ugly, Plain, Ordinary

 Hinder, Complicate,
Facilitate সহজকিণ কিা Simplify, Aid, Assist
Obstruct

Fallacy ভুল ধািণ Error, Misconception, Illusion Truth, Fact, Reality

Flourish ফুযলারিত্ Thrive, Prosper, Blossom Decline, Wither, Fade

Extravagant, Wasteful,
Frugal রমত্িযয়ী Thrifty, Economical, Stingy
Lavish

Garrulous িাকযরিহীন Talkative, Chatty, Loquacious Reserved, Silent, Reticent

Importance, Seriousness, Triviality, Levity,

Gravity গুরুত্ব
Weight Insignificance

Hamper িাধা দদওয়া Hinder, Impede, Obstruct Aid, Facilitate, Assist

Discord, Dissonance,
Harmony সমান্তি Unity, Agreement, Accord
Conflict

Hinder িাধা কিা Impede, Obstruct, Deter Facilitate, Assist, Promote

Illuminate আযলারকত্ কিা Lighten, Brighten, Clarify Darken, Obscure, Confuse

Flawed, Imperfect,
Impeccable অকৃত্রিম Flawless, Perfect, Faultless
Defective

Uninterrupted, Continuous, Intermittent, Occasional,

Incessant অরিিত্
Perpetual Periodic
 Unavoidable, Unpreventable, Avoidable, Preventable,
Inevitable অিশযই
Certain Uncertain

Indifferent, Apathetic,
Inquisitive প্রশ্নিাদী Curious, Interested, Nosy
Uninterested

উযিজনা
Instigate Incite, Provoke, Stimulate Deter, Restrain, Discourage
দদওয়া

Intrepid রনভীক Fearless, Courageous, Bold Timid, Cowardly, Fearful