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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS VECTOR CALCULUS
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
105 views35 pagesVector Calculas
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS VECTOR CALCULUS
Uploaded by
aarvi0099Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 35
[Hectowcarcuys|
Function: If corresponding to every ¢ € D, f(t) is a unique vector
g 11. Vector
iy, then f(t) iscalled a vector function of the variable #. If for every single value
antitys
f(t) basa unique value, then this is called a single valued vector function.
atts L(y that every vector can be expressed as a Linear Combination [LC| of
iven three non-coplanar vectors.
‘therefore (1) can be expressed in the following decompose form :
F(t) = ANE+ A()I + (DK
snere f(t) fa(0) f(t) are sealar functions of scalar variable ¢.
When a vector function r= F(t) is expressed in the component form, then that
presents the position vectors of different points in space for different values of ¢( which
scalled the parameter ). As t changes, the end point of r = F (+) determines a continuous
ave which is called space curve.
Example: Let P be the position of a moving particle at any instant ¢ along a curve
shose position vector is r wrt the origin O. As the particle moves , the vector r also
hanges. Therefore r can be taken as'the vector function of the time t.
‘Thus velocity and acceleration of a moving point are vector functions of time 1.
Conversely, A curve cari always be represented in terms of position vector r of a
cint situated on it, where r is a function of scalar variable ¢ (parameter).
§ 1.2) Continuity of a Vector Function: Defiiition :
Any vector function f (t) is said to be continuous at ¢ = to, if corresponding
every positive quantity ¢ (-however small ), there exists a positive quantity § such that
ry Pi q 5
|t-w|<6=> In-sF()| 0 exist, then this is called the
'erivative or Differential coefficient of r wrt.t and is expressed by dr[dt.
bt im 2 tim LF = LY
dt §>08t 80 or
Forany vector r = f(t), if dr/at exist, then this is called Differentiable
ctor.
Therefore
or Derivable 2
Differential Operators
2.1. Partial Derivatives of Vectors oo ;
: Let r=f(% J, Zen) be a vector function of independent variables x, y
2 a 1
cana Let Gr be the change in r duc to the small change 6x 11% whereas there is no change
_ or
nother independent variables, then if lim = exist, 7
is called the partial derivative of the vector r wrt x and is denoted by me
or
46x, yt) S492)
therefore 22 = tim 22 = tim Sle 689,21)“ SI Frnt
Gx 8x90 8x &x-90 bx . .
Clearly ar / ax is the Partial differential coefficient or derivative of r wrt x and al]
other independent variables are treated as constants. .
Similarly, the partial derivatives of r wrt other independent variables
ar or
_.. etc, can also be defined and denoted respectively by ay ae etc.
Successive partial derivatives of a vector function r can also be defined as in calculus
of scalar variables : kas -2(4)2- (2) o 2(£)
ae lala ala) a? az \a
a) (¢ er _ aa
andy” Oe Shee -5(z) ete.
If second order partial derivative of r are continuous, then
or ot
Gedy Bax ie. commutative.
If a and b are two vector functions of i j
| of independent variables i
function of x, y,z, then the following results can be easily a arent
a) Z (a5) = 4 a
w(t 5 te Q) Flea = oe a
x Oe
6
a : (4) Herd) =ax By Her
(5) S(ai = 24 2m | “oe
Fe (4 + ad + ask) Belt ese eg,
(3)
where ay, ap, ay are scalar functi
i 125 dy inctions of ji 1 ‘
§ 2.2. The Vector Differential Operator : ra Oe xyz
- |. Definition :
____ The vector operator y_is defined as follows :V.= #24 ; 2442
Me This is a differential operator which is read as *Det or © yy," fay hae!
fe will notice that its properties are similar to that of aon et
§ 2.3, Vector Point Function. Definition :
Let R be a region of points in the s
pace, Ifa vector i
ie nhtaine ine i auantiy ¥(7) or # (84)
Atained corresponding to every point P(x, v.z)by some rule, Fe (Py ory (ne
4 vector where as it is not a vector é ; Differential Operators [3
“aetion in the region R,
int fa i a
Prample 1, Velocity of any moving point of fluid at any instant.
sample 2, Force of electrical or magnetic intensity of any point in the electrical or
magnetic field.
vector Field. Definition : The set of points of the region R together with the vectors
gro be a vector field over R.
i example 1. Velocity of moving fluid at any instant
grample2. Force of electricity intensity. -
gxample 3. Force of magnetic intensity,
—
#
g25. Definition :
If { (*,¥»2) is a. continuous differentiable scalar point function at every point
(un) then gradient of fis expressed as grad f and defined as follows :
OMAN a x. F.,4
slit jatko|p =i Fe GjFe cS
gad f («2 yy 2) BIOS (1)
2,,9,,2
Since w=(idejdend)y +3)
grad f =Vf w(4)
ie went
By the definition, it is clear that the gradient of any scalar point function f i.e. grad
x 4
fisa vector whose componants parallel to the co-ordinate axes are respectively Zz
x
aie.
§2.6. Theorems on Gradient :
Theorem 2.1. If fand g are scalar point function, then :
(@) grad( f + g) = grad f + gradg [ Jodhpur BE, 07 }
() grad( fg) = f (grad g) + g(grad f) [ Udaipur BE, 06; Raj. BE, 07 ]
© ara £) = stared )— Serle) geo [ Raj. BE, 06 j
zg
a.,9,,2
Proof, (a) grad(f +.g) = V(f +g) -(:2iZrnd)res)
12 (peer Zr 8) eg (28)
aL By pL Bee Lar EB
Pais Ist gy athe
Lean )a( 138+ p24 428)
Set! by a2) * ae tf ay * ae 5-1 (BTU)
4] Engineering Mathematle:
= grad + outs
v(stg)=WtVs
(f2)
(®) grad(f g) = V(f g) (gy 3)
= Zeridvaerg se)
ag, af), {284 of a8, af
- (tesa Bay Jeliesg)
ag, , a8 a a
=4(i2e + 284438) ( +5 Fo0X)
= f(gradg) + (grad f)
V(F g)=F(¥g) + (VS)
rad( L)=v{L£)o(;24 2 4h 2)(£
© sraa(Z) %(4)- (3 atta 2)
=i 2(f a(t CAPA
ia Je (ed(4)
es 2(Ley[ee-f%) oy ar ae):
2p(t)-2,( 253i(2-/22)
=-+),f,%_ of of
sR Erde)
Lf (a
= ale (Lu +0Z)- ss Sea he 2)
&
= laters) Seradg))
(2) = 8(V/)- s (Vg)
iE ¢
Theorem 2.2. A scalar point function f is constant if (e>)grad f=0
Proof. (=) Let f bea constant scalar point function, then
Lio Lig
a aan yar
grad f= 14 Ly h |
IO*"S §(0)+ J(0)+&(0)=0
Conversely (es i oe 0, a
yt
grad f = oie IF Lag Differential Operators [5
= Sis independent of x, y and z.
’ / = S is a constant scalar point function.
Hence f is a constant scalar point function <> vVsf=0
§2.7. Equipotential or Equiscalar or Level Surfaces :
Lot /(&. } 2) be a scalar field over a'given region. The points satisfying an
equation of the (pe _ SRR=e .
where ¢ is an arbitrary constant constitute a family of the surfaces of this family are called
quipotcntial or level surfaces. Thus, the value of the function at any point of any surface
‘fihis family is the same,
§ 2.8. Geometri lerpretation of Gradient :
To show that Vf (= grad f) isa vector
nonnal to thesurface f(x, ¥, 2) =c, where ¢ is a constant.
Proof. Let P (x, y, z) be any point on the given surface
fie.2)=eand Q + 8x, y+3y,2 +82) beancighbouring S031 2)= >
point of Pon this surface, Let the position vector of P be Fig. 2.1
rand that of Q be r+ 6r, then
raaxityj+zk and r+ dr=(x+dx)i+(y+5y) j+(2+52)k
PQ = (r+8r)~ r= 8r= Axi + 5yj + 8k -- (1)
when Q — P. the line PQ tends to the tangent at P to the given surface, Therefore when O
+P. (1) reduces to
de = di + dyj + dek z |
This lies in the tangent plane to the given surface at P. . Hy
Now from the ordinary differential calculus, we know that
a= FL ave Say SL ae
ay
=(igL ri Son SL)e(asivay irae)
=Vfedr
Since f(x, y,z)=¢, af=0
‘ Vfedr=0
So that V fis-a vector perpendicular to the vector dr and therefore perpendicular to
‘he tangent plane at P to the given surface. \
Hence V fis a vector normal to the given surface f(x, », 2)
Let O be the origin and P (x, y, 2) be any point in'the space such that OP = r.
Ian electric charge e is placed at the origin O, then its potential at any point a)
The force on a unit charge placed at P
inthe direction OP. .. 2)
“4)
Ks components in x, y and z-direetions are
a a(e ae .
#(2) Z(5) and 2(5) respectively.
§ 2.9. Physical significance of Gradient : |
| wow HEF)
ale
Similarly Zy (7. a
The resultant force
Hence force on the particle is grad ¢-
§ 2.10. Operator a-V : |
If a= ai + aj + ayk, then the operator a-V 1S defined as :
veai2ta- jo ake aq erg esae
aVeainewds a aria pias
a a
ie, a= De iS = Laz
Therefore iff is any scalar point function, then
a a a
a-V)fz|qitta jotake
(a-V)S (« raigteks f
nw vo af
=(a-)L4(a- jZ+(aKne
(ai) 244d) » (a-k)
x of of
=q Zia trae
Mae Fay ee A
Again Vf = (ai + aj +-a3k) ( Xj LE)
x
ay az
=a Lat sme
ag tg tO Bg
Thus from (1) and (2), we have (a-V) f =a--f
§ 2.11. ‘ectional Derivative: Definition :
. Let i si
J(x,¥,2) be a scalar point function in any region R and at any
P(x.y,2) of this region @ be a uni i
(ey, unit v¢ i i i
P in the direction a, then "ect in any direction If ap isa small diss
d
all?) ie din, Z
is called the directional derivativ i
pic 0 e at the ion fi i {
Iai taken nthe dein af a te mation Jin the ieton
nit a if q this will be ay .
= is the directional derivati
ar x al derivative of f (x,y,z) inthe direction of x-a%8
. x
| Similarly, > and treet d
milarly, Zand “_ are the directional derivatives of /(1.,p,z) in the dire
xis respectively.
Hence
y-axis and 2 Theorem 2.3. The directional derivutine
2) in the direction of a unit vectar a is given
rer x
as
of a scalar field fat a given point
1 by:
= Wd = (grads). 4
proof. Let ies ¥v.2) bea scalar point function in any region R and position vector of
p(x.y.z) in this region
au point (x. a Bion is r= xi+ y+ 2k. Ithe distance of the point P from
if An the ircction of @ be s, then 8s will repi
resent a small distance at P in the
vin “
Hence ; Will be a unit vector at point P in the direction of a .
dro.
Therefore ma
But r= xityj+2k
a
FL) (de, dy, dz
ihe | (Sie Sae +i) [by(1)]
LEY St
& ds” ay ds” dz ds ds
= the directional derivative of f at point P in the direction of a.
or,
Now,
Theorem 2.4. Vf (= grad f) is a vector normal to the surface f (x,y,z) = ¢ where
cisa constant.
Proof. Let P(x,y,z) be a point on the'surface f(x,y.
ad O(x + 8x, y + 8y,z +82) be its neighbouring point on this surface.
Lot rexityjtzk and r+8r=(x+8xji+(y+8y)j+(z+82)k
hich are.the position vectors of P and Q respectively.
Therefore pO = Sr = xi + by f+ zk 1)
When Q > P, then the line PQ tend tothe tangent a the point P on the given surface.
Hence in the limiting position, (1) becomes
dr = dvit+dyjt+dzk (2)
“ch lics in the tangent plane at the point P on the surface.
Again by Differential Calculus,
=D des Lav Laz
Ox ) (dvi + dyj+ dz
= Vf-dr 0 Uy
But. f(x.y,z) = constant = df =
dicular t
Hence Uf dr = 0 => V/is perpen
oe is porpendicular to the tangent plane at P on the surface,
> [:- dr lies in the tangent plane at P on the Suny
10 the vector dr.
= Vie. grad fis a vector normal to the surface: L(m¥2) =e.
Theorem 2.5. Uf n be aunit vector normal to the level surface f(x, Na),
and n be the distance of Pfroma fixeg Pin
point Pin the direction of f increasing
the direction of yy then
gf.
grad ae
Remark : [grad s = |W] = z
Theorem 2.6. grad fis a vector in he direction in which the maximum vatuey
J ds (directional derivative) occui
Note. The value of the maximum directional derivative
Ex.1. If f(x,¥,2) = 3x7y
find the value of grad f at the point (1,2
igre d \asty-¥)
i268 y= yz JIE) ye) +42 (a8
yz? ;
Sol. grad f = Vf -(
= if) +j(se ~3y22?) + 4(-29%2)
= Oxy i + (3x? ~3y'22)j-2y%2k
Substituting x =1,y = -2,2 =
grad f 6(I)(-2)i+(3—3.4 1) j-2(-8)(-1)k
= 128-9f - 16k a
Ex. 2. Ifr
where r= xi+yj+zk, prove that :
u
(a) grad =r () ara +) --5 | Uaaipur BEM Differential Operators 9
similar’
@ grad r= vr
r
eae _o(1 a
w end5)=9( +E (4)+02(2)
(2). 12
J+ ig z+ r? z)
+i(2)+4(2)] — ity +zk)=
r i 3
ye)=(*Z Zon 2\ron =
2 pryejZsry +k
ae a
ay
ap eeis (nous (r (¥)
= rees .ar 42]
(i) Earlier it has been proved that
u(r) =s"(r)¥(r) and Yr =
Wr) «r= [ror] pC ftrwle rr)
arm, ar” ae
(e) grad r" = Vr" ax tig, tF a
ay a2 | = S'(r)9r
~ ax.
ele) EE
r r
= nr"? (xi + yj + 2k) = er
Ex.3. fusxtytzv=x+ yee? and w= yz ax + xy prove that
(grad u)-{ grad v x grad w} = 0
au ou
ens t and
ou
Sol. From w= x+y +z 1 Again from y
= i(2x) + j(2u) + #(22) = 2(xi + yi + 2k)
and from ws yztzxr+xy,
aw
+x and =xty
&
"
i(v+2)+ jets) +k(x#y)
s(vtz)it(z+x)ft(xty)k
Now from (1), (2) and (3),
(gradu) {(gradv) x (grad w)}
1 1 1
2x dy 22 |=
Iytzzex x+y
1 1 1
x y 2
Itz ztx x+y
0 1 ia
= yz oz ee
») -(y-2) x+y}
=2(x—y)(y- 2)
lo
-1 =]
Ex. 4. Find the directional derivative off
SAV +E + aw inn the direction fi
vector i+ 2j+ 2k at the point (1, 2, W)-
[Raj. BE, ts)
Sol. Here. $= xy + yz 42x ig
vo = 1Sb yj yp
ar“ Oy" Ge
(xy tite) +i 2 Cy tute) th 2 (yay +2x)
ay &
ify tz) + j(z+x) +k(xe y)
“ Al the point (12,0),
Vo = (2 +O) +(041)J+(142)K
V+z)i+ (24x) f(x +y)k
= lit ja3k wlll
Again if a is the unit vector in the direction of the vector ¢ +2 p+2k
a ALE Mis oi ang) a
[saray 3 Differential Operators (1
)-e
)F (i427 22K)
rerefore the required directional derivative = (wp
=(2i+f43K).
1
=3(2+2+6)
= 10/3
[by (4) and (2)]
Ans,
5, ir the functi = 2,
Ex.5. Fo Sunction f ieee
ty
jvative making an angle 30° with thie positive
der x-axis at the point (0,1).
apn Foleo) Do- gf gets
, 2
“Bla lot)
~2xy |x? =
(ama te aa
2 2
(7 +97) (+)
Therefore at the point (0,1) , Vf = i(0) + j(-1) =-j 2.)
Again if q is the unit vector which makes an angle 30° with the positive dircction to
xaxis at the point (0,1) , then |
Banks .
(cos 30°)i + (sin30°)j =“Sa+oy “= wae(2)
..Required directional derivative = (Vf) +a
V3 1.
=(-/): (Be) Uby (1) and (2) J
=-1/2 ‘Ans.
Ex.6, Find the arigle between the surface x? + y? +2? = 9 and = x? 4 y? ~3
at the point (2,-1, 2). [ Raj. BE, 02 | |
Sol, Let f(x, y,z) =x? +9? +22-9=0 |
o(x.y,z) =x? +y?-2-3=0
xit2yj+2zk
Therefore at the point (2,-1,2), gradf =4i-2j+4k ~ -()
Aeain \Brad@ |= vei ob jBush =2xit2yj-k
«At the point (2,-1,2) , OF ate =4i-2j- -Q)
Now since grad JS is in the direction of the normal to the surface f(x. y.z) . therefore angle is 0, then
(grad f)- (grad) _ (d= 2j +44) ¥ (4i = 2-4)
80 Sereda] TO [eed 16) (16+ 4 +1)
16+4-4 _ 8v21
~~ 62 63
grad).
; if 8V21
Therefore the required angle = cos) =~
wf} Ay
Ex. 7. Find the direction and magnitude of maximum directional deriva,
~ ir 4
S = x?y 23 at the point (2,1,-1). [Udaipur Bg.
.__, Sol. The directional derivative of any scalar point function at any point is Maxi
in the direction of the gradient,
i (x2y 23) 4 j 2 (x2y 23) 4 ko (a2y 93
But grad f = vp =i5-(x ‘yz ris ye )+ a7(* ve )
= )2x29)i +)x%29)j+)3x4y2?)x
- At the point (2,1,-1), grad f = —4i-4j+ 12k
Therefore the direction of the maximum directional derivative at the point (
2s1,-I)
=-4i-4j+12k
Again the magnitude of maximum directional derivative of fat the point (21,1)
rad {|
. (16 +16 +148) = 4/0 Ans,
. be
Ex. 8. Find alunit vector Yiormal to the surface x? y + 2x¢ = 4 at the poin
(2,-2, 3). —— Cy [ Raj. BE, 07 (Back)]
Sol. Let S(*,y,2) = xy 42x27 = 4
We know that grad fis a vector in the direction of n
formal at the point (x, y,z) to he
surface f(x, y,z) = .
o..¢a a
grad f = Vf =|i 247 2.
grad f = Vf (2 igthg)eysae)
= (2x7 +2z)i+ PF eaxk
~. Atthe point (2,-2,3) , Sad fs A2it+4j+ak
Thérefore
~24-+44-+4K is a vector inthe direction of normal atthe point (2,-2)
on the given surface. Therefore unit Vector at the point (.
eevee ae
© 4Fi6+ 16) ~
2,-2,3) normal to the surface
i +2 +2k) Ans: }
Differential Operators (13, | |
: $0 that the directional derivative of \
c2x3 at (1, 2-1) has i
extx? at (1, 2, -1) has w maxinuim of magnitude 64 in a direetion i)
26 [ Raj. BET, 05; MNIT BE 1,07] |
- a
Fy = any bz, s = byt 2023
*) meee (22) = %h-2
Vy az),
90, ab, ag }
ae td aytk Se .
=i (4a+3c)+j (4a-b) + & (26-20) i )
jax. directional derivative is along the normal and its value is equal to |V¢|. But we
the values of the constants «a, by
can Fil
yh
oy thee
a0 _ ay +3c22x?,
aw
(
hat TO is a vector along the Normal,
if represents a vector along the max. directional derivative and this is given along the
yq+3c=0, 4¢-5=0 and magnitude) 25
yggies 0-6, 8 = 24, C= -8. Ans.
3.10, Find the constants a and b so that the surface ax? —byz =(a + 2) xwill
eotiogonal to the surface Ax2y + 23 = 4 at the point (1, -1, 2).
[ Raj. BE I, 05 (Back), 07 |
Sol. Let 6, = ax? —byz—(a+2) x and $, =4x2y423-4.
2e= 64 iver) |
Lot n, and ny be the normal yectors to the given surfaces at (1, -1, 2).
rad G, at (1,1, 2
Then ny
je 2k at (1,-1.2)
Sit dj+ 2k
Ifthe given surfaces are orthogonal at (1, —1, 2), then the angle between n, and ny
Sh ic. nyny = 0
te [(a-2)i
8 (a=2)-8b+12b=0 orl] . -G)
Also the point (1. -1, 2) should lic on both the surfaccs and if it lics on the-surface
“HE=(a42) x, we get
ores at+2b=at+2 = b=1
‘tituting this Talue of A in (1) we get {
5
l=2a-4 > “=5
tees = 5/2, and b= 1. Ans. 191 Engineer
is
n
he
lo,
Junction, then the divergence of f.
. Find the directional derivative of f= x? ae +42? at the point (1,1,-1) in int
point (1.1.-1). 2 [ Raj. BE, 01 (Back); MNIT, 06]
. Find the gradient and unit normal vector to the surfacex? + y ‘at the
point (1.0.0). wi . [ Jodhpur BE, 01]
gp Mathe
find the following
Was eit (y= ys t(8 it .
© axay
a
@ =
Find Vf when: f(x, ya By 4)
find grad fat the point (1.1. 2)
vityj+zk:prove that +
rH) «(vt
peak b=
(c) Viogr =
@) wy
i+ ye pov: = 2x23
Woa=2yei
Find the following +
(a) (a-V)b (b) (b+ V)a 40, ¢
3 3xty?2? al (2, -1, 2) along z-axis,
() 7x9
Find the directional derivative of 4x2" -
Find the dircetional derivative of f = 292 at the point (1.1.1) in the direction ott
following vectors :
(ai (4) rea
Find the directional derivative of 1/r in the direction of 7.
What is the greatest rate of increase of # = xyz? at (1,0,3) ?
Find the dircetional derivative of f = x? - y? +22 at the point P(1,2,3) in ty
direction of the.line PQ where the co-ordinates of Q are (5,0, 4).
direction of the vector 24+ j- k.~
Hence find the direction and magnitude of leaicst directional derivative of fat the
Find the angle between the curves 2 +y? +22 =9 and z=x7 +7 —3 at the point (2)-1.
2).
3. Definition : If f(x.y.2) isa continuous and differentiable vector poit
s expressed as div for V«f and defined as :
a
div f eles a
Therefore —. _Differentiat Operators
fon) lis
From the definition it is clear that the divergence of the vector point a
tar point function. ;
#9 otenvidal Vector : Definition : / ee
If the divergence of any vector f is zcro ic. if
div f=V-f=0
wn this is called solenoidal vector.
we kr Ves #F-V) because V7 is an operator and not a vector.
Remark :
2.14. Theorems on Divergence +
the m 27. Uf £(%1902) be a continuous differentiable vector point function
Theorem 2.7. 1d a
id SL=SaAt hit Sk
an
=e
then div f = VS =A
sf = Si + Spi + Se , Therefore by definition, -
Lj Lag tl
ox ay Gz
Proof.
div f=V°f=
eer Lexi 2 (pit hit Lr)
Lj, Bj. Fr)- 2%
ar 7 Or
Ox
Theorem 2.8, Uf f and g he two differentiable vector point functions; then
div(f +g) = div f +divg -
ie, V(t y)ovesaveg
Provt. din f+e)=Vi(y +g) \
a
RY FES Ste) te Sr +8)
(Sf. & (z
ae
)i(F+3}s az
jp Ly ag, ag 2x)
Lig A) ifs. 08, OR, Me
oy az) * ae tf ay te ae Mathematic
stant vector, then
+: @ is a constant vector,
ea ea oa
or ay
aa, ay
Henee diva = Vea Sai a
=0+0+0=0 4
of Divergence = ;
whose velocity at any point P (2) 8 givey,
” ;
§ 2.15. Physical interpreta
Let there be a fluid motion
= uityj+wk and p be the density of the fluid
fi ‘We consider a small rectangular parallel,
PORS P'O'RS’ with edges parallel to the co-ordi
axes and having lengths dx, y, 82 respectively,
Mass flow rate through the face
PORS = (8y 82) up =S(% yz) (say)
Mass flow rate through theopposite face
PORS' =f (x + 8x, ¥, 2) ‘
Ss st ay
=f .2+ Zz,
Expanding by Taylor’s theorem and neglecting
higher terms, —*
Loss in mass of the fluid per unit time in the direction of x-axis
={rlenee Lasts (mre),
x
= 2 (pu) Sx by 5z = (l)
Similarly loss in mass per unit time in the direction of y-axis
=F lvoe by 5z .Q)
And the loss in mass per unit time in the direction of z~axis
= 2 (pw)-bx 8) bz 7)
From (1), (2) and (3), the total loss in mass of the fluid in parallelo-piped per uil
time
-[For Zod
ow) ax by 5z @)
Dividing this term by the volume & By 8z, we get
a a a
Fx 0), (pv)+2 (pw)= div, (pq)
aelly Syil we denote v= pa where V isa vector having the same direction 84
hus we see that the div v gives the loss of fluid por unit time por unit vol™®*
rectangular parallelopiped. es
Also, the rate of change of mass of the {uid in rectangular parallelopiped y
Differential Operators (AT
=~ 2 (pdx5 052)
bys
Bx 8y 6: 6)
we principle of continuity (4) should be equal to (5), 50 we have
By
sx by 82
ar
Zeon) Plog w=
ap a 5 .
2p oy 2 ;
of, ar ay (¥) +92 (P™)
ee +V.v= ©
OF scaled the equation of Continuity:
particular cases >
(1) for the steady motion (independent of time), 2 aa 0
equation (6) becoines
V.v=div (pq : m7)
Q) for incompressible fluid, p = constant
rs divq=0
_ au aw
at mG)
or, rd +he Ge oh (8)
This is the most general form of equation of continuity in cartesian co-ordinate
syste.
§ 2.16. Definition : If S(x.¥.z) is acontinuous and differentiable vector point
fiction hen the curl of fis expressedl as turl for Vx f and defined as:
ay Dap ater nF rwed
Therefore vx f=2ix x
a, ,@
2Vxfelitt+intee
curl f=Vxf («2 i
From the definition it is clear that the ea of'a vector point function is a vector.
Irrotational Vector : If the curl of any vector f is zero vector, ie. if
curl f =Vx f.=0
Then this is called an irrotational vector.
: Note : If'a vector field is irrotational, then it can always be expressed as the gradient
some scalar field, That scalar field is called the scalar potential or velocity potential or
‘i
imply Potential of the vector field, ive. if F is irrotational, then curl F = 0
Fegrad¢ .
ry
there ‘ is called the scalar potential of F,
Theorey . : .
fg MOM AAD. IF = fyb Sa + Sok. isa differential vector point function, i yg Mathemutle
181
Pov By tito gai
vxfeix etd ea a
cul fe XS or ca .
2 yt hit hh)
2 iit nsr awed ay
a
tkx—(hith j elo!
aE Sad sg) oe
_ 2.18. Phys
§ ee yo sl
int x
at any point &
Me, curl y= 2
il the Tinea and
yector of the Pi
H
“| .
where
hh fl
aaa
‘While expanding the determinant, it should be kept in mind that the operators rm ey z
be written before the functions fj. /3,.f3-
Ex. 1. If f =
Theorem 2.11. Iffand g he two differentiable vector point functions, then :
curl(f +g) = curl f + curly Sol. div f =
dey Vx(f+g)=(Vx f)+(Vxg) [ Jodhpur BE, 04] -
Proof, curl(f +g) = Zin Zr +e) =3i (2
A :
=Lix Lyi & Hi
ox ar ; ;
seul f + curly 2-At the poi
VS ta=(VxS)e(Vxg) . Ex. af
Theorem 2.12. Ufa isa constant vector, then ther
curla=Vxa=Q . 3]
, BE,
Proof. ++ @ is a constant v [ Raj. :
‘ant vector, eel Differential Operators. (19
20+04+0=0 . °
al interpretation of Curl.
fo show that when a rigid body is in motion, the curl of its linear
point gives twice its angular velocity at that point in magnitude and
y ary
ie curl v= 2H: e
site Sincar and angular velocities of the body be v and w respectively: If r be the
1 he vor the point whose linear velocity is v. Then
aq voolO
sion i oj ok
vyewxr=|w, Wy Wy
x yz
ww, itw, i+w, k
BE v= (2 W3y) E+ (Wwax— M12) J+ (1H, Wy) k
curly=VXv
i j k
-| 2 aol fol
“l) Ox ay az
yz — Way wex— WZ WEY = Wyx
(ap + 094) E+ (Wy + wy) f+ (005 + wy) A
= 2 (mp i+ wy f+ wy k) =2w
Ex. Le Uf f = 397i + 2x? yz j - 3.y27k; find div fat the point (1,-1, 1).
[ Raj. BE, 07 (B
Sil. div f =V-f
;9.,;9 a 2, 2
=[it+jotke|.(a j -3y2
(‘Zei2+ 2) (x98 + 257y2 j - 327)
= 5 l0*)+Z (22) 2 (2524)
ay? +2x72-6yz
Atthe point (1-11), div f.14+24+6=9 ae
HU f= xysin cit ysinx j'+ 22sin xy k,
th
en find V- at (0,4 p,4p).
Say, vy-(i4 a a
. =i 4 jc). (xysinzi + y? sine f+ 2? sine
‘get 4g, t ka, (xysin zi + y sin x j+ 2? sinxy
ae
| 2. (y? sin
ov
je Qysina 4 22 si NY
= sine
vy =f 040% 7
2yrdaa)st (4x4 29 t)k eg 4
"i
1 Ray,
«Atthe point (0.4.41)
Ex. 3. Uf f= (and dy t dayht (8~
vector, find a,
Sol. Since fis a solenoidal vector, therefore Viefal
8,4) 7.
sidanZ} seo
oO a
ca Ayadg) 42 (y = 2y 432) 4 (3x4 AN 2) = 0
+ aytdz) 42 (eo 2y 432) A ~z)=0
=a /
xi + yj + 2k, prove that:
(a) dive dvi=2 © au 5) =0 [RU Brg,
Sol. (a) divr = Ver = (2 iy oh 2) tsi + yj + zk)
Fhe eltlel=3 Hence Pe
() div? =V-P=V-2
A
|e “
>|
"
slo ste » Ak and r =|
a yprexit yee
pd S
div r"r = (+ 3)r"
ence st"
i prove that :
that r"r will be solenoidal, if n = -3.
[ Raj. BE, 03, 05 (Back) 07 (Back); Jodhpur BE, 04 |
Differential Operators (21
Hence Proved.
~ ax ay ~ az
\ ae ax ay "a
= (- semen =) + leo opm 2) (¢ ner 2)
37" + a"? (x? + y? +2?)
= 30 + ny2 (1?) = (n+ 3)”
Again r"r will be solenoidal, if divr"r = 0
= (n+3)r"=0° = n+3=0
=> n=
EGU f = xy7i + 2x? yz jf - 3yz7k;
find the value of curl f at the point (1,-1,1).
Sok curl f =v =|2 o
l. Pa a 2 2
qf Sle % a
-1 4
+ zn"
[ y)-(y- nn ¥2) ;
Ba 28 flea)“ wa) [le 2) (= 29)
oA os =[y- w)-(y-7I- (@-22) y-v-nr= 2a)
: By ap(e-sy)- (2-200) -LE 22) (e-a)]= 32.77)
Ox ay
curl (7 x72) = 2[ (er -m E+ 02 -
and a is any constant vector 5
a(fi-"2):
wn )it (22 -7)k]
Ex. 12. yeasts yt
axr a, 3(a-r) :
+r Jodhpur BE, 06; Raj. BE, 03 |
then prove that + WIS = 578
F r
Sol. Let a= ait ait ak » then
[(e2 - aw) + (ayx - az)i + (ay ~ ayx)k]
ace)
ay, (asx ~ a2) a
1
r v &
vy , (asx ae) 2
rf r . \ 261 Enyincering Mathematics =I. .
a 2
Foner ap? saya]
;
a
Bay{x* +.
wtaytays) 344
2 ei] 24. Selo ranrt ag) _ (
A 7
i zi[2%s (er) 2a). 2[26 r)
r r
BB z
3 Aan i+ aj tak
=i (a-r)(xi + yj + 2k) - Sees tok
r r
3 a a, 3(a-r)
S(aeryr-4 2-4, 507,
eee aa 3
Find div f(or V- Jif (Q 1-2):
1. fi =xit(x+y)j+(xtytz)k [ Raj. BE, 07 (Back |
2. f=(2 ~¥ )i+s7j4(y? -w)k
3. Show that ‘the following vector is solenoidal (x +3y)i+(y—3z)j+(x— 2z)k.
4. Find the value of 7, for which the following vector is solenoidal
(x4 3y)i+(x-22)j4(x422)k
5. If =x? + y? 42? and P= xi + yj + 2h, show that div(9F) = 50,
6 If = x7ci-2y'7j-+ av%ck , find curl fat the point (1,1, 1)
TOM f= xis (x4 y)j+(x+y4z)k; find Vxif [ Raj. BE, 06 (Back) |
8. A fluid motion is given by G=(y+2z)i+(z+x)j+(xr4y)k
is this motion irrotational ? If so, find the velocity: potential
9. Wr = xi+ yj + 2k: find curl (r sinr)
10. Show that the vector field defined by A= 2xye} i+.x229 j+3 x2y22 k
is irrotational. Find scalar potential $ such that A= rad & [Raj. BE,.04 |
MY = x?y2i + a2 j + xv27k; find yx 7 at the point (1,2,3),
12. Find 7,, Hand w if the following vector is irrotational
(2x+ By + dai + (wet 2y +32) j+ (2x + ay +32)k
13. A vector field is given by 7 — (2 + wy) +(¥? . xy)j
Show that the field is irrotational and find the scalar potential, ”
§ 2.19. Some Important Vector identities :
Now we shall prove some important vector identities involving Divergence,
Curl and Gradient. In these identities, a and 6 have been taken as differentiable vector point
functions and and v as differentiable scalar point functions,
Identity I: div(ua) = u-diva+ a+ gradu : Differential Operators (27 (
Sa(ua) = (Toa) +a (Tu) im
. aj. BE, 06: Jodhy
feoot gy definition of divergence. jodhpur BE. 04]
(ua) (ua)+k-Z(ua)
&
wg e(nb) = (na) b= (a=),
een .
(ea) = a(@-a)=4-(94)
=(Vu)atH
Identity I = curl(wa) = (gradu) x a+ ucurld
Tx (ua) = (TH) ee A)
or,
proof: curl(ua) = 9% (¥ a)
x 2(ua) kX
oy
aixX(wa) i
[vax (nb) = (na) x 8 = n(a x 5)]
~[s%rfxere3( <3)
=(Vu)xaeu(¥ x4)
Wentity II: div(ax) = b-eurla—a-eurlb
4 V-(axb)=6-(Vxa)-a-(9%5)
Proof: div(a xb) = V-(a x b)
[ Raj. BE, 03]
8 281 Engineering Mathematics - I.
-z[ (Se) (0-3)
=(Vxa)-b-(Vxb)-a =b-(Vxa)-a- “(Vx 5)
Identity IV
curl(a x b)=(b-V)a ~ bdiva-(a-V)b+adivb ,
a Vx(axb)=(b-V)a-b(V-a)-(a-V)b+a(V-b) (Raj. BE, 0104)
Proof : curl(a x b) = Vx (a x b)
a
FFB) 2 (and) thx 2 (arb)
Fe Zeer] afta (n 82 ca)]
s[in(on B))oafrn(Seo}]
led} eo8] eens (3)
2S) ale ab eafo- 2-06.29]
eleeah [rdf foe
=(¥-6)a~(a-¥)b+(b-V)a—(V-a)b
=(b-V)a=6(V-4)-(a- +V)b +a(V-a)
Particularly, when @ is a Constant vector, then
Vx(axb)= a(V+b)~(a-V)b
Identity Vv :
grad(a+b) = (4. V)a +(a-V)b +5 x curla +a x curl
% Va-b)= (5. “V)a+(a- Y)b+bx(Vxu)+ax(V x5) ‘[ Raj. BE, 05 |
Proof: grad(a-b) = V(q. -b)
OIE (0b) +42 (4.5)
“Fe s)-aLi(e. ob ea 6) -
Ox ae
. [(- x) iJez[(e. sr) . AD)
2 By: Yeclor triple product, 4x(bxe)=(a. se)b~(a. Bye Differential Operators. (29
(a: be =(a-e)b—ax(b xe)
is /
© eyes (-3]
=[o21Zpraxs(ix2)
= (a-V)b +ax(V xb) (2)
sinters, 2((#-S2)]= re rox (e 0) a
Substituting the valucs from (2) and (3) in (1) ,
grad(a+b) =(a-V)b t+ax(Vxb)+(b:V)a+bx(Vxa)
=(b-V)a+(a-V)b+bx(Vxa)+ax (Vx b) °
§ 2.20. Second order differential function :
We know that for any scalar point function $, grad is a vector point function
and for any vector point function f, div f is a scalar point function and curl fis a vector
point function. Now since grad and curl f are vector functions, therefore their divergence
and curl may exist.
Similarly div fis a scalar function, therefore gradient can be determined. Thus we
can find
div(grad 9), curl (grad ),div(curl f),curl(curl f) and grad(div. f) ~
which are called double order differentiable functions.
Now we shall establish the properties of these double order differential operators.
Property 1: div grad @ = V7 ~~ __ [Mouhpur BE, 06 |
Proof. div grad = V-(V6)
afi 2 jean 2) Hie jy
=(iZerZ end) (Sie B joe)
42)
Oz\ a&
Remark : Laplacian operator y2:
2
The operator Ve Se
i x?” ay?” az*
called Laplacian operator and is equal to V - V by property 1.
Vp =(V-V)p = V-(V4)
This can be easily scen that
2,
Vg =0> VW, = 0, V4, = 0,9 os
301 Engineering Mathematics 1.
Property 2: curl gradu 5,0 = Vx (Vu)
ie. the curl of the gradient of a scular function u is zero. | Raj. Bp
+4 U).
du, uy 4 Oe 4 (Ba,
Proofs. gradu = Vu =i ia tke
curl gradu = Vx (Vu)
ou | ou
+i
ax Ty
2, 2, 2,
{Ou au), @u au ja Pu Bu
avdz dzdy dz0x dxdz ik
=0f+0j+0k =0
Property 3; diveurla = 0 = V-(V x a)
ie the divergence of curl of any vector a is zero.
[Udaipur Be,
then a
= Fafa), (2 day) (aa day
(# a2) ae Oe tae ay
. Bret ee ee eee)
divcurla = V-(V-a) -( Brig kZ} (x0)
=r (a aa )ay Pay Fa
ax ay az axdy Axdz
+ Fa Fay | Bay _ day
Qyoz\ dyax ” dzdx ~ Bzdy
aa
a
Property 4: curl curla = grad div a=
ie,
Vx(Vxa)=¥(V-a)— vq
Prout:’ Leta = ai+asj-+ayk . then
k (
A
[ Jodhpur BE.”
Vea
% ay ay, Differential Operators: (31
o es Beas (m 9 Day). | (daz _ aay
( az) * ae ie a+(S- SY
ay
ie di k
a a a
vx(Vxa)=| dx ay 2
== 2(4e-2 -2 3a —2%));
av ax ay J az ax J!
Hence Proved.
i+ yj + 2k; then prove that:
BE, 03 (Back) |
Ex. 1. [fa and b are constant vectors and r =
(a) disl(r xa)xb]=-2b-a
(b) curl(r xa) xb] =b xa
Sol. (a) By identity IM,
div[(r xa) xb] =
Now if we suppose a = ai + aj + ak
b-curl(r xa) =(r