ORIENTAL INTITUTE OF SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL(M.P.)

RURAL OUTREACH
BT-108

HYGIENE AND SANITATION

Submitted by:
SRISHTI SHARMA
B.Tech(C.S.E - DS)
SECTION - C
CLASS ROLL NO.: 205
ENROLLMENT NO.:0105CD231205
Submitted to:
Dr. SWATI AGRAWAL
(professor)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all who contributed to the completion of this
project on Hygiene and Sanitation. Special thanks to my mentor, Swati
Agrawal, for their invaluable guidance and support. I am grateful to the faculty
and staff of Basic science, Oriental institute of science and technology for
providing essential resources. Appreciation goes to Oriental institute of
technology for their collaboration and dedication to improving sanitation
standards. I also thank my peers for their constructive feedback and my family
for their unwavering support. Lastly, I express gratitude to the community
members who shared their insights, making this research meaningful and
impactful.

Thank you all.

Sincerely,

Srishti Sharma
 INDEX
S.no TOPIC REMARK

1. What is hygiene and sanitation?

2. Overview of sanitation in India

3. Progress in household toilet coverage

4. Access to pipped water supply

5. Solid waste management: Initiatives, successes and challenges

6. Open defecation free (ODF), Achievements and roadmap

7. Hygiene practices and behavioral changes: Insights and intervention

8. Sanitation related deceases and preventive measures

9. Financing mechanism for sanitation infrastructures

10. Conclusion, way forward and recommendations

What is Hygiene and Sanitation?
Hygiene

Hygiene encompasses a range of practices aimed at preserving health and

preventing disease through cleanliness. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help
maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases. Personal hygiene practices
include regular hand washing, bathing, oral care, and grooming. These practices
are essential in minimizing the risk of infectious diseases, especially in densely
populated areas where the transmission of pathogens can occur easily.

Hand hygiene, for instance, is one of the most effective measures to prevent the
spread of infections. Washing hands with soap and water removes germs,
preventing the transmission of bacteria and viruses

Sanitation

Sanitation refers to the systems and processes involved in the safe disposal of
human waste, garbage, and wastewater. Effective sanitation infrastructure, such
as sewage systems, waste treatment plants, and clean drinking water facilities, is
essential for preventing environmental contamination and protecting public
health.

Sanitation practices include the proper construction and maintenance of toilets

and latrines, safe disposal of human waste, and management of solid waste.
Access to clean water and adequate sanitation facilities significantly reduces the
incidence of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid.
OVERVIEW OF SANITATION IN INDIA
Sanitation in India has undergone significant improvements over the past few
decades, yet it continues to face numerous challenges. This overview explores
the progress, current state, and ongoing efforts related to sanitation in the
country. India has made remarkable strides in improving sanitation, particularly
in recent years. The Swachh Bharat Mission (Clean India Mission), launched in
2014, has been a pivotal program aimed at eliminating open defecation and
promoting cleanliness across the nation. As a result, India has made rapid
progress in ending open defecation, significantly impacting water, sanitation,
and hygiene (WASH). By 2020, about 97.7% of Indians had access to basic
water and sanitation facilities. Despite these advancements, sanitation remains a
critical public health issue in India. The country faces several challenges,
including inadequate infrastructure, lack of awareness, and environmental
concerns. Access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation facilities is
uneven, with rural areas being particularly disadvantaged. Approximately 40%
of the Indian population still lacks access to safely managed sanitation services.
Environmental sanitation is a significant concern. Poor waste management and
inadequate sewage systems contribute to environmental pollution, which in turn
affects public health. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of
improving environmental sanitation to prevent disease outbreaks and enhance
the quality of life. The Swachh Bharat Mission has been one of the most
prominent efforts, focusing on constructing millions of toilets, promoting
behavioral changes, and ensuring the sustainability of sanitation infrastructure.
This mission has garnered international recognition for its ambitious goals and
extensive reach. Additionally, the government has emphasized the importance
of community participation and local governance in sanitation efforts.
PROGRESS IN HOUSEHOLD TOILET
COVERAGE
India has made significant progress in increasing household toilet coverage over
the past decade, driven primarily by the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) initiated
in 2014. This national campaign aimed to eliminate open defecation and
promote sanitation practices across the country.

Key Achievements

1. Swachh Bharat Mission: Since its launch, SBM has resulted in the
construction of over 9.5 crore (95 million) household toilets by 2019.
This has been a major milestone in improving sanitation infrastructure
nationwide.
2. Increased Access: The share of India's population with access to
household toilets has seen a substantial rise. In 2020, it was reported that
toilet coverage had increased significantly, showing the impact of the
focused efforts on sanitation.
3. Ongoing Challenges: Despite these advancements, there are still areas
with insufficient toilet coverage. As of 2022, it was estimated that about
75% of households had access to toilets, indicating that further efforts are
required to achieve full coverage.
4. Behavioral Change: Building toilets is only part of the solution;
encouraging their use is equally important. Studies have shown that even
households with toilets may not use them regularly, underlining the need
for continued behavioral change campaigns.

Future Directions

To maintain and improve upon these gains, ongoing efforts must focus on:
  Sustaining Behavioral Change: Continuous education and awareness
campaigns are needed to ensure that the use of toilets becomes a
permanent practice.
 Infrastructure Maintenance: Regular maintenance and upgrades of
sanitation facilities are crucial to prevent the deterioration of existing
infrastructure.
 Targeting Marginalized Areas: Special attention is required for rural and
underdeveloped regions where toilet coverage and sanitation practices
still lag behind.

ACCESS TO PIPED WATER SUPPLY

Access to piped water supply is a critical component of public health and well-
being. Piped water systems ensure that clean, potable water is available directly
in households, reducing the risk of waterborne diseases and improving overall
quality of life.

Key Developments

1. Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM): Launched by the Government of India, the

Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide safe and adequate drinking water
through individual household tap connections by 2024 to all rural
households in the country. This mission targets the delivery of clean
drinking water to every household, significantly boosting piped water
coverage.
2. Progress in Implementation: According to the JJM dashboard,
numerous districts, blocks, panchayats, and villages have been certified
 for achieving 'Har Ghar Jal' status, meaning they have successfully
provided tap water connections to all households in the unit.
3. Government Commitment: The Government of India has shown a
strong commitment to ensuring the provision of safe and potable tap
water. Recent initiatives focus on maintaining the quality and adequate
quantity of water supplied to households, reinforcing the mission's
objectives.

Global Context

4. Global Perspective: While substantial progress has been made, globally,

around 29% of the world's population still lacks access to piped water of
any kind. This highlights the scale of the challenge and the importance of
sustained efforts to expand piped water supply systems.
5. Improved Sources: Improved drinking water sources include piped
water, boreholes, tubewells, protected wells, springs, and rainwater.
Ensuring access to these sources is vital for public health and economic
development.

Future Directions

6. System Components: Understanding the major components of piped

water supply systems is essential for their successful implementation.
These systems typically involve water treatment facilities.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:
INITIATIVES, SUCCESSES AND
CHALLENGES
Initiatives

1. Increased Processing Capacity: There has been a notable increase in the

capacity for processing various types of waste, including solid,
hazardous, and biomedical waste since 2014. This has improved the
efficiency of waste management systems across India.
2. Community Involvement: Housing societies and local communities are
increasingly participating in waste management through segregation at
the source and on-site composting solutions.
 3. Technological Advancements: Adoption of new technologies in waste
collection, segregation, and recycling processes has significantly
improved efficiency. Innovations in waste-to-energy technologies have
also been implemented.

Successes

1. Improved Infrastructure: The increase in waste processing

infrastructure has helped manage the growing volumes of waste
generated by urbanization and economic growth.
2. Environmental Benefits: Proper waste management practices have
reduced environmental pollution, contributing to cleaner urban
environments and improved public health.
3. Public Awareness Campaigns: Increased efforts in educating the public
about the importance of waste segregation and proper disposal methods
have led to better community participation and awareness.

Challenges

1. Increasing Waste Volumes: The rapid urbanization and economic

growth have resulted in a substantial increase in the volume of waste,
posing a significant challenge to waste management systems.
2. Limited Landfill Space: The scarcity of land for new landfills and the
rapid filling of existing ones have created a critical need for alternative
waste disposal methods and improved waste diversion strategies.
3. Infrastructure Deficiencies: Many urban local bodies struggle with
inadequate infrastructure for waste collection, transportation, and
processing, which hampers the overall effectiveness of waste
management initiatives.
 4. Public Awareness and Participation: Ensuring widespread public
participation and awareness about proper waste segregation and disposal
remains a challenge, necessitating ongoing educational campaigns and
community engagement.

OPEN DEFECATION FREE(ODF)

STATUS: ACHIEVEMENTS AND
ROADMAP
Achievements
1. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin): Under the Swachh Bharat Mission,
many villages across India have achieved ODF status, significantly
improving rural sanitation and health conditions.
2. Urban Areas: The Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban has declared areas
ODF where no one is observed defecating in the open at any point of the
day.
3. Local Initiatives: Class 'A' municipal councils in Maharashtra have
implemented effective strategies to make their cities ODF, focusing on
assessing and improving existing sanitation infrastructure.

Roadmap
 1. Community Engagement: Sustained community involvement and
education are crucial to maintaining ODF status, ensuring that people
understand the importance of using toilets and proper sanitation practices.
2. Infrastructure Development: Building and maintaining sufficient
household toilets are essential steps, as seen in the Sudan National Road
Map, which focuses on significant investments in sanitation
infrastructure.
3. Continuous Monitoring: Regular monitoring and evaluation are
necessary to identify and address instances where open defecation may
still occur, ensuring that ODF status is sustained.

HYGIENE PRACTICES AND

BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES: INSIGHTS
AND INTERVENTIONS
Insights
1. Importance of Hygiene Behavior Change Hygiene behavior change is
crucial for maintaining health and preventing diseases. It involves
promoting safe practices like handwashing, sanitation, and personal
hygiene.
2. Complexity and Challenges Changing hygiene behaviors faces
challenges such as cultural practices, lack of awareness, and access to
 facilities. Embedding hygiene promotion in healthcare settings and
schools is critical for sustainable behavior change.
3. Behavioral Influences Implementing effective strategies to influence
hygiene behaviors includes educational campaigns, providing
infrastructure like handwashing stations, and ensuring access to hygiene
products. These efforts are essential for promoting healthy habits.
4. Scientific Approaches Research into behavioral theories helps in
designing interventions that are more likely to succeed. Studies have
shown the efficacy of interventions based on behavioral theories in
improving hand hygiene practices.

Interventions
1. Educational Campaigns Promoting hygiene through educational
campaigns increases awareness about its importance. This approach
includes disseminating information on proper hygiene practices through
schools, community centers, and mass media.
2. Infrastructure Development Building infrastructure such as clean water
sources, toilets, and handwashing stations is crucial for supporting good
hygiene practices. This is particularly important in underserved
communities where access to such facilities is limited.
3. Behavioral Change Techniques Utilizing behavioral change techniques
involves methods like positive reinforcement, role modeling, and social
norms to encourage desirable hygiene behaviors. These techniques aim to
make hygiene practices habitual and sustainable.
4. Integration in Healthcare Embedding hygiene promotion within
healthcare settings ensures that healthcare professionals play a role in
educating patients about hygiene practices. This integration helps in
reinforcing behaviors that prevent infections and improve overall health
outcomes.
SANITATION RELATED DISEASES:
TRENDS AND PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
Sanitation-related diseases remain significant global health challenges. Poor
sanitation contributes to the spread of diseases such as diarrheal illnesses,
cholera, typhoid, and parasitic infections. These diseases predominantly affect
populations with inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities.

Trends:
 1. Impact on Health: Inadequate sanitation leads to high incidences of
diarrheal diseases, which are a major cause of morbidity and mortality
globally.
2. Global Burden: Sanitation-related diseases disproportionately affect
low-income communities and regions lacking basic sanitation
infrastructure.

Preventive Measures:

1. Improved Sanitation Facilities: Building and maintaining sanitation

infrastructure such as toilets, latrines, and wastewater treatment plants are
crucial.
2. Behavioral Change: Promoting proper hygiene behaviors like
handwashing with soap after using the toilet and before handling food
significantly reduces disease transmission.
3. Public Health Initiatives: Implementing public health campaigns to
raise awareness about the importance of sanitation and hygiene practices.
4. Community Participation: Engaging communities in sanitation
planning and maintenance fosters ownership and sustainability of
sanitation facilities.

FINANCING MECHANISMS FOR

SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE
Sanitation infrastructure plays a crucial role in public health, environmental
sustainability, and economic development. However, financing these projects
poses significant challenges, especially in regions with limited resources.
Understanding the various financing mechanisms is essential for implementing
effective sanitation solutions globally.
1. Government/Public Financing: Governments often play a central role in
financing sanitation infrastructure through direct budget allocations or
public loans. This approach ensures widespread coverage and
affordability, particularly for essential services in underserved areas. For
instance, municipal bonds and government subsidies are common tools
used to fund large-scale sanitation projects.
2. Private/NGO Financing: Private sector involvement in sanitation
projects is increasing, driven by opportunities for investment and
corporate social responsibility. Private companies may invest in
sanitation infrastructure directly or through public-private partnerships
(PPPs), where risks and costs are shared between the public and private
sectors. NGOs also play a vital role, leveraging donations and grants to
support community-level sanitation initiatives.
3. Community-Based Financing: Engaging communities in financing
sanitation projects fosters ownership and sustainability. Community
contributions, such as user fees and labour, can supplement external
funding sources. This approach empowers communities to prioritize their
sanitation needs and ensures long-term maintenance and usage of
facilities.
4. Innovative Financing Mechanisms: Innovative approaches are crucial
for attracting new financial resources into sanitation. Examples include
impact investments, where investors seek both financial returns and social
impact, and green bonds that fund environmentally sustainable projects.
These mechanisms not only diversify funding sources but also promote
innovation and efficiency in project implementation.
5. Hybrid Financing Models: Combining different financing sources and
mechanisms, such as blending grants with loans or leveraging
international development assistance, can address gaps in traditional
funding approaches. Hybrid models tailor financing solutions to local
 contexts and project scales, ensuring flexibility and resilience in
achieving sanitation goals.
6. Challenges and Considerations: Despite these mechanisms, several
challenges persist. Financial sustainability, political will, and regulatory
frameworks are critical for the success of sanitation financing. Moreover,
ensuring equity in access and affordability remains a priority, particularly
for marginalized communities. Effective governance and transparent
financial management are essential to mitigate risks and ensure the
efficient use of resources.

CONCLUSION: WAY FORWARD AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions

1. Health Impact: Poor sanitation correlates strongly with health risks,

including diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections. Inadequate
hygiene practices further exacerbate these issues, impacting community
health and placing a burden on healthcare systems.
 2. Environmental Concerns: Improper waste management contaminates
water sources and soil, posing ecological risks and jeopardizing
biodiversity. Addressing these challenges requires integrated approaches
that prioritize sustainable practices and infrastructure development.
3. Social and Economic Implications: Communities lacking adequate
sanitation infrastructure face socio-economic setbacks, hindering
development and perpetuating poverty cycles. Women and children, in
particular, bear the brunt of these challenges, impacting their well-being
and educational opportunities.

Way Forward

1. Integrated WASH Programs: Implementing integrated Water,

Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) programs is critical. These initiatives
should focus on enhancing infrastructure, promoting hygiene education,
and ensuring sustainable water management.
2. Policy Strengthening: Governments must strengthen national policies
and regulatory frameworks to ensure compliance and accountability in
sanitation management. This includes setting standards for wastewater
treatment and promoting resource-efficient sanitation technologies.
3. Community Engagement: Empowering local communities through
awareness campaigns and participatory approaches fosters ownership and
sustainability of sanitation initiatives. Mobilizing community resources
and expertise can supplement government efforts in extending sanitation
services to underserved areas.
4. Technology and Innovation: Embracing technological innovations such
as waterless sanitation systems and smart sanitation solutions can
improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Investment in
research and development is crucial to advancing these technologies and
making them accessible to diverse communities.
 5. Capacity Building: Investing in training for sanitation workers and local
stakeholders enhances operational effectiveness and promotes sustainable
maintenance of sanitation facilities. Building technical capacity at local
levels ensures that sanitation services meet quality standards and are
resilient to climate and demographic changes.

Recommendations

1. Increase Funding: Governments and international organizations should

prioritize increased funding for sanitation infrastructure projects,
particularly in underserved regions. Leveraging public-private
partnerships and international aid can augment domestic resources and
accelerate progress towards universal sanitation coverage.
2. Promote Behavioral Change: Promoting behavioral change through
education and community engagement is essential. Encouraging proper
handwashing practices, safe waste disposal, and personal hygiene habits
reduces disease transmission and enhances overall health outcomes.
3. Monitor Progress: Establishing robust monitoring and evaluation
frameworks ensures accountability and informs evidence-based decision-
making. Regular assessment of sanitation programs' impact allows for
adjustments and improvements based on real-time data.
4. Address Equity: Prioritize equity in sanitation access by targeting
vulnerable populations, including rural communities, informal
settlements, and schools. Ensuring inclusivity and accessibility to
sanitation services is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals.
5. Advocate for Policy Integration: Advocate for the integration of
sanitation goals into broader development agendas, including health,
education, and environmental sustainability. Coordinated efforts across
 sectors ensure comprehensive approaches to addressing sanitation
challenges.

In conclusion, advancing global hygiene and sanitation requires a

comprehensive approach that integrates infrastructure development, policy
strengthening, community engagement, and technological innovation. By
prioritizing these recommendations and fostering collaborative efforts among
stakeholders, significant strides can be made towards achieving universal access
to safe and sustainable sanitation, thereby improving public health of the world
wide.