Journal of ISMAC (2021)
Vol.03/ No.02
Pages: 82-95
http://irojournals.com/iroismac/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2021.2.002
Survey on Medical Imaging of
Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) by
Variable Current Pattern Methods
Dr. Edriss Eisa Babikir Adam,
Assistant Professor / EEE,
Mainefhi College of Engineering and Technology,
Mainefhi, Eritrea.
[email protected]Prof. Sathesh,
Department of EEE,
Eritrea Institute of Technology,
Eritrea.
[email protected]
Abstract- Recently, the image reconstruction study on EIT plays a vital role in the medical
application field for validation and calibration purpose. This research article analyzes the
different types of reconstruction algorithms of EIT in medical imaging applications. Besides, it
reviews many methods involved in constructing the electrical impedance tomography. The
spatial distribution and resolution with different sensitivity has been discussed here. The
electrode arrangement of various methods involved in the EIT system is discussed here. This
research article comprises of adjacent drive method, cross method, and alternative opposite
current direction method based on the voltage driven pattern. The assessment process of
biomedical EIT has been discussed and investigated through the impedance imaging of the
existent substances. The locality of the electrodes can be calculated and fixed for appropriate
methods. More specifically, this research article discusses about the EIT image reconstruction
methods and the significance of the alternative opposite current direction approach in the
biomedical system. The change in conductivity test is further investigated based on the injection
of current flow in the system. It has been established by the use of Electrical Impedance
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Published: 12.05.2021
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Pages: 82-95
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2021.2.002
Tomography and Diffuse Optical Tomography Reconstruction Software (EDITORS) software,
which is open-source software.
Keywords: Electrical Impedance Tomography, Medical devices
1. INTRODUCTION
Non-invasive modality imaging is generally utilized in biomedical field for image
conductivity subjects. It is based on many methods such as impedance and resistance, which is
called as electrical impedance tomography and electrical resistance tomography respectively [1].
These electrical measurements are obtained from various electrodes, which are attached to the
boundary of the internal conductivity distribution subject [2]. Generally, the electrodes are fixed
on the surface of the subject and it is receives current from the injection process involved in EIT.
The stimulation for current is varied according to the amplitude and frequency in the range of 1
to 100 kHz. The potential drop can be measured by using some voltage measuring electrodes [3].
The image reconstruction methods calculate local conductivity distribution from the border data.
EIT can be used in many fault detection applications of the medical imaging domain [4]. The
lung problems in medical sectors can be solved by EIT, which monitors the heart function, blood
flow, and collapsed lung function. The premenstrual syndrome can be determined from the
intracellular versus extracellular fluid [5]. The workflow of EIT system is a combination of
frequency generator, phase shifter, multiplier, demodulator, and signal conditioner that are
connected with objects via multiplexers and several electrodes [6]. The simplified structure of
the EIT system [29] is shown in figure 1.
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Vol.03/ No.02
Pages: 82-95
http://irojournals.com/iroismac/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2021.2.002
Figure 1 Block diagram of EIT system work flow [29]
This system is attached to the surface of the object by using the collection of electrodes.
The generator is used to provide power to the system [7]. The data acquisition system has been
incorporated with current injector and different data channels to receive the information from the
object [8]. The voltage measurement details can be extracted from the demodulator section,
which remains as the most essential part of the device. The signal conditioner circuit is used for
many purposes such as noise filtering and signal converting processes [9]. Finally, it is
responsible for interfacing a computer. The voltage measurement data of objects are captured
and the images are reconstructed with the help of an image reconstruction algorithm, which is
already incorporated in the EIT system [10].
The temperature changes for many treatments can be measured for avoiding harm in
medical sectors. The improving electrocardiogram (ECG) is associated with the measured
internal conductivity distributions [11]. Impedance distributions are structured with the
properties of the objects based on several bioelectrical properties of the tissues in medical
applications. The injected current flow can be directed by the impedance within the boundary of
the object [12]. The big changes in impedance level of the object with respect to various voltage
changes at the surface are called ill-posed problems in EIT [13]. Generally, this EIT system is
very cost efficient and user friendly.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2021.2.002
Figure 2 Adjacent Electrode Collections [30]
Figure 2 shows the setup of adjacent electrode collections [30]. Recently, many methods
are proposed to reduce the hazards detected in stimulation of the human body during x-ray
exposure. The multi-specialty hospitals include a continuous monitoring system for any patients
near the bedside [14] [15] [16]. The data acquisition hardware is an essential part of the EIT
system, which will acquire the data from the objects. Nowadays, the image reconstruction
software will be incorporated with the EIT system, which remains as the essential part of the
device [17].
2. ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH
This research article comprises several sections as follows; section 3 discusses about the
related works on EIT. Section 4 proposes the methodologies for medical applications. Section 5
examines and discusses several testing for EIT. Future tasks and enhancement are discussed in
section 6.
3. PRELIMINARIES
Many research articles are focused on simulation and measurement in the field of
tomography for various methods such as trigonometric measurement-based methods. EIT can be
reconstructed based on voltage and current on an object with the conditions of permittivity and
conductivity. Generally, the current will shoot up from the electrodes due to its contact with the
surface. This procedure can be used as conditions of the current to find the voltage [18]. Based
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2021.2.002
on that, the current injecting electrodes are used to determine the voltage patterns. Besides, in
many applications, the voltage measuring electrodes and current patterns are used for
measurement purpose [19].
Gisser et al have introduced an adaptive method for the current injection method in EIT.
They investigate various current injecting methods. This method is also called as a trigonometric
method due to its structure. Here, the current is injected into all electrodes for obtaining the
measurement between current and voltage. Every pair of electrodes provides a potential drop
between those points [20]. Besides they insist that, holding many current injectors are required
to inject current into the electrodes. The number of electrode EIT systems is directly proportional
to the number of current injectors [21]. The boundary potential in every measurement depends
on the electrodes. As an adaptive method, they used 16 electrode EIT systems to produce
voltages based on the current flow. This flow creates a potential difference to measure the
voltage between the electrodes. The main limitation of these approaches is the need for the driver
support to inject current [22].
The polar-driven method is used in many research articles for the EIT system.
Commonly, it is used in brain tomography-type machines or systems. The voltage reference
electrodes provide a potential difference from the current injecting electrodes [23] [24]. The
serially connected electrodes are carrying a current flow, which develops a potential difference
between adjacent electrodes and differential voltage data. The potential difference can be
measured between all pairs of electrodes after current injection [25]. This method includes 208
voltage measurements with a 16 electrode EIT system. It can produce a maximum of 13 voltage
differential data. This method can produce less current injection, when compared to the adjacent
method and approach. But it is insensitive and distribution with greater uniform distribution
property for the body image. The conductivity at the boundary level cannot be predicted early;
therefore less sensitive Priori boundary distribution has been obtained[26].
4. METHODOLOGIES
4.1 Adjacent Drive Method
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2021.2.002
The other name of this method is called a neighboring method, which is used for the
current-driven pattern. The adjacent electrodes are carrying current and voltage and it can be
measured between adjacent probes of electrode pairs. The 16 electrodes are available in the EIT
system for developing the circular structure between electrodes 1 to 16. Generally, the current is
injected first at electrode 1 sequentially to measure the voltages accordingly [27]. Due to the
current projection calculation, the voltages between some special paths in the current cannot be
measured. Their electrode pairs are 16 to 1, 1-2, and 2-3. Therefore, the 13 differential voltage
data can be acquired from the EIT system.
Figure 3 Adjacent Drive Method Pattern [31]
Figure 3 shows the procedure of adjacent drive pattern [31]. The different electrodes can
be used as initial electrodes to inject the current. The data frame will be used in adjacent drive
methods. This provides relief from unknown contact impedance problems to measure the
voltages obtained from the current flow [28]. The current injected electrodes have reduced the
number of measurements by using the formula N (N-3). The measurements are independent to
set the mutual impedance during the injection on measurement pairs.
4.2 Cross Method
The diagonal pattern approach process can be called as cross method. This method selects
current and voltage references sequentially. This method is used in a very rare phenomenon. The
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2021.2.002
current is injected through the 16th electrode is taken as the reference of the 1st electrode. But the
current is injecting two electrodes only, which are titled as the 16th electrode and 2nd electrode.
The electrode pairs can be constructed to measure the voltage reference by using the current
flow. But here, it can be made as 91 measurements due to the utilization of limited electrodes for
measuring the voltage references [15]. Figure 4 has shown the current-driven pattern like a cross
structure [32].
Figure 4 Cross current driven pattern [32]
4.3 Proposed alternative opposite current driven pattern Method
The recovering problem can be solved through unknown conductivity obtained from the
border information. This problem is addressed as an ill-posed problem and a solution can be
obtained through impedance variation observed in the current pattern. In all other methods,
electric current flow is nonlinear due to the non-uniformity volume of the conductor. These are
the fundamental problems in image reconstruction. The applied currents are flowing through the
volume conductor with a source to measure the potential drop. The mathematical model has
been proposed with the Laplace equation and it is defined as,
∇. 𝜌−1 (∇∅) = 0, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐷
Where, 𝜌 is resistive distribution, ∅ is voltage information, and D is examined field.
The voltage is predicted with the following current equation on the examining field D and
it considers constant resistivity. The actual resistivity distribution is derived from the surface
measurement with inverse circulation.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2021.2.002
Remarks:
∅|𝜕𝐷 = 𝑉0 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝜌−1 𝜕𝑥 = 𝐽0
|𝜕𝐷
Where, 𝑉0 is the measuring voltage at optimum conditions, 𝐽0 is the current density on boundary,
𝜕𝐷 is the boundary of D.
Figure 5 Alternative Opposite Current Driven Pattern [31]
Figure 5 shows the alternative opposite current driven pattern [31]. Different methods are
incorporated to solve the forward problem. The finite difference method (FDM), finite element
method (FEM) and Boundary element method (BEM) are available to solve the forward problem
in the EIT system. The ill-posed problem of EIT can be solved by using regularization
techniques. Table 1 shows the different problems in EIT system during the procedure.
Table 1 Addressing Following Problems by Alternative Opposite Current
Forward problem Inverse Problem
Model parameter to Data Data to Model Parameter
Well-Posed Ill-Posed and nonlinear
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Solve by FDM,BEM,FEM Solve by Regularization Technique
Besides, ill-posed problems require smooth assumptions and prior information to solve the
inverse problem. This type of regularization can provide a good impact during the medical
imaging at scan, which can be minimize the over-fitting problem. The unexpected random
conditions have calculated the reasonable solutions. This method can be categorized into three
types, as follows;
1. Back projection Method
2. Iterative Method
3. One-step Linearized Method
5. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Figure 6 shows step 1 to step 16 by acquiring the voltage information [31]. The images
are reconstructed from the boundary information obtained from the phantom with the help of
adjacent electrodes. EIT has been reconstructed with EDITORS software, which is open-source
software. The proposed model has reconstructed the images from diffuse optical information.
The conductivity can be changed based on the FEM method. The forward problem can be solved
by using the FEM. The creation of reconstruction images is done by EDITORS software for the
review.
Figure 6 Step by Step Examination Procedure [33]
The voltage pattern of various stimulation structures can be measured based on the
injected current. The potential differences are computed by using the sequence electrodes. Here,
the forward problems are determined by utilizing FEM models for further process. Figure 7
shows different voltage patterns for adjacent stimulation by injecting the current pattern.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2021.2.002
Figure 7 Different Voltage Patterns for Adjacent Stimulation [34]
Figure 8 Voltage Pattern Change in Conductivity [34]
The EIT images are used to compute the air circulation associated with X-Ray imaging
for identifying the ventilated lung region. This morphological structure of the lung can be
reflected in the gas exchange regional information. EIT images can display the region of the lung
sections in the thoracic images. The change in conductivity of the voltage pattern can resolve the
non-linearity process. Figure 8 shows the change in conductivity of the voltage pattern.
6. CONCLUSION
Thus, EIT system is used to assess any region with a great potential for new medical
imaging. This EIT imaging modality is radiation-free, portable and inexpensive. Many methods
are available to assess the regional medical images with tidal volume and determined variation in
the objects. These proposed EIT system methods are capable to reach higher rates in
measurement and reconstruction algorithms, which prove the robustness in sensing the unit
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errors. Besides, it reduces the image artifacts, which are used to spread over the noise in the
system. There is a good management procedure in acute and weaning points of the moving
exposure to the air. Finally, this EIT system enables the following conditions such as the
affordable cost; images should be received in standard formats. Also, the system is robust against
probe touch problems with noise complications. The clinical users are expecting more robust
and sophisticated real-time output with more clarity on low-dose radiation. This procedure
should be further improved in the future work. EIT is very useful in the diagnosis sector of
pulmonary problems but there is the absence of compactness in the existing system. To
immediately enhance the clinical decision-making process with higher accuracy is suitable for
diagnosing the pulmonary problems around the bedside. The procedure can be extended as future
work. The reconstruction software will modify the spontaneous interface involved in a real-time
medical imaging domain.
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